• BMB Reports
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.561-566
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• 1999

CA(1-8)-ME(1-12) [CA-ME], composed of cecropin A(1-8) and melittin(1-12), is a synthetic antimicrobial peptide having potent antibacterial and antitumor activities with minimal hemolytic activity. In order to investigate the effects of the flexible hinge sequence, Gly-Ile-Gly, of CA-ME on antibiotic activity, CA-ME and three analogues, CA-ME1, CA-ME2, and CA-ME3, were synthesized. The Gly-Ile-Gly sequence of Ca-ME was deleted in CA-ME1 and replaced with Pro and Gly-Pro-Gly in CA-ME2 and CA-ME3, respectively. CA-ME1 and CA-ME3 showed a significant decrease in antitumor activity and phospholipid vesicle-disrupting ability. However, CA-ME2 showed similar antitumor and vesicle-disrupting activities, as compared with CA-ME. These results suggest that the flexibility or ${\beta}$-turn induced by Gly-Ile-Gly or Pro in the central part of CA-ME may be important in the electrostatic interaction of the N-terminus cationic ${\alpha}$-helical region with the cell membrane surface and the hydrophobic interaction of the C-terminus amphipathic ${\alpha}$-helical region with the hydrophobic acyl chains in the cell membrane. CA-ME3 exhibited lower antitumor and vesicle-disrupting activities than CA-ME and CA-ME2. This result suggests that the excessive ${\beta}$-turn structure caused by the Gly-Pro-Gly sequence in CA-ME3 seems to interrupt ion channel/pore formation in the lipid bilayer. We concluded that the appropriate flexibility or bilayer. We concluded that the appropriate flexibility or ${\beta}$-turn structure provided by the central hinge is responsible for the effective antibiotic activity of the antimicrobial peptides with the helix-hinge-helix structure.

• BMB Reports
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.545-548
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• 1996

CA(1-8)ME(1-12), the CA-ME hybrid peptide of the amino terminal segments of cecropin A (CA) and melittin (ME), has been reported to have a broad spectrum and improved potency without a hemolytic property. In order to obtain new synthetic peptides with powerful antibacterial activity without hemolytic activity, several hybrid peptides were designed from the sequences of CA, ME, magainin 2, bombinin and lactoferricin. All hybrid peptides were constructed to form an amphipathically basic-flexible-hydrophobic structure and synthesized by the solid phase method. Their hemolytic activities against human red blood cells and antibacterial activities against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were detennined. CA(1-8)MA(1-12), CA(1-8)BO(1-12), MA(10-17)ME(1-12) and LF(20-29)ME(1-12) showed comparable activities with broad spectra against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria relative to CA(1-8)ME(1-12) but without hemolytic properties. These hybrid peptides, therefore, could be useful as model peptides to design a novel peptide with improved antibacterial activity and study on structure-activity relationships of antimicrobial peptides.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.168-172
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• 1999

The antifungal mechanism of the antifungal peptide against Aspergillus fumigatus, $K^{18,19}$-CA(l-8)-ME(l-12), derived from cecropin A(l-8)-melittin(l-12) was investigated by confocal laser scanning microscopy, cell wall regeneration, ATPase activity inhibition, and released potassium ion. By confocal laser scanning microscopy, $K^{18,19}$-CA(l-8)-ME(l-12) was detected on the surface of A. fumigatus, while cecropin A used as a negative control peptide was not detected. The protoplast of A. fumigatus treated with$K^{18,19}$-CA(1-8)-ME(1-12) failed to regenerate the fungal cell walls. Compared with cecropin A, the amount of potassium ion released by $K^{18,19}$-CA(l-8)-ME(l-12) was increased. Furthermore, $K^{18,19}$-CA(l-8)-ME(l-12) inhibited the ATPase activity on the plasma membrane. These results suggested that $K^{18,19}$-CA(l-8)-ME(1-12) acts on the plasma membrane of A. fumigatus and its antifungal action is due to the ion channel or pore formation on the plasma membrane.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.529-533
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• 1996

