• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.7-13
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• 2014

Purpose: To evaluate the results of postoperative radiotherapy in patients with extra-hepatic bile duct cancer (EHBDC) and identify the prognostic factors for local control and survival. Materials and Methods: Between January 2001 and December 2010, we retrospectively reviewed the cases of 70 patients with EHBDC who had undergone curative resection and received postoperative radiotherapy. The median radiation dose was 50.4 Gy (range, 41.4 to 54 Gy). The resection margin status was R0 in 30 patients (42.9%), R1 in 25 patients (35.7%), and R2 in 15 patients (21.4%). Results: The 5-year rates of overall survival (OS), event-free survival (EFS), and locoregional control (LRC) for all patients were 42.9%, 38.3%, and 61.2%, respectively. The major pattern of failure was distant relapses (33 patients, 47.1%). A multivariate analysis showed that the postradiotherapy CA19-9 level, radiation dose (${\geq}50$ Gy), R2 resection margins, perineural invasion, and T stage were the significant prognostic factors for OS, EFS, and LRC. OS was not significantly different between the patients receiving R0 and R1 resections, but was significantly lower among those receiving R2 resection (54.6%, 56.1%, and 7.1% for R0, R1, and R2 resections, respectively). Conclusion: In patients with EHBDC who had undergone curative resection, a postoperative radiotherapy dose less than 50 Gy was suboptimal for OS and LRC. Higher radiation doses may be needed to obtain better LRC. Further investigation of novel therapy or palliative treatment should be considered for patients receiving R2 resection.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 1992

본 연구는 소의 난포란의 체외성숙과 체외수정에 영향을 미치는 요인을 구명하기 위하여 미숙 난포란을 채취하여 형태적 분류를 통해 우수한 란을 공시한 후 난포의 크기, 정액의 형태, 수정능득법, 혈청, 호르몬, 난포액, 난구세포등을 첨가한 TCM-199 배양액에서 배양하면서 체외성숙 및 수정율을 조사하였는 바 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 소 난포란을 채취하여 배양을 통해 형태적 분류를 했을때 A형란은 61.4%, B형란은 12.1%, C형란은 19.2%, D형란은 4.2%였으며 발생중지 또는 퇴화란은 3.0%였다. 또한 A, B, C형란을 배양액에 배양했을때 난포란의 체외성숙율은 각각 89.1%, 78.0%, 52.6%였으며, 수정율은 각각 78.1%, 66.1%, 33.3%였다. 2. 소 난포의 크기를 1-2mm, 3-5mm 및 5mm이상으로 분류하여 채취한 난포란의 수는 각각 67개, 98개, 63개 였으며, 이를 TCM-199 배양액에서 배양했을때의 체외성숙 및 수정율은 각각 56.7%와 44.8%, 82.5%, 72.4%와 46.0%와 28.6%였다. 3. 소 난포란의 체외수정에 있어서 정소상체 미부정자, 희택정액 및 동결정액을 이용하여 매정하였을때 체외수정율과 분할율은 각각 63.3%, 73.3%, 70.0%와 32.7%, 37.8%, 38.3%였다. 4. 소 난포란의 체외수정에 있어서 m-KRB 처리법, HIS처리법, Ca-IA처리법, BFF처리법 및 heparin처리법으로 각각 수정능획득을 유기하였을때 체외성숙 및 분할율은 각각 53.1%, 28.1%, 33.9%와 17.7%, 50.8%와 26.2%, 48.1%와 22.8% 및 58.8%와 32.8%로서 heparin 처리법이 가장 높았다. 5. 소 난포란의 체외성숙과 수정에 있어서 각 농도의 우태아혈청과 FSH, HCG, $\beta$-estradiol을 첨가한 TCM-199배양액에서 배양했을때의 체외성숙 및 수정율은 각각 76.0-82.3%와 26.2-70.0%로서 무첨가에 비해 첨가가 높았다. 6. 발정우혈청 및 우태아혈청 5-20%를 첨가한 배양액에서 배양했을때의 체외성숙율은 각각 71.7-76.9%, 74.0-80.6%였으며 체외수정율은 51.9-58%와 26.2-30.0%로서, 체외수정율의 경우 발정우혈청의 첨가가 우태아혈청의 첨가에 비해 높았다. 7. 난포액20-30%를 첨가한 배양액에서 배양했을때의 난포란의 체외성숙율은 각각 68.0%와 64.6%, 수정율은 각각59.6%와 60.4%로서 난포액10%, 50%를 첨가한 배양액에서 배양시의 체외성숙율과 수정율에 비해 높았다. 8. 1$\times$10 6 /ml의 난구세포를 첨가한 배양액에서 배양했을때의 난포란의 체외성숙율과 수정율은 각각 76.5%와 61.7%로서 FCS 10%와 1$\times$10 4 -10 5/ml 와 1 $\times$10 8/ml난구세포를 첨가한 배양액에서 배양시의 체외성숙율과 수정율에 비해 높았다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.38 no.7
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• pp.544-552
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• 2005

