• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.55-59
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• 2009

This study for developing a new anti-inflammatory medicine was sought by investigating the antiinflammatory properties of C. indicum L. extract. Rats were treated with either saline (control) or C. indicum L. extract and then injected with LPS. We found that the plasma concentration of IL-1${\beta}$ IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$and IL-10 peaked at 5h after LPS injection, and the plasma concentration of IL-6 and TNF-${\alpha}$ showed a tendency to decrease, and IL-10 concentration showed a tendency to increase with increasing levels of C. indicum L. extract. In the liver concentration of cytokines at 5 h post LPS injection, IL-1${\alpha}$ and IL-6 decreased with increasing concentration of C. indicum L. extract, however TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-10 did not differ significantly the treatment groups.

• 생약학회지
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.27-30
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• 2007

We examined the inhibitory activities against monoamine oxidase (MAO) of Chrysanthemum indicum L. in vitro and in vivo methods. Methanolic extract of C. indicum showed significant inhibitory activities on MAO-A that were prepared from rat brain in vitro. The inhibitory activities were measured by serotonin as a substrate. The $IC_{50}$ value of methanolic extract of C. indicum was 0.24 mg/ml for the inhibition of MAO-A. The ethylacetate fraction of methanolic extract of C. indicum exhibited the best activity toward MAO-A with $IC_{50}$ value of 0.05 mg/ml in vitro. It was observed that those activities in vivo tests have different tendency each other. Ethanolic extract of C. indicum was have no effect on rat MAO by the oral administration (p<0.05). However, MAO inhibitory activities of ethanolic extract of C. indicum by the oral administration have similar tendency to those of iproniazid. Consequently, we suggest that C. indicum may have the effects on the inhibitory activities against MAO both in vitro and in vivo. These results indicates that the C. indicum extract has properties indicative of potential neuroprotective ability.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.363-368
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• 2009

To fulfill the increasing demand for a high quality of flower, we investigated the effects of nitrogen application on plant growth, yield and bioactive compounds of Chrysanthemum indicum L.. C. indicum L. was cultivated in a pot scale, and nitrogen applied with the level of 0 (N0), 50 (N50), 100 (N100), 150 (N150), 200 (N200) and $300\;(N300)\;kg\;ha^{-1}$ to suggest optimum rate of nitrogen fertilization. Phosphate and potassium applied the same amount of $80-80\;kg\;ha^{-1}$ ($P_2O_5-K_2O$) in all treatments. Growth characteristics and yields of C. indicum L. were significantly affected by nitrogen application. Maximum yield achieved in 265 and $295\;kg\;ha^{-1}$ N treatment on the whole plant and the flower parts, respectively. The nitrogen content and uptake of whole plant significantly increased by the increase of nitrogen application. Five major components of essential oil, $\alpha$-pinene, 1,8-cineol, chrysanthenone, germacrene-D, and $\alpha$-curcumene in flowerheads of C. indicum L. occupied approximately 40% of peak area, germacrene-D decreased by the increase of nitrogen application among them. However, cumambrin A contents in the flower parts of C. indicum L. were affected negatively by the increase of nitrogen application, but total yields of cumambrin A in flower part significantly increased. Conclusively, nitrogen fertilization could increase the yield of flowerheads. The optimum application level of nitrogen fertilizer might be on the range of $265-295\;kg\;ha^{-1}$ in a mountainous soil.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제65권4호
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• pp.367-374
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• 2022

In recent years, research into medicinal herbs with antioxidative activities has increased. Chrysanthemum morifolium and Chrysanthemum indicum are aromatic herb plants and that have long been used in traditional Vietnamese medicine. This study aims to evaluate the chemical compositions and antioxidative activities of essential oils hydrodistilled from the flower heads of C. morifolium and C. indicum. The chemical compositions of the essential oils were compared using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. The antioxidative activity was determined and evaluated spectroscopically by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, metal chelating activity, reducing power, and total antioxidant capacity assays. According to the GC/MS results, chrysanthenone was predominant in the essential oils of both C. morifolium (64.14%) and C. indicum (32.02%). This is the first report of the identification of chrysanthenone as a major constituent of the essential oil of C. morifolium. Both Chrysanthemum oils were also revealed to possess antioxidant potential, exhibiting high antioxidative activities. In particular, the DPPH radical scavenging activities of the C. morifolium and C. indicum oils at a concentration of 100 mg/mL were 76.9 and 83.2%, respectively. The metal chelating values of C. morifolium and C. indicum were 0.85 and 0.76, whereas the reducing power values of that at 100 mg/mL were 0.76 and 0.71, respectively. This study provides the chemical properties of the essential oils of both C. morifolium and C. indicum grown in Vietnam and their potential antioxidant capacity.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.111-116
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• 2013

