• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.71-92
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• 1989

The seasonal variations of environmental sea water, arid carotenoid and lipid composition of reddish muscle tissue of arkshell, Anadara broughtonii in Chungmu and $Y{\check{o}}su-area$ were investigated. In the sea water, pH value, salinity, electrical conductivity of Chungmu and $Y{\check{o}}su-area$ were similar tendency, but water temperature in annual average at Chungmu-area was about $2^{\circ}C$ higher than that of $Y{\check{o}}su-area$. The concentration of nitrite-nitrogen, ammonia-nitrogen, phosphate-phosphours at Chungmu-area were slightly higher than those at $Y{\check{o}}su-area$. Meanwhile the concentration of silicate-silicious at $Y{\check{o}}su-area$ was about 2 times higher than that of Chungmu-area. The bacterial density of the sea water was ranged from 3.6 to 93/100ml for coliform and 3.0 to 15/100ml for fecal colifrom at Chungmu-area, but the coliform was ranged 7.3 to 150/100ml and the fecal coliform was ranged 3.6 to 20/100ml at $Y{\check{o}}su-area$. Among the coliform, 8.9% Escherichia coli, 33.9% Citrobacter freundii, 41.1% Enterobacter aerogenes groups were classified and 16.1% was not identified. In the hemoglobin content of reddish muscle tissue of arkshell, one from Chungmu-area was ranged from 1.1 to 2.5 g /dl and one from $Y{\check{o}}su-area$ was ranged from 1.7 to 4.4 g /dl. In total carotenoid content, 0.80 to 1.28mg/100 g muscle was in Chungmu-area and 0.45 to 0.99mg/100 g muscle was in $Y{\check{o}}su-area$. Among the carotenoid compositions, pectenolone content was 63.0% in annual average from Chungmu area and 59.6% from $Y{\check{o}}su-area$, 6.5% from Chungmu area and 18.9% from $Y{\check{o}}su-area$ in ${\beta}-carotene$, 9.9% from Chungmu-area and 9.1% from Yosu-area in pectenoxanthin, 11.2% from Chungmu-area and 5.2% from $Y{\check{o}}su-area$ in diatoxanthin monoester were observed. In the seasonal variation for the major carotenoids, the content of pectenolone was continuously incresedbefore spawning period and showed the maximum in July, but decresed after spawning period. Diatoxanthin monoester was gradually incresed during all growing period from March to next January. And ${\beta}-carotene$ was decresed before spawning period and showed the maximum in July but incresed after spawning period. The major fatty acids of total lipid and fractionated lipid classes from total lipid namely neutral-, glyco- and phospholipid were $C_{16:0},\;C_{18:1},\;C_{22:6},\;C_{20:2},\;C_{18:2},\;C_{20:5}\;and\;C_{18:3}$ acid in the muscle tissue of arkshell. The content of neutral lipid showed about 2 times higher than polar lipid in the muscle tissue of arkshell from both Chungmu and, $Y{\check{o}}su-area$. The content of total and neutral lipid was decresed during spawning period. In the seasonal variation for fatty acid compositions, the content of polyenenoic acid in total and neutral lipid was decresed and saturated acid was incresed. On contrary, polyenoic acid in glyco and phospholipid was incresed and saturated acid was decresed during spawning period from July to September. The sterol composition in total lipid were mainly consisted of cholesterol, campesterol, brassicasterol and ${\beta}-sitosterol$. Especially, the rate of content in cholesterol showed decrese during spawning period butcampesterol showed increse from March to November.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.611-616
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• 2001

The bacteriological and physiochemical analysis of seawater in Tongyeong harbor was conducted to evaluate sanitary conditions, The samples were collected at 6 stations established once a month from January to December, 2000. During the study period, the ranges of temperature, transparency, chemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, dissolved nitrogen, phosphate and chlorophyll-a were $6.8\sim25.2^{\circ}C,\;1.0\sim2.5\;m,\;1.79\sim2.41\;mg/L,\;5.7\sim10.1\;mg/L,\;6.59\sim10.53{\mu}g-at/L,\;0.56\sim1.01{\mu}g-at/L\;and\;1.21\sim9.54\;mg/m^3$, respectively, The viable cell counts of seawater in Tongyeong harbor ranged from $3.0\times10^4CFU/mL\;to\;6.9\times10^6CFU/mL$. The coliform group and fecal coliform MPN's of the samples were ranged $23\~4,600\;MPN/100\;mL$ (means 540 MPN/100 mL) and $11\~1,600\;MPN/100\;mL$ (means 210 MPN/100 mL), respectively, The coliform group was classified with IMViC reactions and pathogenic vibrios were analyzed. Two hundred eighteen strains that were obtained from seawater samples in Tongyeong harbor represented Escherichia coli group, $66.1\%$; Citrobacter freundii group, $11.0\%$; Enterobacter aerogenes, $9.6\%$; and unknown, $13.3\%$, respectively. During the study period, infectious bacteria such as Vibrio cholerae O1, Salmonella sp. and Shigella sp. were not detected from the samples, but detection ratios of V. parahaemolyticus, V cholerae non-O1 and V. vulnificus were $10.0\sim30.1\%$.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.140-148
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• 1994