Melittin (ME) from honeybee venom has a broad range of strong antimicrobial activity, but it has hemolytic activity against eukaryotic cells. In order to design peptides with powerful antifungal activity without cytotoxic property of ME and understand structure-antifungal activity relationships, the hybrid peptides derived from the sequences of ME and cecropin A (CA) or magainin 2 (MA), MA(10-17)ME(1-12) and CA(1-8)ME(1-12). were synthesized by solid phase method. MA(10-17)ME(1-12) showed potent antifungal activity comparable to ME against Fusarium oxysporum with no hemolytic activity against human red blood cells. The hybrid peptides showed strong inhibi- tion of (1, 3)-$\beta$-D-glucan synthase. This result indicates that the antifungal activity of the hybrid peptides against Fusarium oxysporum is attributed to the inhibition of cell wall synthesis. The results therefore showed a successful design of a peptide having antifungal activity without hemolytic property.

• 한국잠사곤충학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.43-54
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• 1983

하비의 질소시비량을 달리하였을 때 뽕나무의 생육, 수엽량, 이온함량의 변동과 엽위별 이동, 균형 등을 알기 위해 요소관행구(25kg/10a)와 요소 3배증시구(75kg/10a)를 설치하고 시험한 결과 다음과 같았다. 1. 요소증시는 관행양에 비해 조장, 조중을 증가시켰으며, 정엽양은 9월20일경에 생물중으로 273.6kg/10a를 증가시켰다. 2. 뽕잎중의 수분함양은 8월30일까지 73%이상을 유지하였으나, 그 후 계속 감소되어 9월20일경에는 63%내외로 떨어졌다. 증시구에서는 관행구보다 0.1~1.8%정도 높았으며 10월10일경까지도 뽕잎이 연하였다. 3. 생육초기부터 계속 증가한 뽕잎의 건물중은 9월20일경에 현저히 감소되었으나 지조의 무게는 9월 30일까지도 계속 증가하였다. 4. 엽중의 $Ca^{2+}$는 경시적으로 함양이 현저히 증가되었으나, $K^{+}$과 $Mg^{2+}$은 감소되었으며, $Ca^{2+}$은 증시구에서 현저히 높았다. 5. 각종 이온의 경시적인 엽위별 이동을 보면 8월30일경에 전질소 및 수분함량이 급격히 감소함에 따라 이동성이 불량한 $Ca^{2+}$와 Cl$^{-}$는 상부로, 양호한 $K^{+}$, H$_2$PO$^{-}$$_4$ 그리고 SO$^{2-}$ $_4$ 등은 하부로 점차 이동하였다. 6. 전질소의 함양은 8월30일 이전에 3,200me/kg DM에서 9월 초순 이후에는 2,000me/kg DM으로 현저히 감소하였다. 관행구는 9월12일에, 증시구는 9월22일에 최대함량부위가 아래 엽위로 떨어지면서 10일후에는 각각 선단의 생장점이 고사ㆍ탈락하였다. 7. ∑C는 생육초기에 1,400me/kg DM에서 점차 증가하여 1,600me/kg DM 내외를, ∑A는 400me/kg DM 내외를, (C-A)는 생육초기에는 1,000me/kg DM에서 증가하여 1,200me/kg DM 내외를 각각 유지하였다. 8. ∑C, ∑A, (C-A) 등은 관행구에서 보다 증시구에서 약간 높은 경향을 보였는데 이것은 증시구에서는Ca$^{2+}$의 함량이 현저히 높았으며, NO$^{-}$$_3$, SO$^{2-}$ $_4$, H$_2$PO$^{-}$$_4$ 등이 다소 높았기 때문이다.

