• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.42-45
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• 2017

The magnesium-base AZ61 alloy was cast while adding 1% CaO powder into the melt. It was hot extruded, and oxidized at $550-650^{\circ}C$ in air in order to study its microstructure and oxidation behavior. Initially added CaO powder reacted with Al in the melt to $Al_2Ca$ particles that aligned along the extrusion direction. The formed $Al_2Ca$ particles increased the oxidation resistance through forming the superficial CaO scale at the upper part of the thin MgO oxide scale.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제36권9호
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• pp.942-949
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• 2003

This study was longitudinally conducted to evaluate the intakes of protein, Ca, Mg and P of exclusively breast-fed infants compared with the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for Korean infants. Twenty Korean lactating women and their infants during the first 3 months of lactation in Incheon area were participated. Protein, Ca and Mg, and P contents in the milk were determined using semimicro Kjeldahl (N ${\times}$ 6.38) , atomic absorption spectrophotometer and colorimeter, respectively, and also the milk consumption of the infants was measured by the test-weighing method. Protein contents of the milk were 1.96, 1.63, 1.51, 1.25 and 1.16 g/100 ml, and protein intakes of the breast-fed infants were 9.00, 9.85, 9.17, 8.97 and 7.76 g/day at 7, 15, 30, 60 and 90 days postpartum. The average protein intake per body weight of the breast-fed infants was 1.84 g/kg/day. The average intakes of Ca, Mg, P were 172.1 mg/day, 15.2 mg/day and 91.4 mg/day, respectively, and the average Ca/P ratio was 1.91. There was positive correlation between protein and Ca, protein and p, and Ca and P contents while negative correlation between Mg and P, The body weight of breast-fed infants increased normally from 3.6 $\pm$ 0.41 g at birth to three month during lactation. It is suggested that the breast-fed infants in Incheon area consume almost adequately protein, Ca and P from the milk compared with RDA for Korean infants.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.53-59
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• 2011

The secretion of insulin from pancreatic ${\beta}$-cells is triggered by the influx of $Ca^{2+}$ through voltage-dependent $Ca^{2+}$ channels. The resulting elevation of intracellular calcium ($[Ca^{2+}]_i$) triggers additional $Ca^{2+}$ release from internal stores. Less well understood are the mechanisms involved in $Ca^{2+}$ mobilization from internal stores after activation of $Ca^{2+}$ influx. The mobilization process is known as calcium-induced calcium release (CICR). In this study, our goal was to investigate the existence of and the role of caffeine-sensitive ryanodine receptors (RyRs) in a rat pancreatic ${\beta}$-cell line, INS-1 cells. To measure cytosolic and stored $Ca^{2+}$, respectively, cultured INS-1 cells were loaded with fura-2/AM or furaptra/AM. $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ was repetitively increased by caffeine stimulation in normal $Ca^{2+}$ buffer. However, peak $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ was only observed after the first caffeine stimulation in $Ca^{2+}$ free buffer and this increase was markedly blocked by ruthenium red, a RyR blocker. KCl-induced elevations in $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ were reduced by pretreatment with ruthenium red, as well as by depletion of internal $Ca^{2+}$ stores using cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) or caffeine. Caffeine-induced $Ca^{2+}$ mobilization ceased after the internal stores were depleted by carbamylcholine (CCh) or CPA. In permeabilized INS-1 cells,$Ca^{2+}$ release from internal stores was activated by caffeine, $Ca^{2+}$, or ryanodine. Furthermore, ruthenium red completely blocked the CICR response in perrneabilized cells. RyRs were widely distributed throughout the intracellular compartment of INS-1 cells. These results suggest that caffeine-sensitive RyRs exist and modulate the CICR response from internal stores in INS-1 pancreatic ${\beta}$-cells.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.452-458
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• 1989

