• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.284-292
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• 2006

The cbb3 cytochrome c oxidase has the dual function as a terminal oxidase and oxygen sensor in the photosynthetic bacterium, Rhodobacter sphaeroides. The cbb3 oxidase forms a signal transduction pathway together with the PrrBA two-component system that controls photosynthesis gene expression in response to changes in oxygen tension in the environment. Under aerobic conditions the cbb3 oxidase generates an inhibitory signal, which shifts the equilibrium of PrrB kinase/phosphatase activities towards the phosphatase mode. Photosynthesis genes are thereby turned off under aerobic conditions. The catalytic subunit (CcoN) of the R. sphaeroides cbb3 oxidase contains five histidine residues (H2l4, B233, H303, H320, and H444) that are conserved in all CcoN subunits of the cbb3 oxidase, but not in the catalytic subunits of other members of copper-heme superfamily oxidases. H214A mutation of CcoN affected neither catalytic activity nor sensory (signaling) function of the cbb3 oxidase, whereas H320A mutation led to almost complete loss of both catalytic activity and sensory function of the cbb3 oxidase. H233V and H444A mutations brought about the partial loss of catalytic activity and sensory function of the cbb3 oxidase. Interestingly, the H303A mutant form of the cbb3 oxidase retains the catalytic function as a cytochrome c oxidase as compared to the wild-type oxidase, while it is defective in signaling function as an oxygen sensor. H303 appears to be implicated in either signal sensing or generation of the inhibitory signal to the PrrBA two-component system.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.31 no.6 s.119
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• pp.524-528
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• 2006

This study was performed to develop experimental model for milling degree and whiteness from analysis the CBB (colored bran balance) index using NMG dying and image processing. The endosperm layer increased and the pericarp, aleurone layer and CBB index decreased as the milling degree and whiteness increased. So, CBB index was closely linked to milling degree and whiteness. A empirical CBB index model was developed according to the milling degree and whiteness. The model were found to fit adequately to all test data with a coefficient of determination of 0.99, and therefore the CBB model proved to be quite applicable.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.15-22
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• 2006

An experiment was conducted to study the efficiency of cyanobacterial biofertilizer (CBB) with chemical (NPK) fertilizer on quantitative and qualitative characters of mulberry variety Kanva-2. Their influences on silkworm growth and cocoon characters were also studied. Ten different CBB and NPK fertilizer treatments were given to 5000 plants of established mulberry garden. Treatments were of four types viz., (i) T1 to T7: single and combination dose of CBB+50% NPK (ii) T8: combination dose of CBB + 25%NPK, (iii) T9: CBB only and (iv) T10: control-l00% NPK. Soil pH decreased and nutrients status increased in CBB (T1- T9) treated plots. Average of ten crops data on quantitative traits revealed that T7 (CBB [N. muscorum (1.0 g), A. variahilis (1.0) and S. millei (1.0 g)] + 50% NPK) was very effective in improving growth parameters. Leaf yield was also found high in treatment T7 (32.12 tons/ha/yr.) followed by T10 (31.17 tons/ha/yr.) and T8 (27.67 tons/ha/yr.). Leaf quality characters were found high in T7 and low in T9. Most of the quality traits in T7 are on par with control no. The results revealed that reduction in the dose of chemical fertilizers in T7 did not affect the leaf yield and leaf quality traits of mulberry. This clearly indicates that the efficiency of CBB (T7) provides nitrogen, increases essential nutrients available in soil, maintain soil pH and supply growth substances required for the improvement of leaf yield and leaf quality of mulberry. Bioassay study also revealed no significant difference in silkworm growth and cocoon characters between treatments T7 and T10. Economics calculated revealed that T7 is highly economical and beneficial over T10 by gaining an amount of Rs. 660/-/acre/crop. Thus, treatment T7 containing N. muscorum (1.0 g), A. variahilis (1.0 g) and S. millei (1.0 g) + 50% NPK fertilizers can be recommended to sericulturists mainly to reduce the use of NPK fertilizers, by saving 50% of its cost and to improve soil fertility conditions, which in turn improves leaf yield and quality of mulberry.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.29-38
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• 1997