• 한국잠사곤충학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.12-17
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• 1985

1982년 충남 부여와 충북 옥천, 1983 경북 상주에서 생산된 묘목의 활착율이 불량한 사례가 발생하여 그 원인을 구명하기 위해 묘포지 토양의 이화학성을 조사하는 한편, 1984년 충북의 상묘생산업자 21개, 115개 포장의 토양분석을 행한 결과 다음과 같았다. 1. 죽은 상묘를 증상별로 구분한 결과 붕소부족 증상이 59%였으며, 아무런 외형적인 증상이 없이 발아가 안 되는 경우가 34.9%, 그리고 연폐 증상을 보인 묘목은 6.1%였다. 2. 상묘의 활착율이 나빴던 포장은 하천부지의 논토양으로 유효토심이 20cm 내외이었으며 그 밑에는 거친 모래 또는 자갈층이 있었다. 3. 토양의 화학성은 강산성이었으며, Ca, Mg의 함량이 낮았으며, 특히 B의 함량이 매우 낮았다. 유효인산과 칼리는 높은 경우도 있었다. 4. 논토양에 묘포는 설치한 경우에는 객토를 하였거나, 붕사를 준 경우에 활착율이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 5. 충북의 상묘포지 토양은 전면적 60.8ha 중 52.8%를 논토양이 점유하였고, pH6.5인 필지가 90.5%, 칼리 0.5me/100g 이하가 87.0% Ca은 6.5me/100g 이하가 40.8%, Mg은 2.00me/100g 이하가 94.8%, B은 0,3ppm 이하가 99.1%나 되었다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.71-77
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• 1998

This study was investigated to study split diets on laying performance and eggshell quality with Hy-Line brown layers 43 weeks old for 12 weeks Layers fed a conventional diet and split diets were divided into morning and afternoon diet. The conventional diet contained 3.4 % Ca was given constant nutrients all day. Hens of the split diets fed morning diets contained 0.5 % Ca constantly and afternoon diets contained 5.9, 8.0, and 10.0 % Ca in T1to T3. Split diets were given morning diets from 04:00 to 15:00 and afternoon diets 15:00 to 21 :00 alternately. Egg production, egg weight, and egg mass were not significantly different among diets. Abnormal eggs decreased in T1 and T2, but no significantly differed(P>0.05). Feed intake decreased in all of split diets compared to control diets (P <0.05). So, feed conversion ratio also improved in split diets(P<0.05). ME and CP intake decreased in T2 and T3, and Ca intake increased in proportion to Ca content of diets(P<0.05). ME and CP requirements per kg eggs decreased in the split diets, and that of Ca increased. Although there were not different significantly, egg shell strength and thickness improved slightly in T2 at 12 week. Yolk color, haugh unit and yolk index were not different among diets. Therefore, we concluded that split diet feeding to layer could improve feed and economic efficiency with normal egg production.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제12권11호
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• pp.4940-4950
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• 2011

고지혈증 치료제인 cis-(3R,5R)-atorvastatin Ca (1)은 4개의 입체이성질체가 있으며, 각각의 이성질체들을 선택적으로 제조한다는 것은 매우 어려운 일이다. 본 연구에서는 입체이성질체 중의 하나인 trans-(3R,5S)-atorvastatin Ca (7)을 초산에서 3,5-diketo atorvastatin ester (3)를 $Me_4NHB(OAc)_3$을 사용하여 환원시켜 cis-(3R,5R) (4)과 trans-(3R,5S)-atorvastatin ester (5)를 각각 1.5%와 98.5%의 비율로 입체선택적으로 제조할 수 있었다. 또한, 고지혈증 치료제인 cis-(3R,5R)-atorvastatin Ca (1)과 그의 입체이성질체인 trans-(3R,5S)-atorvastatin Ca (7)을 쥐에서 고지방식이에 의해 유발된 고지혈증의 치료효과에 대하여 알아보았고, 이러한 연구의 수행을 위해 2010년 1월에 실험을 실시하였다. 그 결과, 화합물 1과 7의 total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-c), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-c)과 triglyceride (TG)는 각각 $93.0{\pm}0.5$, $43.5{\pm}0.8$, $40.4{\pm}1.4$, $45.6{\pm}0.9\;mg/d{\ell}$와 $110.0{\pm}0.7$, $33.3{\pm}0.6$, $65.8{\pm}1.9$, $54.8{\pm}1.2\;mg/d{\ell}$를 atherogenic index (AI)와 cardiac risk factor (CRF)는 $1.14{\pm}0.05$ $2.14{\pm}0.05$와 $2.31{\pm}0.06$, $3.31{\pm}0.06$을 나타냈으며 aspartate aminotransferase (AST)와 alanine aminotransferase (ALT)는 $51.9{\pm}4.6$, $16.0{\pm}2.1\;IU/{\ell}$와 $75.8{\pm}4.4$, $35.1{\pm}9.7\;IU/{\ell}$로 두 화합물 모두 고지혈증에 대한 치료효과를 나타내었으나, 화합물 1이 우수한 치료효과가 있는 반면 화합물 7은 치료효과가 낮은 것을 확인하였다. 이러한 결과들로 입체선택적 이성질체의 합성에 대한 새로운 방법을 제시하고, 향후 시판되고 있는 의약품들의 입체이성질체에 대한 임상적 활용이 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권12호
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• pp.1663-1668
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• 2004

