• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.326-332
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• 1998

The effect of mushroom extracts from Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinus edodes on carbon tetrachloride(CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity was investigated. Rats were administered orally each mushroom extract at the dose of 150mg/kg, foolwed by treatment with CCl4. Liver damage was produced in male Sprague-Dawley rats, after 21hrs from dosing with CCl4(0.25ml/kg) which were given intraperitoneally. Liver damage without renal injury was confirmed by measuring plasma enzyme, creatinine and blood analysis and liver analysis. Plasma aminotransferase activity, and levels of cholesterol and triglyceride were analyzed. Plasma alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities were decreased by 34% and 61.5% in pretreatment group of Lentinus edodes compared with CCl4 treated group, respectively. The adminstration of all mushroom extracts led the plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels decrease more than the CCl4-treated rats. These results suggest that Lentinus edodes extract protect liver from damage induced by CCl4.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.108-113
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• 1995

Effect of ginseng polysaccharide fraction was examined for $CCl_4$-induced hepatotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. In $CCl_4$-injured primary cultured rat hepatocytes, treatment of the polysaccharide fraction (0.1, 0.3, 1.0 mg/ml) significantly Inhibited the release of LDH and GOT into the culture medium in a dose-dependent manner. Oral administration of the polysaccharide fraction (100, 200 mg/kg) inhibited the decrease of body weight and the increase of the ratio of liver to body weight in $CCl_4$-intoxicated rats. Elevation of GOT, GPT and ALP activity in the serum by $CCl_4$-induced hepatotoxicity was suppressed by administration of ginseng polysaccharide fraction. MDA levels increased in the serum as well as in the liver tissue by treatment with $CCl_4$ showed a tendency to be 연w in the rats given to the polysaccharide fraction. These results suggest that the polysaccharide fraction may be active substance responsible for antihepatotoxic effect of Panax ginseng.

• 공업화학
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.242-246
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• 1999

${\gamma}-chromia$ 촉매상에서 이염화이불화메탄 ($CF_2Cl_2$)과 사염화메탄 ($CCl_4$)을 불화수소로 불화하여 얻은 생성물의 분포에 대해 반응온도와 접촉시간, 그리고 반응주입 몰비 (HF/$CF_2Cl_2$ 또는 HF/$CCl_4$)의 영향을 조사하였다. 이염화이불화메탄의 불화반응은 주입 몰비 (HF/$CF_2Cl_2$)가 3 이상에서 접촉시간과 반응온도가 증가함에 따라 사불화메탄의 수율이 증가하여 반응온도 $370^{\circ}C$ 이상과 접촉시간 3초 이상에서 100%에 가까운 수율을 얻었다. 사염화메탄의 불화반응의 경우에는 이염화이불화메탄의 불화반응보다 반응온도가 높은 $500^{\circ}C$와 접촉시간 3초, 그리고 과량의 불화수소가 포함된 HF/$CCl_4$의 몰비 5에서 사불화메탄의 수율이 90% 이상 얻어졌다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.186-191
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• 2006

이 연구는 $CCl_4$로 유도된 간독성에 노두 사포닌의 간 보호 효과를 연구하기 위해 수행되었다. SD-Rat를 2주 동안 노두 사포닌 100 mg/kg이 되도록 복강 내에 투여하였다. 14 일째, $CCl_4$를 투여하고 12시간 후에 에테르 마취 후 간과 혈청을 분리했다. AST, ALT는 대조군에 비해서 노두 사포닌군이 65.56%와 59.04%로 억제되었다. MDA 수치는 대조군과 비교해서 노두 사포닌군의 간 homogenate에서 53.74% 억제되엇고 미토콘드리아에서는 89.86% 억제 되었다. SOD의 활성은 대조군과 비교해서 노두 사포닌군의 간 homogenate에서 42.51 % 억제되었고, 미토콘드리아에서는 38.42% 억제되었다. GPx의 활성은 대조군과 비교해서 노두 사포닌 군의 간 homogenate에서 72.74% 억제되었고, 미토콘드리아에서는 72.68% 억제되었다. $CCl_4$으로 나타난 간세포의 괴사와 울혈이 노두 사포닌군 에서는 조직실험결과 감소되는 것으로 나타났다. 모든 데이터는 $CCl_4$로 유도된 간독성을 노두 사포닌이 보호하는 결과를 보였으며, 이는 간독성에 대한 보호효과를 가진 약물 소재 개발에 이용될 수 있다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.31-36
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• 2011

To understand the roles of purinergic receptors and cellular molecules below the receptors in the vascular inflammatory response, we determined if extracellular nucleotides up-regulated chemokine expression in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Human aortic smooth muscle cells (AoSMCs) abundantly express $PSY_1$, $PSY_6$, and $PSY_{11}$ receptors, which all respond to extracellular nucleotides. Exposure of human AoSMCs to $NAD^+$, an agonist of the human $PSY_{11}$ receptor, and $NADP^+$ as well as ATP, an agonist for $PSY_1$ and $PSY_{11}$ receptors, caused increase in chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 gene (CCL2) transcript and CCL2 release; however, UPT did not affect CCL2 expression. CCL2 release by $NAD^+$ and $NADP^+$ was inhibited by a concentration dependent manner by suramin, an antagonist of P2-purinergic receptors. $NAD^+$ and $NADP^+$ activated protein kinase C and enhanced phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and Akt. $NAD^+$- and $NADP^+$-mediated CCL2 release was significantly attenuated by SP6001250, U0126, LY294002, Akt inhibitor IV, RO318220, GF109203X, and diphenyleneiodium chloride. These results indicate that extracellular nucleotides can promote the proinflammatory VSMC phenotype by up-regulating CCL2 expression, and that multiple cellular elements, including phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, Akt, protein kinase C, and mitogen-activated protein kinases, are involved in that process.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.344-347
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• 2013