Chrysanthemum indicum is widely used to treat immune-related and infectious disorders in East Asia. C. indicum flower oil contains 1,8-cineole, germacrene D, camphor, ${\alpha}$-cadinol, camphene, pinocarvone, ${\beta}$-caryophyllene, 3-cyclohexen- 1-ol, and ${\gamma}$-curcumene. We evaluated the safety of C. indicum flower oil by conducting acute oral toxicity, bone marrow micronucleus, and bacterial reverse mutation tests. Mortality, clinical signs and gross findings of mice were measured for 15 days after the oral single gavage administration of C. indicum flower oil. There were no mortality and clinical signs of toxicity at 2,000 mg/kg body weight/day of C. indicum flower oil throughout the 15 day period. Micronucleated erythrocyte cell counts for all treated groups were not significantly different between test and control groups. Levels of 15.63~500 ${\mu}g$ C. indicum flower oil/plate did not induce mutagenicity in S. Typhimurium and E. coli, with or without the introduction of a metabolic activation system. These results indicate that ingesting C. indicum flower oil produces no acute oral toxicity, bone marrow micronucleus, and bacterial reverse mutation.

• 식물분류학회지
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.17-21
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• 2020

Chrysanthemum indicum (Asteraceae) is a perennial plant belonging to the genus Chrysanthemum. The basic chromosome number of Chrysanthemum sensu stricto is x = 9, and it consists of a series of polyploids ranging from diploid to decaploid. However, C. indicum, which occurs in Korea, is known to consist of only tetraploids, except for two diploid populations that are sympatric with C. zawadskii and C. boreale. During the collection of plant materials as part of a study to ascertain the diversity of Chrysanthemum in Korea, we found new diploid populations (2n = 18) of C. indicum in the southern region of Korea and describe them here in detail.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제44권9호
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• pp.1333-1338
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• 2015

본 연구에서는 요록에 기록되어 있는 양조법으로 감국 열수 추출물 첨가량을 달리하여 국화주를 제조하고 그에 따른 품질 특성의 연구를 목적으로 pH, 알코올 농도, 산도, 환원당함량, 총 페놀 함량과 DPPH radical 소거 활성 능력을 측정하였으며, 유리당, 유기산 함량 분석, 색도 측정을 통한 이화학적 실험을 하였다. pH 측정 실험에서는 감국 열수추출물이 투입되지 않은 control을 제외한 각각의 시료가 pH 5.0이상에서 발효가 시작되어 2일이 경과한 때에 급격하게 pH 3.5까지 낮아졌다. 이후 pH 3.5에서 pH 3.9 사이에서 큰 변화 없이 발효가 끝날 때까지 유지하였다. 산도는 lactic acid(%)로 나타내었으며 pH 수치와는 반대로 1일이 경과하였을 때 급격히 상승하였다. 이후 pH 수치와 마찬가지로 급격한 변화를 보이다가 4일이 경과하면서 반응이 완만해졌다. pH와 산도 측정에서는 감국 열수추출물을 투입하지 않은 시료와 투입한 시료와의 차이가 크지 않았다. 알코올 농도의 변화에서는 4일이 경과할 때까지 급격히 상승하였으나 이후로는 완만하게 상승하여 6일 이후로는 그 상태를 유지하였다. 이는 환원당의 함량 변화와 반비례하며 4일이 경과 한 후로는 반응이 완만해졌다. 알코올 농도와 환원당 함량의 변화 역시 pH와 산도에서의 변화처럼 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 총 페놀 함량은 gallic acid(mg/L)로 나타내었으며 감국 열수추출물의 첨가량이 일정량 이상일 경우에만 감국 열수추출물 비첨가군보다 총 페놀 함량이 높게 측정되었다. 실험으로 감국 열수추출물의 첨가로 양조한 국화주의 항산화 효과를 증대시키려면 5% 이상을 넣어야 효과를 볼 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 유리당은 모든 시료에서는 arabinose가 가장 많이 함유되어 있는 것으로 나타났으며, glucose와 maltose, xylose는 소량으로 함유되어 있고 mannose는 5%, 10% 감국 열수추출물을 첨가한 국화주만 함유되어 있었다. 유기산 측정 시 감국 열수추출물 양에 비례해서 대체로 증가로 나타났다. 본 실험의 결과를 토대로 감국의 기능성 측면의 심도 있는 연구가 필요할 거라 생각되며 이는 감국을 이용한 식품개발에 있어서도 좋은 기초자료가 될 것이라 생각한다.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.479-485
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• 2016