This study was conducted to examine the correlation among bone mineral density (BMD), hair and nail calcium and magnesium contents, and nutrient intakes in preschool children in Chungnam district. A total of 111 preschool children (61 boys, 50 girls) measured the anthropometric characteristics, the bone mineral density of carpus using DEXA and hair and nail calcium and magnesium contents were analyzed by ICP spectrometer. The average ages of the study subjects were 55.7 months in boys and 53.0 months in girls (3.8${\~}$7 years). The birth height and weight of subjects were 51.0 cm and 3.3 kg in boys and 50.3cm and 3.2kg in girls, respectively. The average height, weight, $\%$ body fat, and obesity index were 111.6 cm, 19.6 kg, $15.0\%,\;96.1\%$ in boys and 108.6 cm, 18.5 kg, $17.5\%,\;98.1\%$ in girls, respectively. The bone mineral density in carpus was $0.25 g/cm^2$ in boys and $0.24 g/cm^2$ in girls. The hair calcium and magnesium contents were 440.9 ppm, 16.4 ppm in boys and 373.2 ppm, 28.9 ppm in girls. The nail calcium and magnesium contents were 9.4 ppm, 2.1 ppm in boys and 10.4 ppm, 2.4 ppm in girls. The intakes of energy, calcium, iron, zinc, vitamin A. niacin, and vitamin C did not meet the Korean RDAs. The ultradis and average carpus BMD were positively correlated to the plant calcium intake (p < 0.05, p < 0.05). And the ultradis, distal, and average carpus BMD were positively correlated to the plant iron intake (p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.05). The average bone mineral density in the carpus was positively correlated to the nail magnesium content (p < 0.05). Therefore, more systematic studies to investigate the roles of iron and calcium intakes, nail magnesium content in bone development of preschool children were required.

• Proceedings of the KSAR Conference
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• 2003.06a
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• pp.62-62
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• 2003

