• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.215-222
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• 2019

Muscle dysfunction may arise from skeletal muscle atrophy caused by aging, injury, oxidative stress, and hereditary disease. Powdered heat-killed Enterococcus faecalis (EF-2001) has anti-allergy, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor effects. However, its antioxidant and anti-atrophy effects are poorly characterized. In this study, we examined the effects of EF-2001 on muscle atrophy. To determine the protective effect of EF-2001 on oxidative stress, C2C12 myoblasts were treated with $H_2O_2$ to induce oxidative stress. This induced cell damage, which was reduced by treatment with EF-2001. The mechanism of EF-2001's effect was examined in response to oxidative stress. Treatment with EF-2001 reversed the expression of HSP70 and SOD1 proteins. Also, mRNA levels of Atrogin-1/MAFbx and MuRF1 increased under oxidative stress conditions but decreased following EF-2001 treatment. To evaluate muscle volume, two and three dimensional models of the muscles were analyzed using micro-CT. As expected, muscle volume decreased after sciatic denervation and recovered after oral administration of EF-2001. Therefore, EF-2001 is a candidate for the treatment of muscular atrophy, and future discovery of the additional effects of EF-2001 may yield further applications as a functional food with useful activities in various fields.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.435-441
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• 2020

Background: As a process of aging, skeletal muscle mass and function gradually decrease. It is reported that ginsenoside Rb1 and Rb2 play a role as AMP-activated protein kinase activator, resulting in regulating glucose homeostasis, and Rb1 reduces oxidative stress in aged skeletal muscles through activating the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/Nrf2 pathway. We examined the effects of Rb1 and Rb2 on differentiation of the muscle stem cells and myotube formation. Methods: C2C12 myoblasts treated with Rb1 and/or Rb2 were differentiated and induced to myotube formation, followed by immunoblotting for myogenic marker proteins, such as myosin heavy chain, MyoD, and myogenin, or immunostaining for myosin heavy chain or immunoprecipitation analysis for heterodimerization of MyoD/E-proteins. Results: Rb1 and Rb2 enhanced myoblast differentiation through accelerating MyoD/E-protein heterodimerization and increased myotube hypertrophy, accompanied by activation of Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling. In addition, Rb1 and Rb2 induced the MyoD-mediated transdifferentiation of the rhabdomyosarcoma cells into myoblasts. Furthermore, co-treatment with Rb1 and Rb2 had synergistically enhanced myoblast differentiation through Akt activation. Conclusion: Rb1 and Rb2 upregulate myotube growth and myogenic differentiation through activating Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling and inducing myogenic conversion of fibroblasts. Thus, our first finding indicates that Rb1 and Rb2 have strong potential as a helpful remedy to prevent and treat muscle atrophy, such as age-related muscular dystrophy.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 2010

The full-length cDNA of the porcine peroxisomal ${\Delta}^3$,${\Delta}^2$-enoyl-CoA isomerase (PECI) gene encodes a monofunctional peroxisomal ${\Delta}^3$,${\Delta}^2$-enoyl-CoA isomerase. Cloning and sequencing of the porcine PECI cDNA revealed the presence of an 1185-base pair open reading frame predicted to encode a 394-amino acid protein by the 5'rapid amplification of cDNA ends (5'RACE) and EST sequences. The porcine PECI gene was expressed in seven tissues (heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, skeletal muscle, fat) which was revealed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The porcine PECI was mapped to SSC71/2 p11-13 using the somatic cell hybrid panel (SCHP) and the radiation hybrid panel (RH) (LOD score 12.84). The data showed that PECI was closely linked to marker S0383. A C/T single nucleotide polymorphism in PECI exon 10 (3'UTR) was detected as a PvuII PCR-RFLP. Association analysis in our experimental pig population showed that different genotypes of PECI gene were significantly associated with the Average Backfat thickness (ABF) (p<0.05) and Buttock backfat thickness (p<0.01).

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.228-232
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• 2008

Antidiabetic effects of an aqueous and solvent extract prepared from the root, stem and fruit parts of Acanthopanax senticosus, were investigated in experimental Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats model. The n-butanol and water extracts of A. senticosus were orally administrated once a day for 6 days. The n-butanol extracts of fruit (FB) showed highest efficiency than other groups (water extracts of stem, root and fruit; butanol extracts of stem, root) on serum glucose values in the STZ-induced diabetic rats. We have studied gene expression of glucose transporter genes in C2C12 skeletal muscle cell line during differentiation treated by the n-butanol and water extracts of A. senticosus, SW, RW, FW, SB, RB and FB. The GLUT4 gene was high expressed by FB treatment. These findings suggest that FB of A. senticosus have GLUT4 gene expression activity for glucose homeostasis and may have beneficial effects on blood glucose lowering in the diabetic patients.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.165-170
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• 2006

