• 한국지능시스템학회논문지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.507-514
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• 2012

PHR(Personal Health Record)의 표현, 통합, 교류를 위해 CCD(Continuity of Care Document)와 CCR(Continuity of Care Record)과 같은 XML 기반의 표준들이 개발되었고, 이들 표준에 기반하여 PHR 교환을 위한 다양한 연구들이 수행되고 있다. 이들 연구에서는 각기 다른 방법으로 CCD/CCR 문서의 처리 도구를 개발하여 사용하고 있으나, 이들 표준이 구조적으로 복잡하여 도구의 개발 및 수정이 쉽지 않다. 또한 PHR 관련 의료정보시스템의 상호운용을 위해서는 CCD와 CCR 문서간의 상호 변환이 필요하다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 XML에 기반하여 작성된 CCD와 CCR과 같은 의료정보 표준 문서를 처리하고 관리하기 위한 프로그램 설계 방법을 제안하였다. 그리고 제안한 방법에 기반하여 CCD/CCR 처리 도구를 개발하고, 이 도구를 이용하여 CCD를 CCR로 변환하기 위한 변환기를 개발하였다. 개발한 도구의 효용성 확인을 위해 경북대학교병원에서 만성질환 입원자를 대상으로 수집한 개인건강정보를 이용하여 CCD 문서를 생성하고, CCD 문서를 CCR 문서로 변환하는 실험을 수행하였다.

• 통합자연과학논문집
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.234-240
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• 2014

C-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CCR4) is a chemokine receptor with seven transmembrane helices and it belongs to the GPCR family. It plays an important role in asthma, lung disease, atopic dermatitis, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, the mosquito-borne tropical diseases, such as dengue fever and allergic rhinitis. Because of its role in wide spectrum of disease processes, CCR4 is considered to be an important drug target. Three dimensional structure of the protein is essential to determine the functions. In the present study homology modeling of human CCR4 was performed based on crystal structure of CCR5 chemokine receptor. The generated models were validated using various parameters. Among the generated homology models the best one is selected based on validation result. The model can be used for performing further docking studies to identifying the critical interacting residues.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.380-385
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• 2010

Suppression subtractive hybridization was used to isolate wound-induced genes from soybean. One of the wound-induced genes, gmwi143 designated as GmCCR, showed high homology with genes encoding cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR; EC 1.2.1.44). Deduced amino acid sequences encoded by GmCCR showed the highest identity (77%) with those of Acacia CCR. There are 2 CCR genes highly homologous to GmCCR in soybean genome based on Phytozome DB analysis. RNA expression of GmCCR was specifically induced by local and systemic wounding, drought, high salinity or by ultraviolet stress. Our study suggests that GmCCR may be involved in resistance mechanism during abiotic stresses in plants.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.29-37
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• 2003

Background: CC chemokine receptor (CCR) 7 and cognate CCR7 ligands, CCL21 (formerly secondary lymphoid tissue chemokine [SLC]) and CCL19 (formerly Epstein-Barr virus-induced molecule 1 ligand chemokine [ELC]), were known to establish microenvironment for the initiation of immune responses in secondary lymphoid tissue. As described previously, coadministration of DNA vaccine with CCR7 ligand-encoding plasmid DNA elicited enhanced humoral and cellular immunity via increasing the number of dendritic cells (DC) in secondary lymphoid tissue. The author hypothesized here that CCR7 ligand DNA could effectively expand memory CD4+ T cells to protect from viral infection likely via increasing DC number. Methods: To evaluate the effect of CCR7 ligand DNA on the expansion of memory CD4+ T cells, DO11.10.BALB/c transgenic (Tg)-mice, which have highly frequent ovalbumin $(OVA)_{323-339}$ peptide-specific CD4+ T cells, were used. Tg-mice were previously injected with CCR7 ligand DNA, then immunized with $OVA_{323-339}$ peptide plus complete Freund's adjuvant. Subsequently, memory CD4+ T cells in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were analyzed by FACS analysis for memory phenotype ($CD44^{high}$ and CD62 $L^{low}$) at memory stage. Memory CD4+ T cells recruited into inflammatory site induced with OVA-expressing virus were also analyzed. Finally, the protective efficacy against viral infection was evaluated. Results: CCR7 ligand DNA-treated Tg-mice showed more expanded $CD44^{high}$ memory CD4+ T cells in PBL than control vector-treated animals. The increased number of memory CD4+ T cells recruited into inflammatory site was also observed in CCR7 ligand DNA-treated Tg-mice. Such effectively expanded memory CD4+ T cell population increased the protective immunity against virulent viral infection. Conclusion: These results document that CCR7 and its cognate ligands play an important role in intracellular infection through establishing optimal memory T cell. Moreover, CCR7 ligand could be useful as modulator in DNA vaccination against viral infection as well as cancer.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제34권11호
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• pp.3429-3443
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• 2013