Precipitation was formed during the preparation of decoction from a mixture of Scutellariae Radix and Coptidis Rhizoma. Baicalin and berberine were identified in this coprecipitated product (CPP) and these components were the active ingredients of two herbal medicine. We extracted respectively crude baicalin and berberine in Scutellariae Radix and Coptidis Rhizoma and prepared coprecipitate of crude baicalin-berberine. To increase the stability and bioavailability of coprecipitate of crude baicalin-berberine(CBB), which is slightly soluble drug, its inclusion complex was prepared and studied in this experiment. Inclusion complex of CBB with ${\beta}-cyclodextrin(CBB-{\beta}-CD)$ was prepared by freeze drying method and its characteristics were ascertained by means of solubility test, differential thermal analysis(DTA) and scanning electron microscope(SEM). The type of $CBB-{\beta}-CD$ is classified as $A_L-type$ on phase solubility diagram, and the stoichiometric ratio of CBB(baicalin in CBB) : ${\beta}-CD$ complex is 1:1 and formation constant is 151 $M^-1$. The solubility, dissolution, in situ absorption and serum concentration of $CBB-{\beta}-CD$ were significantly increased when compared to CBB. Therefore enhanced bioavailability of CBB by inclusion complexation with ${\beta}-cyclodextrin$ might be useful for dosage form design of active ingredients of two herbal medicine.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.467-472
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• 2017

There is increasing interest in developing flavor-enriched concentrate using byproducts of skipjack tuna Ktsuwonus pelamis as a replacement for commercial beef bone extract concentrate (CBB-EC). This study was compared on sanitary and nutritional characteristics between skipjack tuna frame extract concentrate (ST-EC) and CBB-EC as a control of skipjack tuna frame extract concentrate. The moisture contents of CBB-EC and ST-EC 41.4-4.9% and 45.3%, respectively. The results of viable cell counts and E. coli assays suggested that CBB-EC and ST-EC is a safe and sanitary for use in food. There were no differences in peroxide values among CBB-ECs. The total amino acid contents in CBB-EC and ST-EC were 25.6-29.3 g/100 g and 37.9 g/100 g, respectively, and the major amino acids present glutamic acid, proline, glycine, alanine and arginine. Regardless of kinds of the mineral, mineral contents of ST-EC higher than those of CBB-EC. The major fatty acids were 16:0, 18:0 and 18:1n-9 in CBB-EC, 16:0, 18:1n-9 and 22:6n-3 in ST-EC. These results can be used as background information to develop flavor-enriched concentrates from byproducts of skipjack tuna as replacement for CBB-EC.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.87-93
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• 2005

The permeability of cathodic electrolyzed water toward electrophoretic gel and dissolvability of cathodic electrolyzed water toward green tea components were compared with those of general waters in this investigation. Stained band intensities of the proteins by CBB-R prepared in cathodic electrolyzed water were compared with those in deionized water for various time intervals. Proteins were stained first by CBB-R in cathodic electrolyzed water as compared with those by CBB-R in deionized water. Moreover, cathodic electrolyzed water showed dramatically enhanced solubility toward green tea components at $25^{\circ}C$ than general waters. These results suggest much greater permeability and dissolvability of cathodic electrolyzed water than those of general waters.

• Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.55-61
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• 2022

The acrosome cap allows sperm to penetrate the egg membrane and produce male pronuclei within female chicken eggs, facilitating successful fertilization. Given this, it is important to establish practical methods for evaluating the integrity of the acrosome cap and thus the quality of the rooster's sperm. There are several established methods for evaluating the acrosomes of mammalian sperm, but none of these methods are suitable for evaluating the acrosome status of rooster spermatozoa. Therefore, a simplified method for evaluating the rooster acrosome is needed. Here we evaluated the usefulness of CBB (coomassie brilliant blue) staining of the acrosome at concentrations of 0.04%, 0.08%, and 0.3% CBB solutions. Our data revealed a clear staining pattern for intact acrosome caps at 0.04% and 0.08% CBB but not at 0.3% CBB. This protocol revealed differences in acrosome integrity between fresh and frozen rooster sperm smears suggesting that CBB staining may facilitate easier semen evaluation in roosters. This protocol allows for the accurate differential staining of acrosome cap in rooster spermatozoa.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.11
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• pp.1747-1754
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• 2008

