• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.969-973
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• 2009

Samul-tang (SMT), which was firstly described in (Hwajegukbang) Song dynasty, is well known remedy for blood diseases in Oriental medicine. SMT is traditional herbal-remedy composed of Rehmanniae Radix Preparat, Angelicae Gigantis Radix, Cnidii Rhizoma and Paeoniae Radix. Recently, SMT has known to have anti-oxidative action. However, the reports on anti-oxidantic action in neuroglial cells are rare. In addition, the exact mechanisms are unclear. For these reasons, we investigated the protective effects of SMT on cell death induced by oxidative stress using C6 glioma cells. In our results, SMT accelerated proliferation rates of C6 cells in vitro. In addition, levels of LDH release induced by oxidative stress were lowered by treatment with SMT. Finally, protective effects on cell death induced by chemicals such as paraquat and rotenone were observed. In conclusion, these results suggest the possibility to protect brain cell or neuronal cell from damage induced by oxidative stress.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.350-355
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 효모를 이용하여 제조한 미나리 천연 식초 및 원료로 사용된 미나리 발효액의 유리당, 유기산, 아미노산 함량을 측정하였으며, 미나리 식초의 뇌 기능 개선 관련 기능성을 확인하기 위하여 C6 흰쥐 신경아교세포를 이용하여 산화적 손상에 대한 보호 효과를 검토하였다. 미나리 식초는 약 5%의 초산을 함유하였으며 glucose는 검출되지 않아 초산발효가 잘 이루어진 것을 알 수 있다. 또한 유리 아미노산의 함량은 높지 않았으나 그 중 aspartic acid, arginine 그리고 valine이 주요 유리 아미노산으로 나타났으며, 발효액에서는 aspartic acid, alanine, GABA의 순으로 나타났다. 총 아미노산은 식초에서는 glutamic acid와 glutamine의 함량이 가장 높았으며, 발효액의 경우 aspartic acid와 asparagine이 주요 총 아미노산으로 나타났다. 미나리 식초의 효능을 평가하기 위하여 식초를 동결 건조하여 분말화한 식초의 산화적 손상에 대한 뇌 신경세포 보호 효과를 측정한 결과, 발효액과 식초 모두 C6 세포에 대한 독성은 없었으며 t-BHP 및 $H_2O_2$에 의한 세포 생존율 저하를 유의적으로 억제하는 효과를 확인하였다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.1249-1253
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• 2006

The fractions of Capsosiphon fulvescens were studied to verify the anticancer and immunostimulating activity. The fractions from the ethanol extract of C. fulvescens were prepared by the systematic extraction procedure with the solvents such as hexane, ethyl ether, methanol, butanol and H$_2$O. The cytotoxic effects of C. fulvescens fractions against human leukemia cell line U937, mouse neuroblastoma cell line (NB41A3), human hepatoma cell line (HepG2)and rat glioma cell line (C6) were investigated. Ethyl ether fraction of C. fulvescens showed the highest cytotoxicity against all four cell lines tested. In addition, H$_2$O fraction also showed relatively high cytotoxicity. Dose dependent patterns were observed on all four cell lines. The immune-stimulating effects of C. fulvescens fractions on rat macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7) were also investigated. All five fractions of C. fulvescens extract stimulated NO production with concentration dependant manner. These results suggest that C. fulvescens may be a useful candidate for a natural antitumor and immune-stimulating agent.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.518-524
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• 2000

We examined the modulation of protein kinase C (PKC) subtypes during apoptosis induced by ginsenoside Rh2 (G-Rh2) in human neuroblastoma SK-N-Bl(2) and rat glioma C6Bu-1 cells. Apoptosis induced by C-Rh2 in both cell lines was confirmed, as indicated by DNA fragmentation and in situ strand breaks, and characteristic morphological changes. During apoptosis induced by G-Rh2 in SK-N-BE(2) cells, PKC subtypes $\alpha$, $\beta$ and $\gamma$ were progressively increased with prolonged treatment, whereas PKC $\delta$ increased transiently at 3 and 6 h and PKC $\varepsilon$ was gradually down-regulated after 6 h following the treatment. On the other hand, PKC subtype $\beta$ markedly increased at 24 h when maximal apoptosis was achieved. In C6Bu-l cells, no significant changes in PKC subtypes $\alpha$, $\gamma$, $\delta$, $\varepsilon$ and $\beta$ were observed during apoptosis induced by G-Rh2. These results suggest the evidence for a possible role of PKC subtype in apoptosis induced by G-Rh2 in SK-N-BE(2) cells but not in C6Bu-1 cells, and raise the possibility that G-Rh2 may induce apoptosis via different pathways interacting with or without PKC in different cell types.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 1998년도 Advances in Ginseng Research - Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Ginseng -
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• pp.244-252
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• 1998