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of activation agents on parthenogenetic activation of pig oocytes matured in vitro. The medium used for oocyte maturation was tissue culture medium (TCM) 199 supplemented with 26.19 mM sodium bicarbonate, 0.9 mM sodium pyruvate, 10 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml insulin, 2 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml vitamin $B_{l2}$, 25 mM Hepes, 10 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml bovine apotransferrin, 150 $\mu$M cysteamine, 10 IU/ml PMSG, 10 IU/ml hCG, 10 ng/ml EGF, 0.4% BSA, 75 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml sodium penicillin G, 50 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml streptomycin sulfate and 10% pFF. After about 22 h of culture, oocytes were cultured without cysteamine and hormones for 22 h at 38.5$^{\circ}C$, 5% $CO_2$ in air. Cumulus-free oocytes involving first polar body were activated by exposure to various concentrations of ethanol and exposure time of ethanol in Hepes-buffered NCSU23 medium. Also, oocytes were activated by electric pulse alone or combination with ethanol. For electrical activation, oocytes were rinsed twice in 0.3 M mannitol solution supplemented with 0.1 mM CaC1$_2$, 0.2 mM MgC1$_2$, 0.5 mM Hopes and 0.01% BSA, and transferred to a chamber consisting of two electrodes 1 mm apart which was overlaid with the same activation solution. Oocytes were activated with a single DC pulse of 1.3 ㎸/cm for 30 $\mu$sec. After activation treatments, oocytes were washed three times with Hepes-buffered NCSU23 medium and were washed twice with NCSU23 culture medium containing 0.4% BSA, and then cultured in 500 ${mu}ell$ of the same medium for 20 h at 38.5$^{\circ}C$, 5% $CO_2$ in air. The activation rates of oocytes were higher in 6, 7 and 8% ethanol concentrations compared with 0, 5, 9 and 10% ethanol concentrations. Significantly more oocytes (29.3~33.7%) were activated in the exposure for 8, 10, 12 and 15 min than those in the exposure for 0 and 5 min, but there was no difference due to exposure to 8% ethanol for 8 to 15 min. Electric pulse treatment followed by exposure to ethanol significantly improved the rate of oocyte activation (61.9%) compared with that of other 3 treatments. In conclusion, the optimal activation treatment of ethanol exposure alone for the in-vitro matured pig oocytes was 8% ethanol for 8 to 15 min. Electric pulse treatment followed by ethanol exposure significantly improved the rate of activation.n.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.367-375
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• 2011

For this study, Korean-type Koumiss was made by the fermentation of mixed cultures, in which yeast, Kuyveromyces, and microflora, Streptococcus thermophiles and Lactobacillus bulgaricus, were inoculated into 10% skimmed milk with added whey powder(control: A, 2%: B, 4%: C, 6%: D, and 8%: E). Fat, protein, lactose, titratable acidity, pH, the number of lactic acid bacteria, the number of yeast, alcohol content, volatile fatty acids, volatile free amino acids and minerals were measured in the products. The results were as follows: As the dosage of whey powder increased, fat increased from 0.74% in the control to 2.30% in sample E, protein increased from 2.95% in the control to 4.39% in sample E and lactose increased from 3.10% in the control to 7.43% in sample E. Titratable acidity and pH increased gradually. The number of lactic acid bacteria increased from $10^9\;cfu/m{\ell}$ in the control to $3.8{\times}10^9\;cfu/m{\ell}$ in sample E, and the number of yeast increased from $6.1{\times}10^7\;cfu/m{\ell}$ in the control to $1.65{\times}10^8\;cfu/m{\ell}$ in sample E, according to the increase of whey powder content. For alcohol content, the average values were 0.863%, 0.967%, 0.890%, 1.290%, and 1.313% for the control and samples B, C, D, and E, respectively. As the dosage of whey powder increased, alcohol content showed a tendency to gradually increase. The average alcohol content of E was 1.313 and this was higher than the alcohol content of Kazahstana-type Koumiss with 1.08%. Sixteen types of free amino acids were detected. Glycine was the lowest in the control at $0.38mg/m{\ell}$ and sample E contained $0.64mg/m{\ell}$. Histidine was also low in the control at $0.42mg/m{\ell}$ and sample E contained $0.65mg/m{\ell}$. On the other hand, glutamic acid was highest at $4.13mg/m{\ell}$ in the control whereas sample E had $6.96mg/m{\ell}$. Proline was also high in the control at $1.71mg/m{\ell}$ in control, but E contained $2.80mg/m{\ell}$. Aspartic acid and leucine were greater in sample E than in the control. For volatile free fatty acids, content generally had a tendency to increase in the control, and samples B, C, D, and E. Content of acetic acid gradually increased from $12,661{\mu}g/100m{\ell}$ in the control to $37,140{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ in sample E. Butyric acid was not detected in the control and was measured as $1,950{\mu}g/100m{\ell}$ in sample E. Caproic acid content was $177{\mu}g/100m{\ell}$ in the control and $812{\mu}g/100m{\ell}$ in sample E, and it increased according to the increase of whey powder content. Valeric acid was measured in a small amount in the control as $22{\mu}g/100m{\ell}$, but it was not detected in any other case. Mineral contents of Ca, P, and Mg increased from 1,042.38 ppm, 863.61 ppm, and 101.28 ppm in the control to 1,535.12 ppm, 1,336.71 ppm, and 162.44 ppm in sample E, respectively. Na content was increased from 447.19 ppm in the control to 1,001.57 ppm in sample E. The content of K was increased from 1,266.39 ppm in the control to 2,613.93 ppm in E. Mineral content also increased with whey powder content. In sensory evaluations, the scores increased as whey powder content increased. Flavor was lowest in the control with 6.3 points and highest in E with 8.2 points. Body and texture were highest at 4.2 points in the control, which did not have added whey powder. In the case of appearance, there were no great differences among the samples.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.31-40
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• 2000

