• 열처리공학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2014

For connector material applications, the influence alloying elements of Mn, Cr, Fe, and Ti and cold rolling reduction on the mechanical property, electrical conductivity and bendiability of Cu-Ni-Si-P alloy was investigated. The hot rolled plates were solution treated at $980^{\circ}C$ for 1.5 h, quenched into water, cold rolled by 10% and 30% reduction in thickness, and then aged at $440{\sim}500^{\circ}C$ for 3, 4, 5 times. respectively. Cu-Ni-Si-P-x alloys cold rolled by 10 reduction before heat treatment have a good bendability compare to cold rolled by 30 reduction. Cu-3.4Ni-0.8Si-0.03P-0.1Ti shows the peak strength value of 759 MPa, an electrical conductivity of 39%IACS, an elongation of 10% and a hardness of 256 Hv aged at $440^{\circ}C$ for 6 hrs. Thus it is suitable for lead frame and connector.

• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.53-59
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• 2013

Fe-TiC composite powder was fabricated via two steps. The first step was a high-energy milling of FeO and carbon powders followed by heat treatment for reduction to obtain a (Fe+C) powder mixture. The optimal condition for high-energy milling was 500 rpm for 1h, which had been determined by a series of preliminary experiment. Reduction heat-treatment was carried out at $900^{\circ}C$ for 1h in flowing argon gas atmosphere. Reduced powder mixture was investigated by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Field Emission-Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) and Laser Particle Size Analyser (LPSA). The second step was a high-energy milling of (Fe+C) powder mixture and additional $TiH_2$ powder, and subsequent in-situ synthesis of TiC particulate in Fe matrix through a reaction of carbon and Ti. High-energy milling was carried out at 500 rpm for 1 h. Heat treatment for reaction synthesis was carried out at $1000{\sim}1200^{\circ}C$ for 1 h in flowing argon gas atmosphere. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results of the fabricated Fe-TiC composite powder showed that only TiC and Fe phases exist. Results from FE-SEM observation and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectros-copy (EDS) revealed that TiC phase exists uniformly dispersed in the Fe matrix in a form of particulate with a size of submicron.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.356-362
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• 2006

본 연구에서는 석탄가스화복합발전(integrated gas combined cycle, 이하 IGCC) 시스템의 석탄가스화기로부터 생산되는 석탄가스가 환원제로 이용되는 $SO_2$ 환원공정인 직접 황 회수 공정(direct sulfur recovery process, 이하 DSRP)에서 이용 가능한 Sn-Zr계 촉매 상에서의 $SO_2$ 환원반응특성을 조사하였다. Sn-Zr계 촉매는 0/1, 1/4, 1/1, 2/1, 3/1, 1/0의 Sn/Zr 몰비로 조절하여 침전법 및 공침법으로 제조되었다. 공간속도가 $10,000ml/g_{-cat.}{\cdot}h$, 반응물 몰비$([CO(or\;H_2)]/[SO_2])$가 2.0인 반응조건 하에서 Sn-Zr계 촉매를 이용하여 온도를 변화시킨 가운데 석탄가스에 포함되어 있는 $H_2$ 또는 CO를 환원제로 사용하여 $SO_2$ 환원에 대한 반응특성이 조사되었다. 실험 결과, 환원제의 종류에 상관없이 $SnO_2$와 $ZrO_2$보다 Sn-Zr계 촉매가 활성이 더 높았으며, 환원제의 종류에 대한 반응성 조사 결과, $H_2$보다 CO가 $SO_2$ 환원에 더 높은 반응성을 나타내었다. $H_2$가 환원제로 이용된 $SO_2$ 환원특성을 조사한 결과, Sn/Zr 비에 따라 제조된 Sn-Zr계 촉매의 종류에 상관없이 온도가 증가함에 따라 반응성이 증가하는 경향을 보이며 Sn/Zr 몰비가 1/4인 촉매를 사용한 경우 $550^{\circ}C$에서 $SO_2$전환율이 94.4％, 원소 황 수율이 66.4％로 높은 반응성을 나타내었다. 반면 CO를 환원제로 이용한 경우에는 Sn/Zr 몰비가 높은 촉매일수록 최적 반응온도가 감소되는 특이한 경향을 나타내었다. Sn-Zr계 촉매 중 Sn/Zr 몰비가 3/1인 $SnO_2-ZrO_2$ 촉매가 가장 낮은 최적 반응온도에서 높은 반응성을 나타내었는데, $325^{\circ}C$에서 $SO_2$전환율이 약 100％, 원소 황 수율이 약 99.5％로 가장 높은 반응성을 얻었다. 그리고 CO가 $H_2$보다 더 많이 포함되어 있는 석탄모사가스에 대하여 환원제로서의 이용가능성을 확인하고자 $CO/H_2$ 비를 달리한 각각의 합성가스에 대하여 $SO_2$ 환원반응실험을 수행하였다. Sn/Zr 몰비가 2/1인 Sn-Zr계 촉매 상에서 $SO_2$ 환원반응 실험 결과, CO 함량이 높은 합성가스일수록 효과적인 환원제임을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 Sn-Zr계 촉매가 적용된 DSRP에서 석탄모사가스가 환원제로 이용 가능하다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 분석과학
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.683-689
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• 1995

Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide under high pressure on Fe electrodes and a gas diffusion electrode containing Pt catalyst (Pt-GDE) had been investigated. Formic acid was formed on Fe electrode with a faradaic efficiency of 60% at a current density of $120mA\;cm^{-2}$ under 30 atm of $CO_2$. Hydrocarbons such as $CH_4$, $C_2H_6$, $C_3H_6$, $1-C_4H_8$, and $n-C_5H_{12}$ are also formed. The distribution of hydrocarbons followed well the Schultz-Flory distribution. $CH_4$ was formed efficiently as the main reduction product on Pt-GDE.

• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.49-54
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• 2001

The synthesis and characteristics of W-Ni-Fe nanocomposite powder by hydrogen reduction of ball milled W-Ni-Fe oxide mixture were investigated. The ball milled oxide mixture was prepared by high energy attrition milling of W blue powder, NiO and $Fe_2O_3$ for 1 h. The structure of the oxide mixture was characteristic of nano porous agglomerate composite powder consisting of nanoscale particles and pores which act as effective removal path of water vapor during hydrogen reduction process. The reduction experiment showed that the reduction reaction starts from NiO, followed by $Fe_2O_3$ and finally W oxide. It was also found that during the reduction process rapid alloying of Ni-Fe yielded the formation of $\gamma$-Ni-Fe. After reduction at 80$0^{\circ}C$ for 1 h, the nano-composite powder of W-4.57Ni-2.34Fe comprising W and $\gamma$-Ni-Fe phases was produced, of which grain size was35nm for W and 87 nm for $\gamma$-Ni-Fe, respectively. Sinterability of the W heavy alloy nanopowder showing full density and sound microstructure under the condition of 147$0^{\circ}C$/20 min is thought to be suitable for raw material for powder injection molding of tungsten heavy alloy.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.78-87
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• 2017

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of various washing waters on the quality and safety characteristics of eggs during storage. Eggs were washed with tap water, 100 ppm of sodium hypochlorite, or 30 ppm of slightly acidic electrolyzed water and stored at $10^{\circ}C$ and $20^{\circ}C$. Effects of various washing waters on reduction of Salmonella Enteritidis and aerobic plate counts and survival of S. Enteritidis on egg shells were also analyzed at $10^{\circ}C$ and $20^{\circ}C$ for 25 days. As an index of quality, haugh unit, weight reduction, and pHs of egg white and egg yolk were measured. Reduction percentages of haugh unit and weight were higher at $20^{\circ}C$ than at $10^{\circ}C$. Egg qualities were less affected by tap water, slightly acidic electrolyzed water, and sodium hypochlorite, regardless of storage temperature. The greatest reductions in aerobic plate counts and S. Enteritidis were observed with slightly acidic electrolyzed water. The level of S. Enteritidis on egg shells gradually decreased during 20 days of storage at both $10^{\circ}C$ and $20^{\circ}C$, whereas S. Enteritidis survived longer at $20^{\circ}C$ than at $10^{\circ}C$. S. Enteritidis was not detected in eggs at $10^{\circ}C$, 2.13 log CFU/g of S. Enteritidis was detected in eggs washed with sodium hypochlorite after 20 days of storage at $20^{\circ}C$, indicating that S. Enteritidis penetrated into the egg shell during storage at $20^{\circ}C$. In conclusion, slightly acidic electrolyzed water increased microbial reduction and least affected quality of washed eggs. Thus, slightly acidic electrolyzed water can be recommended for washing of graded eggs, at retail markets.

