• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.41-46
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• 2006

This study was carried out to survey the prevalence of foodborne pathogens in Sangshik products and their raw materials far the purpose of ensuring safety of those products in market, and establishing microbial regulatory standard. From 2002 to 2004, a total of 191 Sangshik products were purchased from market or mail-order sales, and major foodborne pathogens; E. coli, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter jejuni, Yersinia enterocolitica, E. coli O157:H7, Vibrio parahaemolyticus were tested. B. cereus, C. perfringens and E. coli were detected from 29 samples (15.2%), 21 samples (11.0%) and 1 sample (0.5%), respectively. But other tested bacteria were not detected. For the identification of contamination source, 53 Sangshik ingredients were collected from 9 different manufacture factories. The results were similar with the Sangshik products. Aerobic plate counts were ranging from $1.0X10^3cfu/g\;to\;1.5X10^8cfu/g$. B. cereus was detected from 13 samples (24.5%), and counted as less than 100 cfu/g. C. perfringens were detected from 2 samples (3.8%), and counted as less than 100 cfu/g. Other foodborne pathogens were not detected except for B. cereus and C. perfringens. From the results, it was revealed that potential of microbial hazard by Sangshik was relatively low. However, it would be suggested that hygienic management and controling be needed for the prevention of growing contaminated pathogens and cross contamination during process and sale due to improper storage and management.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.26-29
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• 2007

Extracts of 13 medicinal plants were tested to investigate the improvable effects on microflora growth in the intestines of human. Water extracts of Artemisia capillaris, Taraxacum platycarpum and Ethanol extracts of Allium tuberosum, Artemisia capillaris, Artemisia vulgaris, Plantago asiatica, Schizandra chinensis, Sedum sarmentosum, Taraxacum platycarpum, Zingiber officinale inhibited the growth of C. perfringens. Water and ethanol extracts of Sedum sarmentosum, Schizandra chinensis inhibited the growth of E. coli. While 13 medicinal plants were not remarkably inhibited the growth of B. longum. Therefore, ethanol extracts of Schizandra chinensis, Sedum sarmentosum can be utilized as functional food materials to improve in the intestines.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.56-62
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• 1989

To find bacteria which can inhibit growth of enteropathogenic Clostridium perfringens ATCC 13124, spore forming butyric acid bacteria were isolated from 26 fecal samples of infants. Fourteen strains were found to be antagonistic to the enteropathogen and five of them produced butyric acid. A strain which produced the highest butyric acid was selected and identified as Clostridium butyricum. This organism sporulated in SM medium in 36 hours with optimum rates at 37$^{\circ}C$ and at pH 5.5. The spores tolerated well at high heat and acidity, and possible application of Clostridium butyricum as intestinal controller was discussed.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.10
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• pp.1478-1485
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• 2017

Objective: The effects of vaccinating 18-day-old chicken embryos with the combination of recombinant Eimeria profilin plus Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) NetB proteins mixed in the Montanide IMS adjuvant on the chicken immune response to necrotic enteritis (NE) were investigated using an Eimeria maxima (E. maxima)/C. perfringens co-infection NE disease model that we previously developed. Methods: Eighteen-day-old broiler embryos were injected with $100{\mu}L$ of phosphate-buffered saline, profilin, profilin plus necrotic enteritis B-like (NetB), profilin plus NetB/Montanide adjuvant (IMS 106), and profilin plus Net-B/Montanide adjuvant (IMS 101). After post-hatch birds were challenged with our NE experimental disease model, body weights, intestinal lesions, serum antibody levels to NetB, and proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine mRNA levels in intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes were measured. Results: Chickens in ovo vaccinated with recombinant profilin plus NetB proteins/IMS106 and recombinant profilin plus NetB proteins/IMS101 showed significantly increased body weight gains and reduced gut damages compared with the profilin-only group, respectively. Greater antibody response to NetB toxin were observed in the profilin plus NetB/IMS 106, and profilin plus NetB/IMS 101 groups compared with the other three vaccine/adjuvant groups. Finally, diminished levels of transcripts encoding for proinflammatory cytokines such as lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ factor, tumor necrosis factor superfamily 15, and interleukin-8 were observed in the intestinal lymphocytes of chickens in ovo injected with profilin plus NetB toxin in combination with IMS 106, and profilin plus NetB toxin in combination with IMS 101 compared with profilin protein alone bird. Conclusion: These results suggest that the Montanide IMS adjuvants potentiate host immunity to experimentally-induced avian NE when administered in ovo in conjunction with the profilin and NetB proteins, and may reduce disease pathology by attenuating the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines implicated in disease pathogenesis.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.1642-1647
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• 1999