${\beta}-Lactamase$ stability, chemotherapeutic activity, and pharmacokinetics of 7-[(Z)-2-(2-aminothiazole-4-yl)-2-methoxyiminoacetamido]-3-[4-(2-pyridyl)piperazinyl]thiocarbonylthiomethyl-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid(CEN1), 7-[(Z)-2-(2-aminothiazole-4-yl)-2-methoxyiminoacetamido]-3-[4-(2-pyrimidyl)piperazinyl]thiocarbonylthiomethyl-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid(CEN2), pivaloyloxymethyl-7-[(Z)-2-(2-aminothizaole-4-yl)-2-methoxyiminoacetamido]-3-[4-(2-pyridyl)piperazinyl]thiocarbonyl-thiomethyl-3-cephem-4-carboxylate(CEN1P), and pivaloyloxymethyl-7-{(Z)--2-(2-aminothizaole-4-yl)-2-methoxyiminoacetamido]-3-[4-(2-pyridyl)piperazinyl]thiocarbonyl-thiomethyl-3-cephem-4-carboxylate(CEN2P) were examined. CEN1, CEN2, CEN1P, and CEN2P were very stable to the ${\beta}-lactamase$ obtained from three strains(Enterobacter cloacae P99, Escherichia coli TEM, and Citrobacter freundii). Chemotherapeutic activities$(ED_{50})$ of CEN2 and CEN2P against experimental systemic infections due to Streptococcus pyogenes 77A and Escherichia coli 078 were superior to those of CEN1 and CEN1P, respectively. The $ED_{50}$ values of CEN1, CEN2 were 5.82 mg/kg, 0.89 mg/kg(s.c., S. pyogenes 77A) while those of CEN1P, CEN2P were 14.56mg/kg, 6.40mg/kg(p.o., S. pyogenes 77A), respectively. The pharmacokinetics of CEN1, CEN2, CEN1P, and CEN2P were investigated in mice and rats. In mice, peak blood levels of $1.25\;{\mu}g/ml$ were recorded within 20 min after oral administration of a single dose equivalent to 40 mg/kg CEN1P. Cmax of CEN1P was much higher than that of CEN1 in mice and rats. Oral absorption of CEN2P was much higher than that of CEN2.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.19-26
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• 1983

The purpose of the present study is to obtain some fundamental data for hygienic control of sanitary indicative bacteria of sea water in fish preservatory tanks at popular swimming beaches in Busan including Songdo, Kwanganri, Haeundae and Songjeong from July to August in 1982. The geometric mean values of coliform group and fecal coliform MPN (most probable number) of sea water of Kwanganri were 27,300/100ml and 8,700/100ml respectively, which showed the highest population of the study regions. MPN's of the sea water of beaches and fish preservatory tanks showed 21,000/100ml and 8,800/100ml respectively at Kwanganri, which were also the highest numbers. The degree of the hygienic bacteriological populations of both the seawater and that of the fish tanks at a same region showed similar trend. The pollution caused by coliform group generally increased as viable cell counts increased. The types of coliform organisms isolated from seawater in fish presorvatory tanks by IMViC reaction were 42% Escherichia coli group, 2% Citrobacter freundii group, 44% Klebsiella aerogenes group and 12% others.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.148-157
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• 1981

This experiment was carried out to evaluate the sanitary quality of sea water at popular swimming beaches such as Haeundae, Kwanganri and Songjeong which are located in the suburbs of Busan Korea. One hundred and seventy five sea water samples were collected from the 25 stations during the both summer seasons in 1979 and in 1980. The sampling stations were established in the above 3 swimming beaches and the estuary of Suyeong river (See Fig.1.). To evaluate the sanitary quality, coliform group, fecal coliform, viable cell count and Vibrio parahaemolyticus were observed. The median value of coliform group MPN of the samples ranged 2,300 to 6,500/100m1 in Kwanganri, 670 to 910/100m1 in Haeundae and 430 to 460/100m1 in Songjeong swimming beach. Geometric mean of fecal coliform MPN was 3,200/100m1 in Kwanganri, 500/100m1 in Haeundae and 360/100m1 in Songjeong swimming beach. Composition of coliform was $23\%$ Escheri-chia coli group, $20\%$ Citrobacter freundii group, $41\%$ Klebsiella aerogenes group and $16\%$others. The density of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Kwanganri was much higher than those of in other beaches by 5 to 6 times. Plate count of the samples in the estuary of Suyeong river was varied from 300 to $8.5\times10^6/ml$ during the study period. No remarkable difference was observed in bacterial density by tide in swimming beaches but the bacterial density of sea water at ebb tide was obviously higher than those of the samples at flood tide in the estuary of Suyeong river.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.255-260
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• 2002