• 음성과학
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.43-60
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• 2008

Instrumental studies (e.g., aerodynamic, EPG, and EMMA) have shown that the first of two stops in sequence can be articulatorily reduced in time and space sometimes; either gradient or categorical. The current EMMA study aims to examine possible factors_linguistic (e.g., speech rate, word boundary, and prosodic boundary) and paralinguistic (e.g., natural context and repetition)_to induce gradient reduction of $C_1$ in /pk/ cluster sequences. EMMA data are collected from five Seoul-Korean speakers. The results show that gradient reduction of lip aperture seldom occurs, being quite restricted both in speaker frequency and in token frequency. The results also suggest that the place assimilation is not a lexical process, implying that speakers have not fully developed this process to be phonologized in the abstract level.

• 한국소음진동공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소음진동공학회 2014년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.698-698
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• 2014

According to the analysis of special medical examination and work environment monitoring data, the rate of C1 and D1 on noise hazard exceeded 90% among those of total hazardous factors. The rate of company exceeding noise exposure limit was also more than 90%. The analysis result shows that main ages diagnosed with C1 and D1 was age of 50s. The majority scale company having workers diagnosed with C1 and D1 was the companies employing 5~49 workers. Types of industries which have a large number of companies exceeding noise exposure limit were automobile and trailer manufacturing, metal processing industry and primary metal manufacturing. A large number of work processes exceeding noise exposure limit were forming and processing work, cutting and bending work and grinding. To reduce the number of company exceeding noise exposure limit, the reduction counterplan should be focused on the type of industry and the work process which exceeded noise exposure limit frequently. However, the reduction counterplan is preemptively necessary to the type of industry and the work process which exceeded noise exposure limit consecutively if the purpose of reduction counterplan is not to merely reduce the number of company exceeding noise exposure limit but to abate workers' suffering from noise.

• 한국소성가공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소성가공학회 2001년도 제4회 압출 및 인발가공 심포지엄
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• pp.85-90
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• 2001

The microstructure and mechanical property of 0.19C-1.17Cr steel were investigated with cold drawing. This commercial steel has the microstructure that is consist of ferrite and pearlite. The tensile and yield strength are increased as the reduction ratio of cold drawing is increased. It was clear that mechanical properties could be improved by combination of the heat treatments and reduction ratio. Yield strength. tensile strength, and impact value were formulated as a constitutive function of cold drawing ratio, respectively.

• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.93-101
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• 2010

본 연구에서는 전기로 환원슬래그를 시멘트 혼화재로 이용하였을 때의 전기로 환원슬래그의 수화반응 특성과 압축강도 특성을 연구하였다. 전기로 환원슬래그에는 17.1%의 f-CaO 및 속경성 클링커 광물인 37.1%의 $C_{11}A_7CaF_2$와 21.0%의 $Ca_3A$가 함유되어 있었다. 보통 포틀랜드시멘트(OPC, Ordinary Portland Cement)에 전기로 환원슬래그를 30%까지 치환할 경우, 초결 및 종결시간이 각각 305분과 425분에서 10분과 30분으로 단축되는 급결성을 보였다. OPC에 전기로 환원슬래그의 치환량이 7%까지 증가됨에 따라 혼합시멘트의 압축강도는 OPC보다 높아졌으나, 7%이상에서는 점차 압축강도가 낮아져 20%이상 치환하였을 때에는 OPC보다 초기강도 및 장기강도가 모두 낮았다. 전기로 환원슬래그 자체의 수화반응 생성물을 조사한 결과, $C _{11}A_7CaF_2$는 물과 반응하여 $C_3AH_6$로 변화되었다. 그러나 OPC에 환원슬래그를 치환하여 사용할 경우, 환원슬래그의 치환율이 높아짐에 따라 f-CaO가 많아지고 준안정성의 수화물인 $C_4AH_{13}$의 생성량이 증가되기 때문에 OPC에 환원슬래그를 7%미만으로 치환하여 사용해야만 안정된 경화체를 형성하여 압축강도가 OPC보다 높아졌다.