Twenty healthy adult volunteers (divided into two groups) were given with 100 mL of acidophilus milk, twice a day, containing $1{\times}10^8\;cfu/mL$ of Lactobacillus acidophilus SNUL 01 or SNUL 02 originated from healthy Korean adults. The floral changes of lactobacilli, Escherichia coli, and Clostridium perfringens surviving in the feces as well as the pH of the fecal material have been studied for three weeks. Initial pH of the fecal samples before taking acidophilus milk were about pH 7 and it has been decreased to about pH 5 when the acidophilus milk was given. Population of fecal lactobacilli increased from about $10^7\;cfu/g\;to\;10^8\;cfu/g$ of fecal material after 4 days of acidophilus milk intake and the high population of lactobacilli was maintained up to 21 days. Viable cells of the fecal E. coli and C. perfringens have been decreased from about $10^7{\sim}10^8\;cfu/g\;and\;10^5{\sim}10^6\;cfu/g\;to\;10^6\;cfu/g\;and\;10^3\;cfu/g$ of fecal material after 21 days, respectively. In conclusion, continuous intake of acidophilus milk made with L. acidophilus SNUL 01 and SNUL 02 helped maintaining normal intestinal microflora, suppress harmful microorganisms.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.166-173
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• 1997

1993년부터 1995년까지 약 3개년 동안 우리 나라에서 사육하고 있는 가축의 유병율을 조사한 결과, 닭 16,200수 중에서 54수(0.3%)가 괴사성 장염에 이환 되었으며 새끼돼지 620두 중에서 9두(13.8%)가 장독혈증에 이환 되었다. C. perfringens의 분리율을 조사한 결과, 괴사성 장염에 이환 되어있는 닭 54수 중 7수(13.0%)에서 본균이 분리되었으며 장독혈증에 이환 되어있는 새끼돼지 66두 중 14두(21.2%)에서 본균이 분리되었고 장독혈증에 이환 되어있는 소 9두 중 3두(33.3%)에서 본균이 분리되었다. Acriflavine을 이용하여 C. perfringens의 S-R변이를 조사한 결과, S-R변이는 mercuric chloride, nicotine, caffeine, cysteine, glucose 등의 순으로 나타났는데, 이중 mercuric chloride가 가장 감수성이 높았다. C. perfringens의 항균요법제에 대한 감수성은 cepalothin, penicillin, erythromycin, amikacin 등이 높은 감수성을 나타내었는데, S-R변이 후에는 감수성이 일반적으로 저하되는 경향이었다. 중화시험법을 이용하여 C. perfringens의 독소형을 분류한 결과, cd 24균주 중 22균주(91.7%)는 A형이었으며 2균주(8.3%)는 C형이었다.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.249-256
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• 1992

Potato juice was found out to have a strong inhibition activity on the growth of Clostridium perf;nngens during work of foodstuffs for the improvement of human intestinal microflora. The anti-bacterial activity of the precipitated protein obtained from the potato juice in 70% ammonium sulfate solution was stable at the range of pH 4 to 10, whereas it was lost by a heat treatment at $60^{\circ}C$ for 10 min. The minimal inhibitory concentration of the precipitated protein on the growth of C1. Pefingens was about 0.2 mg/ml. The potato protein also suppressed the growth of C1. butyrincm and Eubacterium iimosum, while it showed a promoting effect for the growth of Bifdobacterium bifidum, Bif: animalis, Lactobacillus plantarum and Lact. acidophitus. The potato protein was further purified by CM-Sepharose ion exchange column chromatography, Sephadex G-150 gel filtration column chromatography and SDS-polyacrylarnide gel electrophoresis. The purified protein(kCp) was proved to be a glycoprotein by PAS staining and its molecular weight was about 38.7 kd.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.544-552
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• 2002

