• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
• /
• v.24 no.1
• /
• pp.55-67
• /
• 2003

Objective : In order to investigate the curative effect of Jucha-whan on the protective liver of guinea pigs induced by $CCl_4$ and d-galactosamine, serum transaminase(GOT, GPT), lactic dehydrogenase(LDH), alkaline phosphatase(ALP), glutathione S-transferase(GST), superoxide dismutase(SOD) were used to measure enzyme activities and lipid peroxide level. Method : The subject animals were divided into 5 groups; a control group(untreated), a subject group(administered with 0.9% Saline solution), a sample I (500mg/kg administered), sample II group (1000mg/kg administered), positive control group(administered with 200mg/kg silymarine). Result : The inhibitory effects on the serum GOT, LDH, ALP, SOD and Lipid peroxide level activities in protective liver of mice induced by $CCl_4$ were noted both in the sample I group and sample II. The inhibitory effects on the serum GPT activities in protective liver of guinea pigs induced by $CCl_4$ were noted in sample II group, but it was not noted in the sample I. The inhibitory effects on the GST activities in protective liver of guinea pigs induced by $CCl_4$ were not noted in both sample I and sample group II. The inhibitory effects on the serum GOT, GPT activities in protective liver of guinea pigs induced by d-galactosamine were noted in both sample I and sample II, but it was not recognizable statistically. The inhibitory effects on the serum LDH activities in protective liver of guinea pigs induced by d-galactosamine were noted in sample II, but it was not noted in sample I group. Conclusion : According to the above results, it is considered that Jucha-whan has treatment effects on liver injury in guinea pigs induced by $CCl_4$ and d-galactosamine. So it is required to study about the actions of mutual relation of medicines and patho-mechanism through experiment.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
• /
• v.8 no.2
• /
• pp.130-136
• /
• 2003

The protective effects of onion extract (OE), onion powder extracted in ethanol for 2 days. on carbon tetrachloride ($CCl_4$)-induced hepatotoxicities and the possible mechanisms involved in this protection were investigated in mice. Pretreatment with OE prior to the administration of $CCl_4$ significantly reduced the increase in serum alanine and aspartate aminotransferase activities and hepatic lipid peroxidation in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, pretreatment with OE significantly prevented the depletion of reduced glutathione content in the liver of $CCl_4$-intoxicated mice. $CCl_4$-induced hepatotoxicity was also prevented, as indicated by a liver histopathologic findings. The effects of OE on the cytochrome P450 (P450) 2E1, the major isozyme involved in $CCl_4$ biotransformation were investigated. Treatment of mice with OE resulted in a significant decrease in P450 2E1-dependent p-nitrophenol and aniline hydroxylation in a dose-dependent manner. Consistent with these observations, the P450 2E1 expressions were also decreased, as determined by immunoblot analysis. OE also exhibited antioxidant effects in FeCl$_2$-ascorbate induced lipid peroxidation in rat liver homogenates and in superoxide radical scavenging activity. These results show that the protective effects of OE against the $CCl_4$-induced hepatotoxicity may be due to its ability to block bioactivation of $CCl_4$, mainly tty inhibiting the expression and activities of P450 2E1 and by scavenging free radicals.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
• /
• v.54 no.1
• /
• pp.55-61
• /
• 2010

Gardenia jasminoides is one of the most widely used herbal preparations for the treatment of liver disorders. This study evaluated the potential beneficial effect of G. jasminoides in a mouse model of carbon tetrachloride ($CCl_4$)-induced liver injury. The mice were treated intraperitoneally with $CCl_4$ (10 ${\mu}l$/kg). They received G. jasminoides (30, 100, 300 mg/kg) 48 h, 24 h and 2 h before and 6 h after administering $CCl_4$. The serum activities of aminotransferase and the hepatic level of malondialdehyde were significantly higher 24 h after the $CCl_4$ treatment, while the concentration of reduced glutathione was lower. These changes were attenuated by G. jasminoides. $CCl_4$ increased the level of circulating tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$ (TNF-$\alpha$) markedly, which was reduced by G. jasminoides. The levels of hepatic inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein expression were markedly higher after the $CCl_4$ treatment. G. jasminoides diminished these alterations. $CCl_4$ increased the level of TNF-$\alpha$, iNOS and COX-2 mRNA expressions, and these increases were attenuated by G. jasminoides. These results suggest that G. jasminoides alleviates $CCl_4$-induced liver injury, and this protection is likely due to the reduced oxidative stress and the downregulation of proinflammatory mediators.