The S100A8 and S100A9 proteins play important roles in inflammatory diseases. The house dust mite acts as a major allergen that induces allergic diseases. We investigated the effect of the house dust mite on S100A8 and S100A9 protein expression in monocytes. We also examined the effect of CCL2, a powerful monocyte chemoattractant, on the expression of both proteins. Extract of Dermatophagoides pteronissinus (DP), recombinant Der p 1 and Der p 2, or CCL2 had no effect on S100A8 and S100A9 expression in human monocytic THP-1 cells. Monocytes were isolated from healthy donors and treated with DP, Der p 1, and Der p 2. S100A8 expression in monocytes increased after a 24 h stimulation with DP, Der p 1, and Der p 2, and CCL2 also increased S100A8 production. However, S100A9 expression in monocytes was not altered by DP, Der p 1, Der p 2, or CCL2. These results indicate that house dust mite and CCL2 may trigger an inflammatory response by altering S100A8 expression.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.447-453
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• 2012

TLR6 forms a heterodimer with TLR2 and TLR4. While proinflammatory roles of TLR2 and TLR4 are well documented, the role of TLR6 in inflammation is poorly understood. In order to understand mechanisms of action of TLR6 in inflammatory responses, we investigated the effects of FSL-1, the TLR6 ligand, on expression of chemokine CCL2 and cytokine IL-$1{\beta}$ and determined cellular factors involved in FSL-1-mediated expression of CCL2 and IL-$1{\beta}$ in mononuclear cells. Exposure of human monocytic leukemia THP-1 cells to FSL-1 resulted not only in enhanced secretion of CCL2 and IL-$1{\beta}$, but also profound induction of their gene transcripts. Expression of CCL2 was abrogated by treatment with OxPAPC, a TLR-2/4 inhibitor, while treatment with OxPAPC resulted in partially inhibited expression of IL-$1{\beta}$. Treatment with FSL-1 resulted in enhanced phosphorylation of Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinases and activation of protein kinase C. Treatment with pharmacological inhibitors, including SB202190, SP6001250, U0126, Akt inhibitor IV, LY294002, GF109203X, and RO318220 resulted in significantly attenuated FSL-1-mediated upregulation of CCL2 and IL-$1{\beta}$. Our results indicate that activation of TLR6 will trigger inflammatory responses by upregulating expression of CCL2 and IL-$1{\beta}$ via TLR-2/4, protein kinase C, PI3K-Akt, and mitogen-activated protein kinases.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.175-185
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• 2002

To investigate effects of A. gmelini on the 14-day CCl$_4$induced hepatotoxicity, extracts were prepared in 3 ml saline at the dose of 50, 500, 5,000 mg/kg b.w. to administer orally everyday and same concentration (1 : 9, CCl$_4$: olive oil v/v) of CCl$_4$administered intraperitoneally with 2.5 ml/kg b.w. On the 7th day, hemanalysis showed following recovery values; AST 9.9∼64.6%, ALT 36.9∼71.9%, ALP 75.3∼93.7％, BUN 53.8∼59.7%, TBIL 60.4∼100.0< ％, TCHO 77.7∼100.0< ％, and TG 60.4∼100.0< ％. Even if, 14-day CCl$_4$induced hepatotoxicity recovery was found to depend on doses of extract, and recovery values of each treatment were AST 13.8∼56.4％, ALT 15.7∼68.0％, ALP 53.4∼84.4％, BUN 76.9∼100.0< ％, TBIL 60.4 ∼ 100.0< %, TCHO 82.6∼99.3< ％, and TG 56.7∼99.7%. By histological examination of liver, hydropic degeneration, fatty change, lipid accumulation and necrosis were also recovered.

• 융합신호처리학회논문지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2015

In many image processing tasks, connected component labeling (CCL) is performed to extract regions of interest. CCL was usually done in a sequential fashion when image resolution was relatively low and there are small number of input channels. As image resolution gets higher up to HD or Full HD and as the number of input channels increases, sequential CCL is too time-consuming to be used in real time applications. To cope with this situation, parallel CCL framework was introduced where multiple cores are utilized simultaneously. Several parallel CCL methods have been proposed in the literature. Among them are NSZ label equivalence (NSZ-LE) method[1], modified 8 directional label selection (M8DLS) method[2], and HYBRID1 method[3]. Soh [3] showed that HYBRID1 outperforms NSZ-LE and M8DLS, and argued that HYBRID1 is by far the best. In this paper we propose an improved hybrid parallel CCL algorithm termed as HYBRID2 that hybridizes M8DLS with label backtracking (LB) and show that it runs around 20% faster than HYBRID1 for various kinds of images.

• 융합신호처리학회논문지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.83-89
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• 2015

Connected component labeling (CCL) is a mandatory step in image segmentation where objects are extracted and uniquely labeled. CCL is a computationally expensive operation and thus is often done in parallel processing framework to reduce execution time. Various parallel CCL methods have been proposed in the literature. Among them are NSZ label equivalence (NSZ-LE) method, modified 8 directional label selection (M8DLS) method, HYBRID1 method, and HYBRID2 method. Soh et al. showed that HYBRID2 outperforms the others and is the best so far. In this paper we propose a new hybrid parallel CCL algorithm termed as HYBRID3 that combines selective four directional label search (S4DLS) with label backtracking (LB). We show that the average percentage speedup of the proposed over M8DLS is around 60% more than that of HYBRID2 over M8DLS for various kinds of images.