The flora, vegetation structure and physico-chemical characteristics of surface sediment were investigated in Paksil-nup wetland of Hapcheon-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea in 1990~1998. Ranges of the surface sediment characteristics such as pH, conductivity, organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, exchangeable K, exchangeable Ca, exchangeable Mg, and exchangeable Na were 4.36~4.34, $19.0{\sim}1260.0\;{\mu}mho\;cm^{-1}$, 0.01~6.35%, 0.001~0.14%, 0.01~0.31 mg/l00g, 1.01~13.98 ppm, 16.75~143.80 ppm, 0.93~14.85 ppm and 0.21~3.86 ppm, respectively. Percentages of the particle size such as sand, silt, and clay were 13.0~93.3%, 5.4~71.7%, and 0.5~37.5%, respectively. The flora of the study area was composed of 72 families, 182 genera, 223 species, 36 varieties and 2 form or total 261 kinds, and those were 45 kinds of vascular hydrophytes and 216 kinds of vascular hygrophytes. The life form of vascular hydrophytes was classified as 27 kinds (60%) of emergent plants, 8 kinds (18%) of submerged plants, 6 kinds (13%) of free-floating plants and 4 kinds (9%) of floating-leaved plants, respectively. The importance value of Salix nipponica was highest as 123.78 in the shrub and tree layers, and that of Trapa japonica was highest as 16.69 in the herb layer. The vegetation type was divided into two groups according to the association analysis. The vegetation of the littoral zone was classified into 7 associations according to the cluster analysis based on the coverage data. These results showed significant differences with those of stand ordination by correspondence analysis based on the species composition and by PCA based on the sediment properties. Factors affecting the distribution of the vascular hydrophytes and hygrophytes were the gradient of particle size, altitude, and water depth.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.42 no.8
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• pp.702-713
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• 2009

This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of constipation, bowel habits and nutrient intakes of college students. The subjects were 353 college students (166 males and 187 females) aged 19 to 29 years in Incheon area. The subjects were asked about bowel habits and dietary intake using questionnaires during march, 2008 and the prevalence of functional constipation (FC) was based on the Rome II criteria. The prevalence of FC in male and female students was 12.7% and 28.9%, respectively. The prevalence of self-reported constipation in male and female students was 12.0% and 36.9%, respectively. Both were higher in female students compared to male students. Among the subjects that have self-reported constipation, proportions of FC were 35.0% in male students and 55.1% in female students. Of subjects that did not self-reported constipation, the proportions of FC were 9.6% in male students and 13.6% in female students. Over 90% of respondents that self-reported constipation in male students, had neither visited a hospital and nor used laxatives or functional foods for constipation relief. Seventy five point three percent of male students, and 40.1% of female students, had a defecation frequency of over 5 times per week (p < 0.001). Ratios intaken under the estimated average requirement (EAR) of Vit A, Vit C, folic acid and Ca were over the 50% regardless of functional constipation. Mean daily consumption of total dietary fiber was 15.0 g/day in male students and 13.5 g/day in female students. According to these results, both functional constipation and self-reported constipation are more frequent in female college students and further studies are required in case-control study and related to psychological factors as well as nutrients to relieve of constipation.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.506-516
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• 2018