• Toxicological Research
• /
• v.25 no.1
• /
• pp.29-33
• /
• 2009

Phellinus gilvus (PG) is a widely used mushroom for health promotion. We studied the hepatoprotective effect of the polysaccharide aqueous extract of PG (PGP) against carbon tetrachloride ($CCl_4$)-induced liver injury in rats. Sprague Dawley rats were divided into 5 groups: Normal control, $CCl_4$ control, PGP 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg + $CCl_4$. The levels of serum biochemical parameters, liver lipid peroxide and antioxidant enzymes, and histological appearances were evaluated. The $CCl_4$-induced increments of alanine aminotransferase, asparate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase levels in serum were significantly decreased by PGP-pretreatments. The PGP dose-dependently decreased hepatic malondialdehyde formations in $CCl_4$-treatment groups. Hepatic antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase) were elevated by PGP in $CCl_4$-treatment groups. Histopathological evaluation of liver showed that the loss of hepatocytes, fatty changes, swelling and extensive necrosis of hepatocytes in centrilobular regions of the $CCl_4$-treated rats were ameliorated by PGP pretreatment. The PGP has hepatoprotective and antioxidative effects in $CCl_4$-induced liver injury of rat.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.37 no.12
• /
• pp.987-994
• /
• 1993

Inductive and resonance effects play an important role in determining carbony) stretching frequencies of ketones. Hydrogen bonding, dielectric effects, and steric effects are all factors which determine the carbonyl stretching frequency, νC=O of ketones in solution. The $ν_{C=O}$ frequencies were shifted by approximately 27$cm^{-1}$ each by substituting to a phenyl group for a methyl group in acetone. The $ν_{C=O}$ frequency for ketones shifted differently in various solvents and increased with increasing the volume ratio of the ketones in water solutions. The $ν_{C=O}$ frequency for ketones shifts continously at constant concentration of ketone in solutions of $(CH_3)_2SO/CCl_4$and$CHCl_3/CCl_4$ with changing of the mole ratio of two solvents. The $ν_{C=O}$ frequency was also affected by changing concentration in either $CCl_4$ or $(CH_3)_2SO$ solution and in either $CCl_4$or $CHCl_3$ solution.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.161-174
• /
• 2002

To investigate effects of A. gmelini on the 14-day CCl$_4$induced hepatotoxicity, extracts were prepared in 3 ml saline at the dose of 5,000 mg/kg b.w. to administer orally once daily. Each concentration (5：5, 2：5 : 7.5, 1：9, CCl$_4$: olive oil v/v) of CCl$_4$was orally administered with 2.5 ml/kg b.w., During the experiment, halves of the rats were sacrificed every 7 day and hemanalysis was done. On the 7th day, hemanalysis showed following recovery values; AST 52.6∼61.4％, ALT 55.9∼86.1％, ALP 46.0∼70.9%, BUN 75.7∼100.0< ％, TBIL 55.2∼96.1％, TCHO 38.0∼63.7％, and TG 55.2∼96.0％. On the 14th day, recovery values of each treatment were GOT 37.7∼43.1％, GPT 19.8∼45.9％, ALP 58.1∼95.9％, BUN 57.6∼100.0< ％, TBIL 78.6∼100.0< ％, TCHO 56.9∼100.0< ％, and TG 10.0∼5l.2%. By histological examination of liver, hydropic degeneration, fatty change, lipid accumulation and necrosis were also recovered by administration of A. gmelini extract.

