• Journal of Life Science
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.326-332
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• 1998

Cyclodextrin glucanotransferase from B. stearothermophilus KJ16 that can produce both cyclodextrin glucanotransferase and cyclodextrinase was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE-cellulose chromatography, Sephadex G-100 chromatography, and FPLC. The molecular weight of the purifice enzyme was about 65,000 dalton by SDS-PAGE. The optimal pH and temperature were 6.0 and $60^{\circ}C$, respectively. The enzyme was stable at $50^{\circ}C$ for 1 hr and in the pH range of 5.5 and 8.5. Mercaptoethanol and dithiothreitol inhibited the enzyme activity strongly. The enzyme produced 60% cyclodextrin(CD) from 5% soluble starch with the $^{\alpha}$, $^{\beta}$, $^{\gamma}$-CD ratio of 42:46:12. Amylopectin was the most suitable substrate with 67% conversion to CD.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.393-400
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• 2011

The effects of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus tinctorius and cadmium (Cd) on physiological properties and Cd uptake by Populus alba ${\times}$ glandulosa was investigated under greenhouse conditions. Cd treatment decreased the photosynthetic rate ($P_N$) of both non-mycorrhizal (NM) plants (16.3%) and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) plants (11.5%). In addition, the reduction in total dry weight by Cd treatment was greater in ECM plants (24.3%) than that in NM plants (17.6%). Mycorrhizal infection increased the $P_N$ and transpiration rate in both control and Cd-treated plants. Cd treatment increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and decreased glutathione reductase activity, and the increase of SOD activity by Cd treatment was greater in NM plants (40.3%) than that in ECM plants (3.7%). Thiol content increased in both NM and ECM plants treated with Cd solution, and the increase in thiol content in NM plants (43.9%) was greater than that of ECM plants (15.6%). Cd uptake in the leaves, stems, and roots of ECM plants was 69.9%, 167.2% and 72.8%, respectively, higher than in the NM plants. However, the increase in Cd uptake ability of ECM plants resulted in a reduction in dry weight.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.286-293
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• 2021

Objectives: Inorganic dust is known to be a risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) regardless of smoking and pneumoconiosis. Adaptive and innate immunity, including lymphocyte infiltrate, are involved in the pathogenesis of COPD. The purpose of this study was to analyze the lymphocyte subsets in the blood of workers exposed to inorganic dust and confirm the influencing factors. Methods: The general characteristics of the subjects (n=107) were analyzed through a personal questionnaire. Diagnosis of COPD was established according to pulmonary function tests with FEV₁/FVC post bronchodilator lower than 70%, according to the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines. For lymphocyte analysis, blood was stained with a fluorescent CD marker and analyzed by flow cytometry. Results: The increase in CD4⁺ T lymphocytes was associated with a decrease in age (𝛽=-0.273, p=0.008) and an increase in the cumulative smoking amount (𝛽=0.205, p=0.034). The increase in NK cells was associated with an increase in age (𝛽=0.325, p=0.001) and a decrease in cumulative smoking (𝛽=-0.220, p=0.019). The period of exposure to dust, %FVC predicted and %FEV₁/FVC, and the relative population of peripheral blood lymphocytes did not show a statistically significant relationship. Conclusions: CD4⁺ T lymphocytes and CD56⁺CD16⁺ NK cells in peripheral blood were more related to age and cumulative smoking than the duration of dust exposure. Age and smoking are major risk factors for the development of COPD, so it can be predicted that peripheral blood CD4⁺ T lymphocytes and CD56⁺CD16⁺ NK cells are related to the development of COPD in workers exposed to inorganic dust.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.87-95
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• 1995

The concentrations of cadmium, metallothionein(MT), superoxide dismutase(SOD), and lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) were investigated in liver and kidney of rats which were fed the water containing 100 ppm cadmium chloride with basal diet and 5% Agaricus bisporus diet during 16 weeks. Cadmium concentrations in liver and kidney increased during 16 weeks, and there were significantly higher accumulation of cadmium in the kidney than in the liver. The concentrations of MTs in liver and kidney decreased linearly during 16 weeks, but there was no significant difference between control and experimental group. MT concentrations of liver were significantly higher than those of kidney. The superoxide dismutase activities and lactate dehydrogenase activities were not affected by the diet, but there was a significant difference by the duration of administration. These data indicate that the kidney is a major target organ of chronic cadmium poisoning, and suggest that Cd-induced hepatic injury, via release of Cd-MT, may play an important role in the nephrotoxicity. In conclusion, induction of MT occurs in both the liver and the kidney after administration of $CdCl_2$. However, the kidney is less responsive than the liver to the induction of MT by cadmium, which may contribute to making the kidney the target organ of toxicity during chronic Cd exposure.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.101-114
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• 2003