Background: Planting vigorous cuttings that quickly develop shoots and roots is essential to the biological and economic success of producing medicinal flowers. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of storage temperature and duration on seedling capacity in the propagation of Chrysanthemum indicum L. and to investigate the effect of rooting media on the growth of C. indicum L. after cutting. Methods and Results: Returning cuttings to supplemental cold storage ($2.0{\pm}1.0^{\circ}C$) may extend duration of cutting viability 6 weeks, returning cuttings to supplemental warm storage ($25.0{\pm}1.0^{\circ}C$) is not recommended. The treatment of the growing media experiments, which were conducted in the 2014 planting seasons, included sawdust, river sand, topsoil + sawdust, topsoil + poultry manure, sawdust + river sand, river sand + poultry manure, topsoil + river sand + poultry manure, topsoil + poultry manure + river sand + sawdust. Result indicated that the topsoil + poultry manure media performed best and supported the highest number of branches (3.47), branch length (26.39), and number of leaves (88.63). Conclusions: The results of the present study suggest that cold storage and the topsoil + poultry manure growth media was superior in supporting the early establishment of C. indicum cutting, this result will have a tremendous influence on propagation of this species.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.266-272
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• 1998

The present study investigated the antitumor activity of the aqueous-alcoholic extracts from unripe cotton balls of Gossypium indicum. An Exposure of murine B16 melanoma and L1210 lymphoma cells to the extracts resulted in their severe deaths in time- and concentration-dependent manners. Of the extracts, hydrophilic fractions were most efficacious for the antitumor activity and found to contain certain amounts of catechin and its derivatives. The hydrophilic extract fraction C36B2-8 had approximately 10 times more cytotoxic effects on B12 and L1210 cells than on isolated murine thymocytes. High concentrations (>150 $\mu$g/ml) of C 36B3-8 mainly induced necrotic cell death. At low concentrations (<100 $\mu$g/ml), however, C 36B3-8 induced not only necrosis but also apoptosis of the two tumor cell lines, which was proved by the TUNEL staining and DNA fragmentation techniques. The data indicate that certain ingredients of the cotton ball extract of G. indicum have an antitumor activity.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.356-361
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• 2008

Chrysanthemum indicum L. (Gamgug) has been examined to study their flowering habits, yields and bioactive compounds under different planting densities and mowing dates. The planting density experiment revealed a significantly increasing stem diameter, number of flowers and branches with decreasing plant density in the $100\;cm{\times}30\;cm$ and $130\;cm{\times}30\;cm$ treatments as compared to $70\;cm{\times}30\;cm$ treatments, but not plant height, leaf and flower width. On the other hand, the mowing date experiment showed that growth characteristics of plants were similar to the control plants (not mowing) and June 20 treatment, but July 20 treatments had significantly smaller than the control. The weights (g $plant^{-1}$) of dry flowers were affected by the planting density and mowing date. The flower yield of $586\;kg\;ha^{-1}$ obtained at $100\;cm{\times}30\;cm$ density was 11% and 22% higher than that of $120\;cm{\times}30\;cm$ and $70\;cm{\times}30\;cm$ treatments, respectively. The yield of dry flowers in the control and June 20 mowing date ranged $495-508\;kg\;ha^{-1}$, which is 40-42% higher than the yield in the July 20 treatments. The amount of essential oil (g $plant^{-1}$) in medically valuable flowerheads of C. indicum L. was statistically different between mowing dates but not among planting densities. The study showed that planting density and the mowing date could increase yields of flowerheads. An optimum planting density of $100\;cm{\times}30\;cm$ and mowing date of on or before June 20 is recommended for C. indicum L.