Chemokine receptor (CCR2) is a G protein-coupled receptor that contains seven transmembrane helices. Recent pharmaceutical research has focused on the antagonism of CCR2 and candidate drugs are currently undergoing clinical studies for the treatment of diseases like arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and type 2 diabetes. In this study, we analyzed the time dependent behavior of CCR2 docked with a potent 4-azetidinyl-1-aryl-cyclohexane (4AAC) derivative using molecular dynamics simulations (MDS) for 20 nanoseconds (ns). Homology modeling of CCR2 was performed and the 4AAC derivative was docked into this binding site. The docked model of selected conformations was then utilized to study the dynamic behavior of the 4AAC enzyme complexes inside lipid membrane. MDS of CCR2-16b of 4AAC complexes allowed us to refine the system since binding of an inhibitor to a receptor is a dynamic process and identify stable structures and better binding modes. Structure activity relationships (SAR) for 4AAC derivatives were investigated and reasons for the activities were determined. Probable binding pose for some CCR2 antagonists were determined from the perspectives of binding site. Initial modeling showed that Tyr49, Trp98, Ser101, Glu291, and additional residues are crucial for 4AAC binding, but MDS analysis showed that Ser101 may not be vital. 4AAC moved away from Ser101 and the hydrogen bonding between 4AAC and Ser101 vanished. The results of this study provide useful information regarding the structure-based drug design of CCR2 antagonists and additionally suggest key residues for further study by mutagenesis.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.435-437
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• 2012

House dust mite (HDM) is important in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases including asthma and atopic dermatitis. Dermatophagoides pteronissinus (Dp) is one of major HDM allergens. In this study, we investigated that Dp extract (DpE) affects on the chemotactic activity of monocytes isolated from the peripheral blood. DpE inhibited the migration of human monocytes in response to CC chemokines such as MIP-$1{\alpha}$, RANTES, HCC-4, MCP-1, and TARC. DpE did not alter the expression of CC chemokine receptors (CCRs) such as CCR1, CCR2, CCR3, CCR4, and CCR5. These results indicate that DpE blocks the chemotaxis of human monocytes and its mechanism is not involved in alteration of CCR expression. Better understanding of the effect of DpE on monocytes will enable elucidation of the role of Dp in the development of allergic diseases.

• 한국문헌정보학회지
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.275-293
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• 2013

이 연구는 고전자료 이용에 필요한 목록기술규칙의 이해와 동양 고전자료 목록(서지기술) 네트워크를 위하여 한국목록규칙 4판(KCR 4)과 중국문헌편목규칙 2판(CCR 2)에서의 고전자료의 목록기술 규칙을 다음과 같이 비교 분석하였다. 첫째, 기술총칙의 비교를 위하여 기술의 대상과 기술사항의 구성, 기재순위와 구두점 그리고 기술의 정보원을 대상으로 진행하였다. 그 결과 KCR 4는 책임표시와 판사항의 정보원 규정이 상세하며, CCR 2는 출판 발행사항 및 총서사항의 정보원 규정이 상세하였다. 둘째, 세부사항의 비교를 위하여 표제와 책임표시사항, 판사항, 발행사항 및 형태사항 그리고 주기사항을 대상으로 진행하였다. 그 결과 판종의 기술과 발행사항의 경우 KCR 4가 상세하게 규정하고 있으며, 주기사항의 경우 CCR 2의 제요가 특징적이었다.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.278-284
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• 2011