To study the effects of anti-cancer, anti-metastasis and immune response improvement of herbal-acupuncture with Aucklandiae Radix diffusae herba infusion solution(AKL-HAS), we injected AKL-HAS into Zusanli(St36) of C57BL/6 mice implanted intravenously with B16-F10 melanoma. The results were obtained as follows : 1. In the experiment groups treated with Aucklandiae Radix(AKL) Herbal-Acupuncture, the spleen cell proliferation in Balb/c mouse was significantly increased compared with that of the control group. 2. In the experiment groups treated with Aucklandiae Radix(AKL) Herbal-Acupuncture, the percentage of $CD25^{+}/CD4^{+},\;CD8^{+}/CD3e^{+},\;CD69^{+}/B220^{+},\;NK1.1^{+}/CD3e^{+}$ cells in C57BL/6 mouse PBMCs was increased compared with that of the control group. 3. In the experiment groups treated with Aucklandiae Radix(AKL) Herbal-Acupuncture, the pulmonary colony number of C57BL/6 mice implanted intravenously with B16-F10 melanoma was decreased significantly compared with that of the control group. 4. In the experiment groups treated with Aucklandiae Radix(AKL) Herbal-Acupuncture, MST(Median Survial Time) and ILS(Increase of Life Span) of C57BL/6 mice implanted intravenously with B16-F10 melanoma were increased significantly compared with those of the control group.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.3727-3731
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• 2016

Background: The most common type of ocular lymphoma is non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), categorized into two groups: indolent (slow growing) and aggressive (rapid growing). Differentiating benign reactive lymphoid hyperplasia (RLH) from malignant ocular adnexal lymphoma (OAL) is challenging. Histopathology, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and flow cytometry have been used as diagnostic tools in such cases. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective case series, from 2002 to 2013 at Farabi Eye Center, 110 patients with ocular lymphoproliferative disease were enrolled. Prevalence, anatomical locations, mean age at diagnosis and the final diagnosis of the disease with IHC were assessed. Comparison between previous pathologic diagnoses and results of IHC was made. Immunoglobulin light chains and B-cell and T-cell markers and other immuno-phenotyping markers including CD20, CD3, CD5, CD23, CD10, CYCLIND1 and BCL2 were evaluated to determine the most accurate diagnosis. The lymphomas were categorized based on revised European-American lymphoma (REAL) classification. Results: Mean age ${\pm}$ SD (years) of the patients was $55.6{\pm}19.3$ and 61% were male. Patients with follicular lymphoma, large B-cell lymphoma or chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small cell lymphoma (CLL/SLL) tended to be older. Nine patients with previous diagnoses of low grade B-cell lymphoma were re-evaluated by IHC and the new diagnoses were as follows: extranodal marginal zone lymphoma(EMZL) (n=1), SLL(n=1), mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) (n=3), reactive lymphoid hyperplasia RLH (n=2). Two cases were excluded due to poor blocks. Flow cytometry reports in these seven patients revealed SLL with positive CD5 and CD23, MCLwith positive CD5 and CyclinD1 and negative CD23, EMZL with negative CD5,CD23 and CD10. One RLH patient was negative for Kappa/Lambda and positive for CD3 and CD20 and the other was positive for all of the light chains, CD3 and CD20. Orbit (49.1%), conjunctiva (16.1%) and lacrimal glands (16.1%) were the most common sites of involvement. Conclusions: Accurate pathological classification of lesions is crucial to determine proper therapeutic approaches. This can be achieved through precise histologic and IHC analyses by expert pathologists.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.399-403
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• 2012

The management of heavy metals in soil is important for environmental-friendly agriculture and keeping an ecosystem healthy. In this study, we examined the concentrations of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, and As) in 260 paddy soils sampled from Gyeongnam Province. The concentrations of the heavy metals were 0.143 mg $kg^{-1}$ (ranged 0.003-0.537) for Cd, 0.322 (0.002-0.986) mg $kg^{-1}$ for Cr, 25.41 (6.03-76.19) mg $kg^{-1}$ for Cu, 16.36 (2.63-32.94) mg $kg^{-1}$ for Ni, 18.67 (4.16-87.02) mg $kg^{-1}$ for Pb, 71.76 (22.99-153.58) mg $kg^{-1}$ for Zn, and 3.516 (0.002-19.481) mg $kg^{-1}$ for As, respectively. In addition, the concentration of Cd was highest in mountain foot-slope, Ni and As were highest in diluvial terrace, and Zn was highest in marine plains. Higher concentrations of Cd, Cu, and Zn were found in silty clay loam soils compared to silt loam, sandy loam, and loam soils.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.36-44
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• 2001