Ag^+$이온과 $Ca^{2+}$이온으로 교환하고 진공탈수한 제올라이트 A 즉 $Ag_7Ca_{2.5}-A(a = 12.310(1){\AA})$ 즉 $Ag_2Ca_5-A(a = 12.287(2){\AA}$)의 결정구조를 단결정 X-선회절법으로 공간군 Pm3m을 사용하여 구조를 결정하였다. $Ag7Ca2.5-A$와 $Ag2Ca5-A$의 결정은 $Ag_2Ca_5-A$의 결정은 AgNO_3$와 $Ca(NO_3)2$의 몰비를 각각 1:50과 1:1000으로 하고 총 농도를 0.05M로한 혼합용액을 써서 흐름법으로 이온교환하여 만들었다. $Ag_7Ca_{2.5}-A$ 구조에서는 I >3 ${\sigma}\;(I)$인 반사 306개를 써서 R1 = 0.056와 R2 = 0.059까지, 그리고 $Ag2Ca5-A$구조에서는 348개의 반사를 써서 R1 = 0.054와 R2 = 0.082까지 정밀화시켰다. $Ag7Ca2.5-A$ 구조에서는 5.5개의 $Ag+$이온과 2.5개의 $Ca^{2+}$이온이, 그리고 $Ag_2Ca_5-A$ 구조에서는 2개의 $Ag^+$이온과 5개의 $Ca^{2+}$이온이 6-산소 고리상의 결정학적으로 다른 2개의 3회전축상에 위치하였다. 두 구조에서 보면 단위세포당 양이온의 수가 8개 이상이면 이온반경이 작은 $Ca^{2+}$이온은 6-산소 고리자리에, 이온반경이 큰 $Ag^+$이온은 8-산소 고리자리에 우선적으로 위치하였다.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제23권9호
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• pp.537-542
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• 2013

Two types of Tb- and Na-substituted green phosphors $Ca_{(1-1.5x)}WO_4:Tb_x^{3+}$: and $Ca_{(1-2x)}WO_4:Tb_x^{3+},Na_x^+$ were synthesized with various x values, using a solid-state reaction. The former phosphors contained both substitutional and vacancy point defects, while the later had only substitutional defects. X-ray diffraction results showed that the main diffraction peak, (112), was centered at $2{\theta}=28.72^{\circ}$ and indicated that there was no basic structural deformation caused by substitutions or vacancies. The photoluminescence emission and photoluminescence excitation spectra revealed the optical properties of trivalent terbium ions, $Tb^{3+}$. Typical transitions, $^5D_3{\rightarrow}^7F_6,\;^7F_5,\;^7F_4$ and $^5D_4{\rightarrow}^7F_6,\;^7F_5,\;^7F_4,\;^7F_3$, and cross relaxations were observed. Subtle differences in the photoluminescence of green phosphors were observed as a result of the point defects. The FT-IR spectra indicated that some of the ungerade vibrational modes had shifted positions and changed shapes, spreading out over a wide range of frequencies. This change can be attributed to the different masses of $Tb^{3+}$ and $Na^+$ ions and $V_{Ca}$" vacancies compared to $Ca^{2+}$ ions. The gerade normal modes of the Raman spectra exhibited subtle differences resulting from point defects in $Ca_{(1-1.5x)}Tb_xWO_4$ and $Ca_{(1-2x)}Tb_xNa_xWO_4$.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.13-22
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• 1975