Using the somatic cell hybrid panel (SCHP) and radiation hybrid (IMpRH) panel, porcine SOCS2 gene was mapped at SSC5 (1/2) q21-q24 and closely linked with SW1383 marker (47 cR in distance), while SOCS3 gene was assigned to SSC12p11-(2/3p13) and closely linked with SW2490 (43 cR). The reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to detect the expression of these two genes in the different tissues and the results showed that both SOCS2 and SOCS3 genes were widely expressed in tissues investigated (heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney skeletal muscle, fat and brain), although some tissues showed lower gene expression. Moreover, SOCS2 and SOCS3 genes had different expression levels at different stages, in different tissues and in different breeds. A G/A substitution, which can be recognized by restriction enzyme of Cfr421, was observed in 5' untranslated region (5'-UTR) of SOCS2 gene. The allele frequencies was investigated by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method and it showed that the allele frequency among Dahuabai, Erhualian, Yushan, Qingping, Large white and Landrace tested were different. Association analysis in a cross experimental populations revealed no significant association between the SOCS2 gene polymorphism and the economic traits investigated. The full-length coding regions (CDs) of porcine SOCS3 gene was obtained by RT-PCR.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.96-105
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• 2018

Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the effect of Asparagus cochinchinensis (AC) and fermented AC (fAC) on microorganisms and efficacies. Methods: AC was fermented for four weeks without using any bacterial strains. Then we investigated fermentation characteristics including potential of hydrogen (pH), total sugar, microbial profiling and antioxidant compound contents such as total polyphenol and total flavonoid. The anti-obesity effects of AC and fAC were evaluated by using Oil Red O staining in 3T3-L1 adipocyte. Also anti-diabetic effects of them were evaluated by using 2-[N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino]-2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-NBDG) uptake in C2C12 skeletal muscle cell. Results: Both pH and total sugar of fAC were decreased significantly compared to unfermented AC. And the abundance of total bacteria and lactic acid bacteria increased during fermentation, especially Lactobacillus plantarum. Also fermentation of AC increased the content of total polyphenol. On the metabolic aspects, we found that AC and fAC suppressed fat accumulation. Conclusions: After four weeks of fermentation, AC increased concentrations of active compounds, altered microbial composition, and inhibited fat accumulation such as triglyceride. These results indicate that fermentation of AC might be a beneficial therapeutic approach for obesity.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.2 s.82
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• pp.167-173
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• 2007

To study the transcriptional mechanisms by which expression of the murine glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor inducible transcription factor (mGIF) gene is regulated, a murine genomic clone was iso-lated using a mGIF cDNA as probe. A 13-kb genomic fragment, which comprises 4-kb upstream of the transcription initiation site was sequenced. The promoter region lacks a TATA box and CAAT box, is rich in G+C content, and has multiple putative binding sites for the transcription factor Spl. The mGIF gene also has consensus sequences for AP2 binding sites. The transcriptional activity of five deletion mutants of a 2.1-kb fragment was analyzed by modulating transcription of the heterologous luciferase gene in the promoterless plasmid pGL2-Basic. All mutants showed significant transcriptional activity in the murine neuroblastoma cell line NB41A3. Transient expression assays suggested the presence of a positive regulator between -213 and -129 while a negative regulator was found in the region between -806 and -214. Relatively strong transcriptional activity was observed in neuronal NB41A3, glial C6 cells and hepatic HepG2, but very weak activity in skeletal muscle C2C12 cells. These findings confirm the tissue-specific activity of the mGIF promoter and suggest that this gene shares structural and functional similarities with the dopamine receptor genes that it regulates.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.151-157
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• 1999

Purpose : By sequencing the Erpressed Sequence Tags of human 걸ermal papilla CDNA library, we identified a clone named K872 of which the expression decreased during differentiation of HL6O cell line. Materials and Methods : K872 plasmid DNA was isolated according to QIA plasmid extraction kit (Qiagen GmbH, Germany). The nucleotide sequencing was performed by Sanger's method with K872 plasmid DNA. The most updated GenBank EMBL necleic acid banks were searched through the internet by using BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tools) program. Nothern bots were performed using RNA isolated from various human tissues and cancer cell lines. The gene expression of the fusion protein was achieved by His-Patch Thiofusicn expression system and the protein product was identified on SDS-PAGE. Results : K872 clone is 1006 nucleotides long, and has a coding region of 675 nucleotides and a 3' non-coding region of 280 nucleotides. The presumed open reading frame starting at the 5' terminus of K872 encodes 226 amino acids, including the initiation methionine residue. The amino acid sequence deduced from the open reading frame of K872 shares $70\%$, identity with that of rat glutathione 5-transferase kappa 1 (rGSTKl). The transcripts were expressed in a variety of human tissues and cancer cells. The levels of transcript were relatively high in those tissues such as heart, skeletal muscle, and peripheral blood leukocyte. It is noteworthy that K872 was found to be abundantly expressed in coloreetal cancer and melanoma cell lines. Conclusion : Homology search result suggests that K872 clone is the human homolog of the rGSTK1 which is known to be involved in the resistance of cytotoxic therapy. We propose that meticulous functional analysis should be followed to confirm that.