Background : Peritoneal metastasis is one of the maj or types of the stomach cancer recurrence and the role of the adhesion molecules is thought to be very much important in this event. Retinoic acid (RA) has been known to induce the growth inhibition and differentiation of various malignancies, and apoptpsis and the change of expression of adhesion molecules have been reported to be involved in the action of RA. Methods : We studied the adhesion abilities of SNU-1, SNU-5, and SNU-6 cells to the peritoneal endothelial cells as well as the expression of the adhesion molecules (CD44, ICAM-1) in Western blot analysis. And also we studied the expression of apoptosis and the change of expression patterns of the various isoforms of CD44 and the change of the adhsion abilities of the cell line cells after RA treatment. Results: CD44 was expressed in SNU-5 and -16, together with an isoform in SNU-16. ICAM-1 was not expressed in any of the cell line cells tested. After the treatment of RA in the concentration range of $1-5{\times}10^{-5}M$ to three stomach cancer cell lines, growth inhibition, apoptosis and the change of expression of the CD44 were noted. After RA treatment, the expression of CD44H was weakly increased in SNU-1, and was markedly increased in SNU-5. In SNU-16, the expression of CD44H was decreased while that of CD44E were markedly increased. The adhesibility of cells to peritoneal cells was increased in relation with the increase of the CD44H expression, which shows the fact that the adhesibility of tumor cells to peritoneal mesothelial cells is mediated by CD44H recognizing hyaluronic acid. Conclusion : RA induces growth inhibition of stomach cancer cell line cells and increase the adhesiblity of stomach cancer cell line cells to peritoneal mesothelium. It is believed that RA decreases the metastatic ability of stomach cancer cells by upregulating the CD44H expression.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.93-97
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• 1991

The enzymatic properties of purified CGTase from alkalophilic Bacillus sp. YC-335 have been examined. Apparent Vmax values of the enzyme in transferring glycosyl residues ${\alpha}-,\;{\beta}-and\;{\gamma}-cyclodextrin(CD)$ to sucrose were $16.13,\;21.8\;and\;9.8{\mu}moles/min/mg\;protein$, respectively and Km values of the corresponding CD were 1.68, 0.33 and 0.37 mM, respectively. A number of saccharides, specially starch hydrolyzates such as glucose and maltose, could activate the dextrinizing activity of the enzym. However, the dextrinizing activity was inhibited by ${\beta}-CD$. It was found from Lineweaver-Burk plot that the inhibition of CGTase by ${\beta}-CD$ was noncompetitive. High performance liquid chromatographic analysis showed that the enzyme has three kinds of activity ; transglycosylation and disproportionation as well as cyclization.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.8
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• pp.3307-3312
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• 2015

The papillary patterned lesion of thyroid may be challenging with many diagnostic pitfalls. Tumor stroma plays an important part in the determination of the tumor phenotype. CD34 is thought to be involved in the modulation of cell adhesion and signal transduction as CD34(+) fibrocytes are potent antigen-presenting cells. Smooth muscle actin (SMA) positivity could be diagnostic for fibroblast activation during tumorigenesis. We aimed to examine the expression of CD34 and alphaSMA in the stroma of papillary thyroid hyperplasia, papillary thyroid carcinoma and papillary tumors of uncertain malignant potential in order to elucidate their possible differential distribution and roles. A total number of 54 cases with papillary thyroid lesions were studied by routine H&E staining, CD34 and ASMA immunostaining. ASMA was not expressed in benign papillary hyperplastic lesions while it was expressed in papillary carcinoma, indicating that tumors have modulated stroma. Although the stroma was not well developed in papillary lesions with equivocal features of uncertain potentiality, CD34 was notable in such cases with higher incidence in malignant cases. So ASMA as well as CD34 could predict neoplastic behavior, pointing to the importance of the stromal role. Differences between groups suggest that the presence of CD34 + stromal cells is an early event in carcinogensis and is associated with neoplasia, however ASMA+ cells are more likely to be associated with malignant behavior and metastatic potential adding additional tools to the light microscopic picture helping in diagnosis of problematic cases with H&E.