From the study of movements of $Ca^{++}$ in frog cardiac muscle, Niedergerke (1963) postulated that $Ca^{++}$ necessary for the cardiac contraction is stored in a specific pool. Langer et al (1967) and DeCaro (1967) also found a close relationship between the change of $Ca^{++}$ flux kinetics and the change of contractile force. According to the studies of several investigators, Ca II (Bailey and Dressel 1968) or phase I and II (Langer 1965, Langer et al 1967, 1971) in the $Ca^{++}$ washout curve was associated with cardiac contractility. This investigation was aimed to elucidate the anatomical region of the contractile active $Ca^{++}$ pool. At the same time, it was assumed in this study that $Ca^{++}$ in the sarcoplasmic reticulumn represents one of the major intracellular $Ca^{++}$ pool and cardiac contractility was also dependent on the intracellular $Ca^{++}$ concentration. Consequently, this experiment was performed at different temperatures to activate to activate inhibit the deactivating process of activated $Ca^{++}$ in the intracellular space to see if changes in the contractility decay curve existed at different temperatures. The isolated hearts of rabbits and turtles (Amyda maackii) were attached to the perfusion apparatus according to the method employed by Bailey and Dressel (1968). The isolated hearts were initally perfused with a full Ringer solution containing 2 mg/ml of inulin for 1 hr, and then $Ca^{++}$ and inulin-free Ringer solution was perfused while the isometric tension was recorded and a serial sample of perfusion fluid dripping from the cardiac apex was collected for 10 sec throughout experimental period. The above procedure was performed at $23^{\circ}C$, $30^{\circ}C$ and $38^{\circ}C$ on the rabbit heart and $10{\sim}13^{\circ}C$, $10^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$, $30^{\circ}C$ and $35^{\circ}C$ on the turtle heart. After determination of $Ca^{++}$ and inulin concentration of the samples, the $Ca^{++}$, inulin washout curve and the contractile tensin decay curve were analysed according to the method of Riggs (1963). The results were summarized as follows; 1. In the rabbit heart, there are 2 inulin compartments, 3 $Ca^{++}$ compartments and sing1e exponential decay of contractile tension. In the turtle heart, there are $1{\sim}2$ inulin compartments, $1{\sim}2$ $Ca^{++}$ compartments and $1{\sim}2$ phases of contractile tension decay. The fact that the inulin space was divided into 3 compartments in the washout curve in these hearts indicates the presence of heterogeneity in cardiac perfusion, i.e., overfused and underperfused area. 2. Ca I a9d Ca II in these hearts were found to have $Ca^{++}$ in the ECF compartments because their half times in the washout curves were far smaller than those of the inulin washout curves in the rabbit heart and similar to those of the inulin washout curves in the turtle heart. Ca III in the rabbit heart may have originated from the intracellular $Ca^{++}$ store. But no Ca III in the turtle heart was found. This may be due to the fact that the iutracellular $Ca^{++}$ pool in the turtle heart was too small to detect using this experimental procedure since sarcoplasmic reticulumn in the turtle heart is poorly developed. 3. In the rabbit heart, there were no chages in the half time of Ca I, Ca II, inulin I and inulin II at different temperatures, but the half time of Ca III was significantly prolonged at lower temperatures, and the half time of the contractile tension decay tended to be prolonged at lower temperatures but this was not significant. In the turtle heart, there were no changes in the half time of Ca I, Ca II, inulin 1, inulin II and phase I of the contractile tension decay at different temperatures, but the half time of phase II of the contractile tension decay was significantly prolonged at lower temperatures. This finding indicates that intracellu!ar $Ca^{++}$ in these hearts was also responsible particulary for maintaining the cardiac contractility at the lower temperatures. 4. The half times of contractile tension decay were shorter than those of Ca II in the $Ca^{++}$ washout curves in both animal hearts. According to the above results it was shown that $Ca^{++}$ in ECF is primarily and $Ca^{++}$ in the intracellular space is partially associated with the cardic contractility.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.83-89
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• 2001