1,3-Propanediol as a bifunctional organic compound could be used in polymerization reactions producing polyesters and polyurethanes. Byproduct containing high concentration of glycerol from fat industry was used to produce 1,3-propanediol in lower production cost as well as waste treatment. In this study, various attempts were made to increase 1,3-propanediol production under different conditions using Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 15380. The conversion yield and byproduct formation were influenced significantly by the fermentation pH and temperature. The optimal glycerol and nitrogen concentration for 1,3-propanediol production were found to be 25 a/L and 1%(w/v), respectively. The formation of 1,3-propanediol was optimal at pH 6.0 and temperature $35^{\circ}C$. 1,3-Propanediol production from byproduct from 2.5% glycerol was lower than that of 2.5% commercial glycerol and amounted only to 9.84 a/L from byproduct, while to 12.13 a/L from commercial glycerol.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.511-522
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• 1984

The Nagdong is one of the biggest rivers in Korea, which is very important water source not only for tap water of Pusan city but also for the industrial water. Therefore, authors tried to check the water quality year by year. In this experiment one hundred and twenty water samples collected from August 1983 to July 1984 were analyzed bacteriologically and physiologically. Fifteen sampling stations were established between near Samrangjin and estuary of the river. To evaluate the water quality, temperature, pH, chloride ion, salinity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), electrical conductivity, nutrients, total coliform, fecal coliform, fecal streptococcus, viable cell count and bacterial flora were observed. The variation of water temperature was ranged $-1.5{\sim}29.0^{\circ}C$ (Mean value $13.9{\sim}16.5^{\circ}C$), it in spring was higher as $10{\sim}15^{\circ}C$ about $10^{\circ}C$ than in winter and it in autumm was very stabilized as about $20^{\circ}C$ at each station. The pH variation of the samples was ranged $6.68{\sim}9.15$. The range of concentration of chloride ion and salinity varied $7.4{\sim}l,020.5$ mg/l and $1.05{\sim}33.0\%0$, respectively. Especially, salinity of the 3rd water war was the higher than others as $25.76{\sim}31.58\%0$. COD was ranged $1.45{\sim}14.94$ mg/l and the lower part of the Nagdong River was heavily contaminated by domesitc sewage and waste water from the adjacent factor area. The range of electrical conductivity was $1.360{\times}10^2{\sim}5.650{\times}10^4{\mu}{\mho}/cm$ and that was by far higher the estuary than the upper. Concentration of nutrients were $0.008{\sim}0.040$ mg/l (Mean value $0.019{\sim}0.068$ mg/l) for $NO_2-N,\;0.038{\sim}5.253$ mg/l ($0.351{\sim}2.347$ mg/l) for $NO_3-N,\;0.100{\sim}2.685$ mg/l($0.117{\sim}1.380$ mg/l) for $NH_4-N,\;0.003{\sim}0.084$ mg/l($0.014{\sim}0.065$ mg/l) for $PO_4-P$ and $0.154{\sim}6.123$ mg/l ($1.165{\sim}3.972$ mg/l) for $SiO_2-Si$, respectively. Usually nutrients contents of the water in the upper part(included station 1 to 5) were higher than those of the estuarine area. The bacterial density of the samples ranged 7.3 to 460,000/100 ml for total coliforms, 3.6 to 460,000/100 ml for fecal coliform, $0{\sim}46,000/100ml$ for fecal streptococcus and $<30{\sim}1.2{\times}10^5/ml$ for viable cell count. Composition of coliform was $28\%$ Escherichia coli group, $18\%$ Citrobacter freundii group, $31\%$ Enterobacter aerogenes group and $22\%$ others. Predominant species among the 659 strains isolated from the samples were Pseudomonas spp. ($42\%$), Flavobacterium spp. ($20\%$) and Moraxella spp. ($12\%$).