• Toxicological Research
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.13-22
• /
• 1988

The inhibitory effect of three polyacetylene compounds, panaxydol, panaxynol and panaxytriol isolated from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer on $CCl_4$induced lipid peroxidation in vivo and in vitro hepatic microsomal lipid peroxidation induced by ADP-$Fe^{3+}$, NADPH and NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase were investigated. Their effects on lowering the lipid peroxide levels both in serum and liver and lowering the serum enzyme (GOT, GPT, LDH) activities without the $CCl_4$-induction were also determined. Male ICR mice were pretreated i.p. with polyacetylene compounds or DL-${\alpha}$-tocopherol before administration of $CCl_4$ i.p. and 20 hr after the administration of $CCl_4,$ serum and liver were analyzed. Hepatic microsome was isolated and used for the in vitro NADPH-dependent lipid peroxidation system. Except for panaxynol, treatment with polyacetylenes to control mice did not reduce the levels of lipid peroxides and serum enzyme activities. Panaxynol itself inhibited lipid peroxidation in the liver of normal mice. Polyacetylene compounds protected from the $CCl_4$-induced hepatic lipid peroxidation and lowered serum lipid peroxide levels. Polyacetylenes also inhibited the in virto hepatic microsomal lipid peroxidation in a dose-dependent manner. The results suggest that panaxydol, panaxynol and panaxytriol seem to be the antioxidant components which contribute the anti-aging activities of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer.

• The Journal of Dong Guk Oriental Medicine
• /
• v.5
• /
• pp.53-77
• /
• 1996

The purpose of this study is to observe the effect of Sayeuksan on serum reaction in $CCl^4$ treated rats. In this study the experimental rats divided four group (Control group, $CCl^4$ group, sayeuksan group, and shiho, kamcho group) Under the same condition control group were administered water, sample group were administered Sayeuksan for 8days. and then, both $CCl_4$ group and sample group were injeccted to abdomen with $CCl_4$ for 1days. The change of GOT GPT ${\gamma}$-GTP ALP LDH activity in blood serum. The obtained results are summarised as follows : 1. In the change of GOT GPT contents, as compared with control group sample group was significantly decreased. 2. In the change of ${\gamma}$-GTP contents as compared with control group, sample group was significantly decreased. 3. In the change of ALP contents, as compared with control group, sample group was significantly decreased. 4. In the change of LDH contents, as compared with contol group, sample group was significantly decreased.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.121-126
• /
• 1991

To clarify a cause of increased serum level of acid phosphatase in CCl$_{4}$-treated rats, the acid phosphatase activity of liver was compared with that serum. Concomitantly, the serum and liver acid phosphatase activity of CCl$_{4}$-treated rats were compared with that of CCl$_{4}$-treated rats pretreated with prednisolone or actinomycin D. In CCl$_{4}$-treated rats, the activity of serum acid phosphatase was significiantly increased whereas that of liver acid phosphatase was rather slightly decreased. the pretreatment of prednisolone led to the decreased activity of serum and liver acid phosphatase in CCl$_{4}$-treated rats. But the pretreatment of actinomycin D rather increased the activity of liver and serum enzyme. In conclusion, it is likely the increased activity of serum acid phosphatase is based on the excess leaking of acid phosphatase into blood by the increased membrane permeability of both liver cell and lysosome in it.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.67-74
• /
• 1990

An effect of carbon tetrachloride (CCl$_{4}$) was studied on the xanthine oxidase(XOD)activity of small intestine in male rats. Concomitantly a cause of increasing small intestine XOD was focused on an effect of actinomycin D and the kinetics of partial purified XOD frdm small intestine in CCl$_{4}$ intoxicated rats. An injection of CCl$_{4}$ to the rats showed an increase of small intestine XOD. In the pretreatment of actinomycin D before injection of CCl$_{4}$ to the rats, the XOD activities of small intestine were significantly decreased. In the partial purified enzyme preparation, the small intestine XOD in CCl$_{4}$ intoxicated rats showed the more increased Km and Vmax value with xanthine as substrate than that of control group.