This study was conducted to identify pain intensity and factors affecting pain intensity in patients with advanced cancer. Data were collected between June 1 and September 30, 2016 using a questionnaire. The sample size was 221 patients with advanced cancer who were admitted to the oncology department or who visited the outpatient of the general hospital. Data were evaluated by descriptive and Pearson's correlation analyses, one way ANOVA, t-tests and stepwise multiple regression analysis. The mean scores of pain intensity of cancer patients were 4.23 (${\pm}1.68$) based on the average daily pain intensity. Factors influencing pain intensity were illness perception (${\beta}=.27$, p<.001), pain opioid analgesics beliefs (${\beta}=.24$, p<.001), education (middle school, ${\beta}=.24$, p=.001), economic status (${\geq_-}400$, ${\beta}=.20$, p=.001), gender (female, ${\beta}=.14$, p=.017), pain management education (${\beta}=-.14$ p=.020) and diagnosis (Pancreatic Ca, ${\beta}=.14$, p=.020). It explained 28%. Overall, the results of this study revealed that illness perception and pain opioid analgesics beliefs were important factors influencing pain intensity, but that the most important influencing factor was illness perception. Accordingly, it is necessary to develop pain management strategies that include not only pain management knowledge and pain opioid analgesics beliefs, but also illness perception.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.29-38
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• 1972

The protein composition of abalone muscle was estimated with the following result: on a series of samples analyzed, water-soluble protein, $19\~22\%$, salt-soluble protein, $27\~39\%$: alkali-soluble protein, $20\~26\%$ : and stroma $20\~28\%$ : respectively. It was demonstrated by ultracentrifugal analysis that approximately $65\%$ of the salt-soluble protein is accounted for by paramyosin, $30\%$ by actomyosin, and $5\%$ by myosin, respectively. The ultracentrifugally homogenous paramyosin was prepared by BAILEY's ethanol-dried method. It showed a $S^{\circ}\;_{20,\;{\omega}$ of 3.14s, and was completely salted in with KCl beyond $0.35{\mu}$. The intrinsic viscosity at $25^{\circ}C$ was estimated at 3.1. The paramyosin is rich in several amino acids such as arginine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, etc., and lacking of both proline and tryptophane, in rough accord with other paramyosins reported. The abalone paramyosin did not show ATPase activity over a pH range of 5 to 9,5 even in the presence of Ca++ or Mg++. So was the case with the paramyosin specimen prepared by BAILEY's wet-extraction method.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.199-208
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• 2010

The Cenozoic alkali basalts are distributed over Korea, both on central part as Bangnyeongdo, Ganseong, Pyeongtaek-Asan and Jogongni and also on southernmost part Jejudo. The ultramafic mantle xenoliths carried by Korean alkali basalts are spinel lherzolites. Garnet lherzolite that is more stable at the deeper level has not been reported so far, indicating that the lithospheric thickness under Korea does not reach deep enough to the stable zone of garnet lherzolite. The crustal evolution history of the Korean peninsula, at least some part of it, seemingly started since the Archean, it normally should have lithospheric thickness greater than 150 km. However, the mantle xenoliths carried by the Cenozoic alkali basalts indicate the maximum depth of origination in the much shallower range of 60-90 km. Such significantly thinner lithospheric thickness of the Korean peninsula than expected is quite similar to the case of North China Craton having lithospheric thickness of ca. 80 km in average, suggesting thinning of the lithospheric mantle in a depth scale of a few tens of kilometers during the past geologic time. The main causal events for such significant thinning of the lithospheric mantle can be continental collisional events of Paleoproterozoic and early Mesozoic similar to the case of North China Craton, which are also supported by Paleoproterozoic igneous and metamorphic events during the 1.9-2.0 Ga occurring all over the Korean peninsula and also early Mesozoic continental collisional event which has been discussed on lively arguments.