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.347-355
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• 1986

The Sonakdong river is very important water source not only for agricultural water of Kimhae field but also for fishery water. Recently the middle and lower areas of the river have the tendency to be heavily contaminated by domestic sewage and agricultural chemicals. Fifty six water samples were collected from 8 stations from July to December in 1985 for the experiment (Fig. 1). To evaluate the water quality, pH, water temperature, electrical conductivity, chloride ion, nutrients ($NO^{-}_{2}-N,\;NO^{-}_{3}-N,\;NH^{+}_{4}-N,\;PO^{3-}_{4}-P,\;SiO_2-Si$), total coliform, fecal coliform, and fecal streptococcus were determined. Range and mean value of the samples were as follows; pH $6.3{\sim}9.4$, 7.91; water temperature $6.1{\sim}34.8^{\circ}C,\;23.88^{\circ}C$; electrical conductivity (from St. A to G) $1.575{\times}10^2{\sim}30.50{\times}10^2{\mu}{\mho}/cm,\;6.57{\times}10^2{\mu}{\mho}/cm$; chloride ion $23.5{\sim}14,300mg/l$, 770.0mg/l; nitrite-nitrogen $0.007{\sim}0.110mg/l$, 0.053mg/l; nitrate-nitrogen $0.001{\sim}1.638mg/l$, 0.649 mg/l; ammonia-nitrogen $0.017{\sim}4.200mg/l$, 0.497mg/l; phosphate-phoshorus $0.011{\sim}0.281mg/l$, 0.086mg/l; and silicate-silicious $2.4{\sim}6.5mg/l$, 4.43mg/l. Electrical conductivity and chloride ion of the station F(Chomanpo) were $2.676{\times}10^2{\mu}{\Omega}cm$ and 123.99mg/l which were lower than those of others. Among the analyzed nutrients, silicate-silicious concentration was the highest through all the samples. The bacterial density of the samples ranged $36{\sim}110,000/100ml$ for total coliform, $15{\sim}46,000/100ml$ for fecal coliform and $3.6{\sim}15,000/100ml$ for fecal streptococcus. The range and the mean of the TC/FC ratio were $3.0{\sim}9.6$, 5.51 and those of the FC/FS ratio were $1.1{\sim}9.2$, 6.19, respectively. On the other hand, fecal coliform was not detected in about $78\%$ of the water samples examined. Composition of coliform was $52\%$ Escherichia coli group, $3\%$ Citrobacter freundii group, $13\%$ Enterobacter aerogenes group and $31\%$ others.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.58-62
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• 2006

Rapid assay of enzyme is a primary requirement for successful application of directed evolution technology. Halo generation on a turbid plate would be a method of choice for high throughput screening of enzymes in this context. Here we report a new approach to prepare turbid plates, by controlling the crystallization of tyrosine to form needle-like particles. In the presence of tyrosine phenol-lyase (TPL), the needle-like tyrosine crystals were converted to soluble phenol rapidly than the usual rectangular tyrosine crystals. When an error-prone PCR library of Citrobacter freundii TPL was spread on the turbid plate, approximately 10% of the colonies displayed recognizable halos after 24 hours of incubation at $37^{\circ}C$. Representative positives from the turbid plates were transferred to LB-medium in 96-wellplates, cultivated overnight, and assayed for the enzyme activity with L-tyrosine as the substrate. The assay results were approximated to be proportional to the halo size on turbid plates, suggesting the screening system is directly applicable to the directed evolution of TPL. Actually, two best mutants on the turbid plates were identified to be $2{\sim}2.5$ and 1.5-fold improved in the activity.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.372-379
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• 1999

A bacteriological study of sea water and oyster in Tongyeong coastal area was conducted to evaluate sanitary conditions of the bay and compliance of waters with the recommended bacteriological criteria fur the designated area of shellfish cultivation. The Samples were collected at 5 zone, 34 sampling stations(Fig. 1) established once a month from September 1997 to August 1998. During the study period, temperature ranged from 6.9 to 23.6$^{\circ}C$, transparency ranged from 2.6 to 6.2 m, chemical oxygen demand ranged from 1.35 to 1.82 mg/ι, dissolved oxy-gen ranged from 5.0 to 9.9 mg/ι, dissolved nitrogen ranged from 1.60 to 8.17 $\mu\textrm{g}$-at/ι, phosphate ranged from 0.14 to 1.21 $\mu\textrm{g}$-at/ι, Chlorophyll-a ranged from 2.03 to 69.9 mg/㎥, respectively. The coliform group and fecal coliform MPN's of sea water were ranged from <3.0~1,600 and <3.0~540, respectively. The coliform group and fecal coliform MPN's of oysters were ranged from <18~16,000 and <18~2,200, respectively. The viable cell counts in oyster ranged from $1.5\times$10$^2$to 8.2$\times$10$^3$. The coliform stoup, fecal coliform, classification of coliform group with IMViC reactions and pathogenic vibrios were analyzed. 437 strains that were obtained from Tongyeoung coastal area seawater samples represented E. coli group 47.5%, C. freundii group 14.8%, K. aerogenes 10.9%, unknown 26.8%, respectively. During the study period, infectious bacteria such as Vibrio ohoEerae, Salmonella sp. and Shigella sp. were not detected from the samples, but detection ratios of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus were 12~21% in summer months.