The CCR4-CAF1-NOT complex-mediated degradation of mRNA is a fundamental aspect of gene regulation in eukaryotes. We herein examined the role of AtCAF1 in the innate immune and wound responses of plants. Our results showed that overexpression of AtCAF1 significantly downregulated the transcript level of EFR but not FLS2 and BRI1, as well as abolished up-regulated expression pattern of EFR in response to wounding. Consistently, Agrobacteriummediated transient expression of GUS was highly enhanced in the transgenic plants overexpressing AtCAF. Furthermore, JA responsive genes were down-regulated by overexpression of AtCAF, causing the transgenic plants overexpressing AtCAF more susceptible to necrotrophic fungal pathogen, Botrytis cinerea. These results suggest that The CCR4-CAF1-NOT complex-mediated degradation of mRNA negatively regulates wounding-mediated disease resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.541-550
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• 2003

본 실험에서는 C형 간염바이러스 (HCV)의 외피 단백질인 E2 당단백질에 결합하는 세포단백질들을 클로닝하기 위해 간세포 cDNA를 phage 표면에 발현시킨 phage library를 제작하였고, 12-mer peptide library와 함께 E2 단백질에 대해 panning을 실시하였다. 검색결과 세포내 신호전달과 cytoskeleton 구성에 관여하는 tensin, membrane protein band 4.1 등 세포질내 단백질과 CCR7, CKR-L2, insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor 등 세포막 단백질 등이 확인되었다. 이들 단백질들을 발현하는 phage들은 수용성 E2단백질을 이용한 결합중화반응 결과 E2 단백질에 특이적으로 결합함이 확인되었다. 사람 T 세포에서 주로 발현되는 CCR7 유전자를 PHA로 활성화된 사람 T 세포의 total RNA를 이용하여 증폭하고 클로닝하였다. 293T 세포에 transfection시켜 단백질 발현양상을 flow cytometer로 분석하여 70% 이상의 세포들이 CCR7을 발현하고 있음을 관찰하였다. 수용성 E2 단백질을 CCR7이 transfection된 세포와 mock transfection된 대조군 세포에 각각 반응시킨 결과 dose-dependent 양상으로 CCR7에 결합하였다.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.86-90
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• 2002

Background: Host genetic polymorphisms in the HIV-1 co-receptor CCR5 and CCR2b and SDF-1, ligand for co-receptor CXCR4, have been known to be associated with the resistance of HIV infection and/or the delayed disease progression in HIV-infected patients. Methods: We examined the frequencies of SDF1-3'A and CCR2b-64I alleles of 354 Koreans including 100 HIV-uninfected persons, 13 discordant spouses of HIV-infected persons, and 241 HIV-infected persons. The genotyping assays of SDF1 and CCR2b genes were carried out by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Results: The frequencies of CCR2b-64I and SDF1-3'A alleles in Koreans were very high compared with Caucasians and blacks. Observed frequencies of CCR2b-64I and SDF1-3'A allelic variants were 25.1% and 28.7%, respectively. The frequency of the CCR2b-64I allele in Koreans was 2~4 times higher than those of other ethnic groups with the exception of Asian. The frequencies of CCR2b-64I and SDF1-3'A genotypes did not show the significant difference between HIV-infected and uninfected Koreans. However, the prevalence of CCR2b-64I genotype of the LTNP group was about two times higher than that of the remainder group (P< 0.05). Four (45%) out of 9 LTNPs (long-term nonprogressors) showed having the SDF1-3'A allele and 7 (78%) out of 9 LTNPs carried the CCR2b-64I allele. 3 (33%) out of 9 LTNPs had both SDF1-3'A and CCR2b-64I alleles. But none of 5 RPs (rapid progressors) appeared to have both SDF1-3'A and CCR2b-64I alleles. Conclusion: The different genetic backgrounds in study populations may affect the disease progression and the AIDS epidemic in each country. Further studies need to define whether high frequencies of CCR2b-64I and SDF1-3'A allelic variants may affect the HIV disease progression.