Ginsenoside Rh, (G-Rh,) from Panax ginseng induced morphological features of apoptosis and DNA fragmentation as a biochemical marker of apoptosis confirmed by TUNEL reaction and agarose gel electrophoresis in human neuroblastoma SK-N-BE(2) and rat glioma C6Bu-1 cells During apoptosis by G-Rh2, protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms were analysed by immunoblotting. In SK-N-BE(2) cells, the levels of a, p and ${\gamma}$ subtypes were increased by undergoing apoptosis, while PKC e isoform increased early in treatment (3 h and 6 h). In addition, PKC s isoform gradually decreased during apoptosis by G-Rh2 and PKC $\theta$ isoform was detected in neither untreated- nor G-Rh1-treated SK-N-BE(2) cells (data not shown). However, no significant changes in the level of S and s isoforms were observed in C6Bu-1 cells undergoing apoptosis by G-Rh2. These results suggest that PKC subtypes may play differential roles in apoptotic signal pathways and their roles can be cell type-specific in apoptosis induced by G-Rh2.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.41-48
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• 2017

Objectives : This study was designed to estimate the antioxidative and neuroprotective effects of Torreyae Semen hot water extracts (TS). Methods : Torreyae Semen was extracted by hot water for 2 hours with a temperature of 105 degrees. Polyphenols and total flavonoid were measured and LC-MS/MS was used to certificate anticipated antioxidative compounds. The antioxidant activities of TS were measured as scavenging effects of 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and Nitrite Oxides (NO). Cell viability and proliferation rate was measured MTT assay. The toxicities to thymocytes and splenocytes were evaluated by the proliferation rate of primary cultured cells of 7 weeks, male Balb/c mice. The antioxidant activities of TS on C6 mouse glioma cells were measured by the analysis of total glutathione contents variation. The neuroprotective effects against oxidative stresses were measured by MTT assay. Results : Polyphenols of TS was $92.00{\pm}1.24{\mu}g/mg$, and total flavonoids was $0.36{\pm}0.14{\mu}g/mg$. TS includes gallocatechin, epigallocatechin, gallocatechin gallate and epigallocatechin gallate. TS included gallocatechin, epigallocatechin, gallocatechin gallate, epigallocatechin gallate. TS showed DPPH and NO scavenging effects as dose-dependent manner at the concentrations of $0-10mg/m{\ell}$. In MTT assay, TS shows no significant toxicity to C6 cells, primary cultured thymocytes and splenocytes of Balb/c mice. TS increased the level of total glutathiones. TS increased cell viabilities of C6 cells against oxidative stresses such as $H_2O_2$, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), Rotenone at the concentrations of $0-0.063mg/m{\ell}$. Conclusions : TS shows the antioxidant and neuroprotecitive effects in these experiments.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제52권2호
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• pp.150-157
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• 2020

본 연구는 이산화망간(MnO₂)의 신경독성과 이에 대한 노박 덩굴 추출물의 보호 효과를 C6 glioma 세포를 배양하여 조사하였다. 본 연구를 위하여 세포생존율을 비롯하여 지질산화(LP) 억제능 및 XO 저해능과 같은 항산화 분석을 시행하였다. 그 결과 MnO₂는 배양 세포에 처리한 농도에 비례하여 세포생존율을 유의하게 감소시켰으며, 이 과정에서 XTT₅₀값은 146.7 μM로 나타나 Borenfreund and Puerner의 독성판정기준에 따라 중간독성(mid-cytotoxic)인 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 항산화제의 일종인 kaempferol (KAE)은 MnO₂의 독성에 의해 손상받은 세포의 생존율을 유의하게 증가시킴으로써 MnO₂의 독성을 방어하였다. 한편, MnO₂ 독성에 대한 노박덩굴(CO) 추출물의 영향 조사에 있어서, CO 추출물은 배양 세포에 MnO₂만을 처리한 것에 비하여 세포생존율을 유의하게 증가시킴으로써 MnO₂의 독성을 효과적으로 방어하였다. 이와 동시에 높은 LP 억제능과 XO 저해능과 같은 항산화 효과를 보여주었다. 이상의 결과에서 MnO₂의 독성에 산화적 손상이 관여하고 있음을 알 수 있었으며, CO 추출물은 LP 억제능과 XO 저해능과 같은 항산화능에 의하여 MnO₂의 독성을 효과적으로 방어한 것을 확인였다. 따라서, CO 추출물과 같은 천연소재는 파킨슨병 유발제인 MnO₂와 같이 산화적 손상과 관련된 질환적 중금속 독성을 경감 내지는 개선할 수 있는 유용한 물질이라 생각된다.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.339-347
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• 2017