열 안정성을 가지고 있는 한국산 꿩에서 분리된 New-castle disease virus CBP-1주는 9일령 SPF 계태아에 접종되어 $37^{\circ}C$에서 배양하는 방법으로 173번(parent주) 누대 배양되었다. $37^{\circ}C$에서 173번 누대 배양된 NDV CBP-1 주를 10 일령 계태아에 접종한 후 저온에서 ($29^{\circ}C$) 15번 (CA-15) 30번(CA-30) 누대 배양하였다. 저온순화 주인 CA-15주와 CA-30주의 이화학적 성상검사 (열 안정성 실험, 지질 용매에 대한 감수성 실험, 산성 용매에 대한 감수성 실험)와 병원성 실험(MDT, ICPI, IVPI), 온도 감수성 실험, 안전성 실험, 부스터 효과 실험, 방어효과 등을 실험하였고, $37^{\circ}C$에서 173번 누대 배양된 parent주와 비교하였다. $29^{\circ}C$에 적응된 CA-30주는 $37^{\circ}C$와 $41^{\circ}C$에서 세포 감염력이 parent주와 비교할 때 감소하였다. CA-15주와 CA-30주를 $56^{\circ}C$에서 30분, 60분, 120분 동안 처리하였을 때 이들 저온 순화주들은 혈구응집능과 세포감염력을 상실하였다. Parent주와 CA-15, CA-30주는 ethyl ether를 10분간 처리했을 때 혈구응집능과 세포 감염력을 모두 상실하였다. 그러나 parent주와 CA-15, CA-30주는 pH 3.0-glycine HCl 완충액에 60분간 처리하였을 때 혈구응집능을 가지고 있었다. Parent주의 대뇌병원성 지수와 정맥내 병원성 지수는 각각 1.12, 1.45 이었다. 그러나 CA-30주의 대뇌 병원성 지수와 정맥내 병원성 지수는 각각 0.75, 0.00으로 감소하였다. CA-30주의 안전성은 1 일령 병아리에서 실시하였고 parent주와 B-1주와 비교였다. 이들의 안전성은 치사율을 가지고 평가하였다. parent주와 CA-30주와 B-1주의 치사율은 각각 17.5, 12.0. 0.0%이었다. CA-30주가 parent주에 비해 보다 높은 안전성을 보여 주었으나 B-1주에 비해서 아직 높은 치사율을 보여 주고 있었다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.95-101
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• 2005

In the heart, $Na^{+}-Ca^{2+}$ exchange (NCX) is the major $Ca^{2+}$ extrusion mechanism. NCX has been considered as a relaxation mechanism, as it reduces global $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ raised during activation. However, if NCX locates in the close proximity to the ryanodine receptor, then NCX would curtail $Ca^{2+}$ before its diffusion to global $Ca^{2+}_i$ This will result in a global $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ decrease especially during its ascending phase rather than descending phase. Therefore, NCX would decrease the myocardial contractility rather than inducing relaxation in the heart. This possibility was examined in this study by comparing NCX-induced extrusion of $Ca^{2+}$ after its release from SR in the presence and absence of global $Ca^{2+}_i$ transient in the isolated single rat ventricular myocytes by using patch-clamp technique in a whole-cell configuration. Global $Ca^{2+}_i$ transient was controlled by an internal dialysis with different concentrations of BAPTA added in the pipette. During stimulation with a ramp pulse from +100 mV to -100 mV for 200 ms, global $Ca^{2+}_i$ transient was suppressed only mildly, and completely at 1 mmol/L, and 10 mmol/L BAPTA, respectively. In these situations, ryanodine-sensitive inward NCX current was compared using $100{\mu}mol/L$ ryanodine, $Na^+$ depletion, 5 mmol/L $NaCl_2$ and $1{\mu}mol/L$ nifedipine. Surprisingly, the result showed that the ryanodine-sensitive inward NCX current was well preserved after 10 mmol/L BAPTA to 91 % of that obtained after 1 mmol/L BAPTA. From this result, it is concluded that most of the NCX-induced $Ca^{2+}$ extrusion occurs before the $Ca^{2+}$ diffuses to global $Ca^{2+})i$ in the rat ventricular myocyte.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.399-415
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• 1999