This study was carried out to evaluate the potential nutritive value of commonly found grasses collected at native pasture in West Sumatra, Indonesia during dry and rainy seasons. Variables measured included chemical composition, in vitro digestibility, concentration of Ca, P and Mg, gas production and metabolizable energy (ME) content of the grasses. The results showed that species and season had significant effect on chemical composition and mineral concentration. Crude protein content in the dry season ranged from 6.5% (B. decumbens) to 14.4% (P. maximum) and increased slightly from 7.8% (B. decumbens) to 14. 8% (A. compressus) in the rainy season. Data on fiber fraction showed that grass contained more NDF, ADF and ADL in dry season than in rainy season. Data on mineral concentration showed that C. plectostachyus and P. maximum in dry season had higher Ca than those of other species, while in rainy season P. maximum had highest Ca concentration. In dry season, the DMD varied from 50. 4% (P.purpuphoides) to 59.1% (P. purpureum), while in rainy season ranged from 50.3% (A. gayanus) to 61.8% (P. purpureum). The potential and rate of gas production were significantly (p<0.05) affected by species and season. During dry season, potential of gas production ranged from 21.8 ml/200 mg (A. compressus) to 45.1 ml/200 mg (C. plectostachyus), while in rainy season it varied from 35.6 ml/200 mg (A. gayanus) to 47.5 ml/200 mg (P. purpureum). ME content of grasses varied from 6.0 to 8.3 MJ/kg in dry season and increased slightly from 6.4 to 8.6 MJ/kg in rainy season. Both in dry and rainy seasons, the highest ME content was occurred in P. purpureum and C. plectostachyus. In conclusion, nutritive value of the observed grasses in West Sumatra, Indonesia was relatively higher during rainy season compared with dry season. Pennisetum purpureum and Cynodon plectostachyus had the best nutritive value in both dry and rainy seasons.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.29-34
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• 1970

산성(酸性) 류산염(硫酸鹽) 토양(土壤)에 석회시용(石灰施用)과 투수(透水) 무투수(無透水)가 수도생육(水稻生育)에 미치는 영향과 토양(土壤) 성분변화(成分變化)를 본바 다음 몇가지 결과(結果)를 얻었다. 1. 분얼 및 초장(草長)은 생육초(生育初)에는 별차이가 없으나 8월이후(月以後) 석회(石灰)의 효과가 나타남과 아울러 투수구(透水區)가 무투수구(無透水區)에 비(比)하여 효과적이었다. 2. 수수(穗數) 및 수당립수(穗當粒數), 임실률(稔實率)도 석회시용증가(石灰施用增加)에 따라 효과가 좋으며 무투수(無透水)에 비(比)하여 투수구(透水區)가 좋은 결과(結果)를 가져왔다. 3. 정조수량(精粗收量)은 표준구(標準區) 100에 비(比)하여 무투수(無透水) Ca 12me/100gr가 194% 투수구(透水區)의 Ca 4me/100gr가 268%, Ca 8me/100gr가 315% 증수(增收)되었다. 4. 석회시용(石灰施用)에 따라 호마엽고병(胡麻葉枯病) 병반(病斑)도 감소(減少)되었다. 5. 석회시용(石灰施用)에 따라 토양내(土壤內) 성분변화(成分變化)는 유효인산, 가용성(可溶性) $SiO_2$ 함량이 증가(增加)되었고 $Fe^{{+}{+}}$의 함량(含量)이 감소(減少)되었다.