This study was performed to evaluate the cytotoxicity induced by ischemia-like condition (ILC) in cultured neuroglial cells (C6 glioma cells). The protective effect of kaempferol (KAE), flavonoid against the cytotoxicity induced by ILC induction was assessed. In addition, antioxidative effects of KAE were done by colorimetric assays. Cell viability and the antioxidative effects such as DPPH-radical scavenging activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity and inhibitory activity of lipid peroxidation (LP) were analyzed. ILC induction decreased cell viability in a dose-dependent manner, and the $XTT_{90}$ value (low cytotoxicity value) and $XTT_{50}$ value (high cytotoxicity value) were determined during ILC induction for 15 and 40 minutes, respectively. The butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) antioxidant significantly increased cell viability damaged by the ILC-induced cytotoxicity. In the protective effect of KAE on ILC-induced cytotoxicity, KAE protected the ILC-induced cytotoxicity by the significant increase of cell viability, and also it showed DPPH-radical scavenging ability, SOD-like ability and inhibitory ability of LP. From these results, it is suggested that ILC induction showed cytotoxicity in these cultures and the oxidative stress is involved in the ILC-induced cytotoxicity. While, KAE prevented ILC-induced cytotoxicity by antioxidative effects. In conclusion, natural products like KAE may be a putative therapeutic agent for the treatment of disease associated with oxidative stress such as ischemia.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.29-35
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• 2019

Decursin is a major biological active component of Angelica gigas Nakai and is known to induce apoptosis of metastatic prostatic cancer cells. Recently, other reports have been commissioned to examine the anticancer activities of this plant. In this study, we evaluated the inhibitory activity and related mechanism of action of decursin against glioblastoma cell line. Decursin demonstrated cytotoxic effects on U87 and C6 glioma cells in a dose-dependent manner but not in primary glial cells. Additionally, decursin increased apoptotic bodies and phosphorylated JNK and p38 in U87 cells. Decursin also down-regulated Bcl-2 as well as cell cycle dependent proteins, CDK-4 and cyclin D1. Furthermore, decursin-induced apoptosis was dependent on the caspase activation in U87 cells. Taken together, our data provide the evidence that decursin induces apoptosis in glioblastoma cells, making it a potential candidate as a chemotherapeutic drug against brain tumor.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제51권2호
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• pp.235-244
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• 2019

본 연구는 배양된 C6 신경교종(glioma) 세포에서 환경오염 원인 황산알루미늄에 의한 신경 독성과 파리풀(PLVAH)추출물의 AS에 의해 유도된 신경 독성에 대한 보호효과를 확인해 보았다. 이를 위해 세포생존력과 전자공여(ED)능, 지질과산화(LP) 저해능 및 과산소음이온라디칼(superoxide anion-radical, SAR) 소거능과 같은 항산화효과를 조사하였다. AS는 용량의존적으로 현저히 세포생존율을 감소시켰고 AS의 $XTT_{50}$ 값은 $120.0{\mu}M$로 측정되었다. AS의 신경 독성은 Borenfreund와 Puerner의 독성 기준에 의해 중간 독성으로 판정되었다. 또한, 항산화제인 catalase (CAT)는 AS의 신경독성에 의해 손상된 세포의 생존력을 현저히 증가시켰다. AS 유발 신경 독성에 대한 PLVAH 추출물의 보호 효과에서, PLVAH 추출물은 ED의 능력, LP의 억제 능력 및 SAR 소거능을 유의하게 증가시켰다. 이러한 결과로부터 산화 스트레스가 AS의 세포독성에 관여하고 있으며, PLVAH 추출물의 항산화 작용에 의해 AS에 의해 유도된 신경 독성을 효과적으로 보호한다는 것을 알 수 있었다. PLVAH 추출물과 같은 천연 성분은 산화스트레스를 만드는 AS와 같은 중금속 화합물로 인한 독성을 치료할 수 있는 잠재적 치료제로 가치가 있다고 사료된다.