세포내 유리칼슘(free calcium, $Ca^{2+}$)은 세균에서 고등동물에 이르기까지 거의 모든 세포에서 세포 고유작용을 조절하는 중요한 세포내 신호전달체계(signal transduction system)의 매개체이다. 타액선 세포에서 부교감 신경 자극으로 타액분비가 증가될 때에도 세포내 $Ca^{2+}$ 농도 증가가 가장 중요한 역할을 한다. 그러나 췌장(pancreas)의 경우 세포내 $Ca^{2+}$ 이외에도 인접세포를 전기적 화학적으로 연결해주는 gap junction이 외분비 기능을 직접적으로 조절할 가능설이 제시되었다. 타액선 세포에서도 세포막에 고농도의 gap junction이 존재하고 있으며 gap junction을 통해 인접세포들이 전기적, 화학적으로 연계되어 있어 gap junction이 타액선 세포의 기능을 직접적으로 조절할 가능성을 내포하고 있다. 따라서 gap junction이 타액선의 타액분비 작용에도 중요한 역할을 하며 이러한 작용이 세포내 $Ca^{2+}$ 농도를 조절하여 이루어질 것이라는 가정하에 이를 확인하는 실험을 시행하였다. 흰쥐 악하선에서 유리되는 타액양을 측정하기 위해서 악하선으로 혈액을 공급하는 동맥에 가는 관을 삽입하여 생리 식염수를 관류하면서 타액선관을 통해 타액을 채취하였다. 세포내 $Ca^{2+}$ 농도는 분리한 악하선 acini 내에 $Ca^{2+}$ 농도 변화에 민감하게 반응하는 형광물질인 fura-2를 축적시키고 형광 분석기를 사용하여 형광강도를 측정하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. CCh 투여로 타액 분비가 증가하였을 때 gap junction을 봉쇄하는 약물인 octanol(1 mM)을 투여하면 타액분비가 봉쇄되었으며 이는 가역적 반응이었다. 2. CCh투여로 세포내 $Ca^{2+}$ 농도가 증가하였을 때 1mM octanol을 투여하면 세포내 $Ca^{2+}$ 농도가 CCh 투여전의 상태로 감소되었다. 3. Octanol은 CCh에 의하여 유발된 초기 $Ca^{2+}$ 증가를 억제하지는 못한 반면에 후기 $Ca^{2+}$ 농도를 감소시켰다. 4. 세포막 $Ca^{2+}$ 통로를 열어주는 약물인 thapsigargin($1{\mu}M$)을 투여하여 세포내 $Ca^{2+}$ 농도를 증가시킨 후 1mM octanol을 투여하면 세포내 $Ca^{2+}$ 농도가 thapsigargin 투여 전의 상태로 감소하였다. 5. 2,5-di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzohydroquinone(TBQ)의 투여로 세포막을 통한 $Ca^{2+}$ 농도의 주기적 변동인 $Ca^{2+}$의 oscillation이 유발되었는데, 이때 1mM octanol을 투여한 경우에 $Ca^{2+}$농도의 oscillation이 정지하여 역시 gap junction을 봉쇄하면 TBQ에 의해서 유발된 세포내 $Ca^{2+}$ 농도의 주기적 변동이 사라지고 $Ca^{2+}$ 농도의 감소가 나타남을 확인하였다. 6. Gap junction을 봉쇄하는 또 다른 약물인 glycyrrhetinic acid($100{\mu}M$)도 CCh 자극으로 인한 타액분비를 억제하였다. 이상의 결과로 미루어 gap junction은 흰쥐 악하선 세포로부터의 타액분비 조절에 중요한 역할을 하는데, 이는 gap junction이 세포막 $Ca^{2+}$ 통로를 조절함으로써 수용체 자극으로 유발된 세포내 $Ca^{2+}$ 농도 변화에 영향을 미친 결과인 것으로 추측된다.

• 한국전자통신학회논문지
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.1301-1308
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• 2018

암호 시스템의 키 생성기로 응용되는 90/150 CA는 LFSR보다 난수성이 뛰어나지만 합성법이 어렵기 때문에 CA 합성법에 대한 연구가 많은 연구자에 의해 진행되어 왔다. 적합한 CA를 합성하기 위해 90/150 CA의 특성다항식에 대한 분석이 선행되어야 한다. 일반적으로 n셀 90/150 CA의 특성다항식 ${\Delta}_n$는 ${\Delta}_{n-1}$와 ${\Delta}_{n-2}$을 이용하여 구한다. 본 논문에서는 n셀 90/150 CA <$10{\cdots}0$>의 특성다항식 $H_n(x)$을 (n-1)셀 90/150 CA <$10{\cdots}0$>의 특성다항식 $H_{n-1}(x)$로부터 구하는 방법과 이 방법을 이용하여 $H_{2^n}(x)$로부터 $H_{2^n+i}(x)$와 $H_{2^n+i}(x)$ ($1{\leq}i{\leq}2^{n-1}$)을 효과적으로 구하는 알고리즘을 제안한다.