Several microorganisms from rat and human feces and lumen fluid of cows were screened for their ability to decolorize the synthetic dyes. Consequently, a novel dye-degrading strain AB&J was isolated. Taxonomic identification including 165 rDNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis indicated that the isolate had 99.9% homology in its 165 rDNA base sequence with Clostridium perfringens. After 27 h Incubation with the strain, brilliant blue R, bromophenol blue, crystal violet, malachite green, methyl green, and methyl orange were decolorized by about 69.3%, 97.7%, 96.3%, 97.9%, 75.1%, and 97.2%, respectively. The triphenlmethane dye, bromophenol blue, was decolorized extensively by growing Clostridium perfringens AB&J cells in liquid cultures under anaerobic condition, although their growth was strongly inhibited in the initial stage of incubation. This group of dyes is toxic, depending on the concentration used. The dye was significantly decolorized at a relatively lower concentration of below 50 $\mu g \;ml^{-1}$, however, the growth of the cells was mostly suppressed at a dye concentration of 100 $\mu g \;ml^{-1}$. The decolorization activity in cell-free extracts was much higher in cytoplasm than in periplasm and cytoplasmic membrane. Therefore, the enzyme related uptake of bromophenol blue seemed to be localized in cytoplasm. The optimal pH and temperature of bromophenol blue uptake fur decolorization activities were 7.0 and 4$0^{\circ}C$, respectively.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.525-531
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• 2020

Objectives: This study was performed to identify the epidemiological features of a food poisoning outbreak in a company cafeteria located in Chungcheongnam-do Province, Korea in June of 2020 and to suggest preventive measures for a similar incidence. Methods: A total of 84 patients with acute gastroenteritis were examined. Environmental samples were obtained from 16 food handlers, six food utensils, 135 preserved foods served over three days and nine menus, and six drinking water samples. These are analyzed to detect viruses and bacteria. Results: Ninety-four out of the 402 people who were served meals (23.4%) predominantly showed symptoms of diarrhea, and the number was over 3 times. Among the 84 patients under investigation, 17 cases (20.2%) were positive for Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) and 18 cases were positive for Clostridium (C.) perfringens (21.4%). Based on the investigation, it was concluded that the main pathogens were EPEC and C. perfringens. For EPEC, it was detected in three of the food service employees and in the preserved food and curry rice. The results of pulsed field gel electrophoresis indicate that all EPEC cases are closely related except for one food service employee. Assuming that isolated EPEC originated from the preserved food, the incubation period is about 25 hours. The origin of the C. perfringens was not determined as it was not detected in the food service employees or environmental samples. Conclusions: This case suggests that food provided in group food service centers must be thoroughly managed. In addition, identifying the pathogens in preserved food is very important for tracing the causes of food poisoning, so food must be preserved in an appropriate condition. To prevent similar food poisoning cases, analyzing cases based on epidemiological investigation and sharing the results is needed.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.113-120
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• 2010

To understand protozoan, viral, and bacterial infections in diarrheal patients, we analyzed positivity and mixedinfection status with 3 protozoans, 4 viruses, and 10 bacteria in hospitalized diarrheal patients during 2004-2006 in the Republic of Korea. A total of 76,652 stool samples were collected from 96 hospitals across the nation. The positivity for protozoa, viruses, and bacteria was 129, 1,759, and 1,797 per 10,000 persons, respectively. Especially, Cryptosporidium parvum was highly mixed-infected with rotavirus among pediatric diarrheal patients (29.5 per 100 C. parvum positive cases), and Entamoeba histolytica was mixed-infected with Clostridium perfringens (10.3 per 100 E. histolytica positive cases) in protozoan-diarrheal patients. Those infected with rotavirus and C. perfringens constituted relatively high proportions among mixed infection cases from January to April. The positivity for rotavirus among viral infection for those aged $\leq$ 5 years was significantly higher, while C. perfringens among bacterial infection was higher for $\geq$ 50 years. The information for association of viral and bacterial infections with enteropathogenic protozoa in diarrheal patients may contribute to improvement of care for diarrhea as well as development of control strategies for diarrheal diseases in Korea.