Acidithiobaeillus ferrooxidans ATCC 23270 is an important model organism for bioleaching and bioremediation studies owing to its diverse metabolic capabilities, whereas lix984n is a widely used extractant. Little is known about the response of cbb genes in A. ferrooxidans to lix984n shock. Thus, to elucidate the response of the $CO_2$ fixation genes in A. ferrooxidans ATCC 23270 to the addition of lix984n, the gene expression of cbb genes was examined using a real-time PCR. Although a natural increase or decrease in the expression of most cbb genes was observed after 5 min of shock with 3% (v/v) lix984n, sdhC and cbbR exhibited quick responses to the shock. Ten min of shock had a greater effect on the cbb gene expression, yet 15 min of shock had a significant effect on the Calvin cycle in A. ferrooxidans ATCC 23270, as the expression of all the cbb genes reached a very high level. Therefore, after a short lix984n shock, a solution of A. ferrooxidans can be re-used for bioleaching.

• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.95-105
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• 2016

Spray-dried NiO-based oxygen carriers developed for chemical looping combustion required high calcination temperatures above $1300^{\circ}C$ to obtain high mechanical strength applicable to circulating fluidized-bed process. In this study, the effect of CBB ($CaO{\cdot}BaO{\cdot}B_2O_3$) addition, as a binder, on the physical properties and oxygen transfer reactivity of spray-dried NiO-based oxygen carriers was investigated. CBB addition resulted in several positive effects such as reduction of calcination temperature and increase in oxygen transfer capacity and porosity. However, oxygen transfer rate was considerably decreased. This was more apparent when a higher amount of CBB was added and MgO was added together. From the experimental results, it is concluded that CBB added NiO-based oxygen carriers are not suitable for chemical looping combustion and a new method to reduce calcination temperature while maintaining high oxygen transfer rate of NiO-based oxygen carriers should be found out.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.32 no.10
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• pp.1292-1298
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• 2022

Soil autotrophic bacterial communities play a significant role in the soil carbon (C) cycle in paddy fields, but little is known about how rhizosphere soil microorganisms respond to different long-term (35 years) fertilization practices under double rice cropping ecosystems in southern China. Here, we investigated the variation characteristics of rhizosphere soil RubisCO gene cbbL in the double rice ecosystems of in southern China where such fertilization practices are used. For this experiment we set up the following fertilizer regime: without any fertilizer input as a control (CK), inorganic fertilizer (MF), straw returning (RF), and organic and inorganic fertilizer (OM). We found that abundances of cbbL, 16S rRNA genes and RubisCO activity in rhizosphere soil with OM, RF and MF treatments were significantly higher than that of CK treatment. The abundances of cbbL and 16S rRNA genes in rhizosphere soil with OM treatment were 5.46 and 3.64 times higher than that of CK treatment, respectively. Rhizosphere soil RubisCO activity with OM and RF treatments increased by 50.56 and 45.22%, compared to CK treatment. Shannon and Chao1 indices for rhizosphere soil cbbL libraries with RF and OM treatments increased by 44.28, 28.56, 29.60, and 23.13% compared to CK treatment. Rhizosphere soil cbbL sequences with MF, RF and OM treatments mainly belonged to Variovorax paradoxus, uncultured proteobacterium, Ralstonia pickettii, Thermononospora curvata, and Azoarcus sp.KH33C. Meanwhile, cbbL-carrying bacterial composition was obviously influenced by soil bulk density, rhizosphere soil dissolved organic C, soil organic C, and microbial biomass C contents. Fertilizer practices were the principal factor influencing rhizosphere soil cbbL-carrying bacterial communities. These results showed that rhizosphere soil autotrophic bacterial communities were significantly changed under conditions of different long-term fertilization practices Therefore, increasing rhizosphere soil autotrophic bacteria community with crop residue and organic manure practices was found to be beneficial for management of double rice ecosystems in southern China.