• Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology : HEB
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• v.59 no.6
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• pp.899-907
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• 2018

The methanol extracts of flowers obtained from 67 plant species were screened for their inhibitory activity on aldose reductase (AR). Alnus japonica, Aster spathulifolius, Chionanthus retusus, Morus bombycis, Crysanthemum boreale, Persicaria tinctoria, Platycarya strobilacea, and Serratula coronata var. insularis exhibited potent aldose reductase inhibitory (ARI) activity. HPLC-UV analysis of quercetin, an AR inhibitory flavonoid, was performed on extracts showing strong ARI activity. Quercetin was detected in C. retusus, C. boreale, P. tinctoria, and S. coronata var. insularis at concentrations of 1.33, 1.56, 0.82, and $3.37mg\;g^{-1}$ extract, respectively, indicating that quercetin contributed to the ARI activity of these extracts. In the samples in which quercetin was absent, other compounds may be responsible for their potent ARI activity. These results serve as a basis for further studies regarding the bioactive components responsible for the inhibitory effects of various flower extracts on AR activity.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.14-17
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• 2000

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of nitrogen form in the Hoagland nutrient solution on the growth of Farfugium japonicum, Aster tataricus and Chrysanthemum boreale. The nitrogen form of Hoagland nutrient solution was modified to $NH_4{^+}(100%),\;NO_3{^-}(100%),\;and\;NH_4{^+}+NO_3{^-}(50%+5%)$ for this study. In the treatment of $NO_3{^-}\;and\;NH_4{^+}+NO_3{^-}(1:1)$, F. japonicum showed the best growth, especially in fresh weight. With the treatment of $NO_3{^-}$, shoot and root fresh weight of A. tataricus and C. boreale were increased. The activity of nitrate reductase and the concentration of chlorophyll and nitrate were increased with $NO_3{^-}$ treatment in all these plants.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.332-336
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• 2019

Obesity is associated with an increased risk of many diseases including type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. The flowers of Chrysanthemum boreale have been used as traditional medicines for the treatment of diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of C. boreale Makino flower essential oil (CFEO) on adipocyte differentiation using preadipocyte cell line 3T3-L1. CFEO at concentrations between 0.1 and $5{\mu}g/ml$ did not affect 3T3-L1 cell viability. A CFEO concentration of between 0.1 and $1{\mu}g/ml$ significantly inhibited lipid accumulation during MDI-induced differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells in a dose-dependent manner, reaching a maximal level at $1{\mu}g/ml$ ($28.94{\pm}2.01%$; approximately 30% of control treated with MDI alone). Western blot analysis revealed that CFEO concentrations between 0.1 and $1{\mu}g/ml$ suppressed the activations of three adipogenic transcription factors in the MDI-stimulated 3T3-L1 cells: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ${\gamma}$; CCATT/enhancer binding protein ${\alpha}$; and sterol regulatory element binding protein-1. Moreover, the expressions of lipogenic enzymes, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, and fatty acid synthase were also inhibited by treatment with CFEO between 0.1 and $1{\mu}g/ml$. CFEO may therefore be a promising functional material for obesity prevention.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.60-66
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• 2014

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity and protective effect of extracts from the stems and leaves of Chrysanthemum boreale (CBSL) on t-BHP induced oxidative stress in human liver cells (Chang cells). Antioxidant activities in the extracts were determined for various radical scavenging activities including ferric reducing antioxidant power, 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging activity, and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). CBSL showed a very good scavenging effect of DPPH radical ($IC_{50}$ $0.009{\pm}0.002$ mg/mL), alkyl radical ($IC_{50}$ $0.004{\pm}0.001$ mg/mL), and hydroxyl radical ($IC_{50}$ $6.742{\pm}0.152$ mg/mL). CBSL also showed a strong antioxidant effect in the ORAC assay. In the MTT assay on human liver cells (Chang cells), the extracts showed protective effects by increasing cell viability, decreasing ROS, and restoring mitochondria membrane potential upon t-BHP induced oxidative stress. Our findings suggest that CBSL extracts are a potential therapeutic with protective antioxidant effects upon oxidative stress.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.17-21
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• 2020

Chrysanthemum indicum (Asteraceae) is a perennial plant belonging to the genus Chrysanthemum. The basic chromosome number of Chrysanthemum sensu stricto is x = 9, and it consists of a series of polyploids ranging from diploid to decaploid. However, C. indicum, which occurs in Korea, is known to consist of only tetraploids, except for two diploid populations that are sympatric with C. zawadskii and C. boreale. During the collection of plant materials as part of a study to ascertain the diversity of Chrysanthemum in Korea, we found new diploid populations (2n = 18) of C. indicum in the southern region of Korea and describe them here in detail.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.10
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• pp.1406-1413
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• 2009

In order to investigate the quality characteristics of candies prepared with Compositae species flower extracts, the samples of Chrysanthemum indicum Linne (CI), C. boreale Makino (CB), and C. zawadskii var. latilobum (Maxim.) Kitam (CZ) were extracted with hot water and concentrated, and then added with various concentrations of 5$\sim$20% for candy preparation. L-value of candy color was decreased, but a- and b-value were increased with increasing amount of added extracts. pH was decreased, but total acidity was increased with increasing amount of added extracts. Moisture content of CI, CB, and CZ candies were 2.61$\sim$4.11, 2.46$\sim$4.57, and 2.27$\sim$4.43%, respectively. Hardness of candies were decreased with increasing amount of added extracts. CZ candy of 20% added extract showed the highest total polyphenol, flavonoid content, electron donating ability and anol, flavonaid content at 2.71 mg/g, 0.86 mg/g, 76.24%, and 3.17 mg AA eq/g, respectively. In sensory evaluation, the CI and CZ candies of 10% added extract obtained higher sensory scores.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.558-570
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• 2014

This study was conducted to compare the volatile flavor compounds found in the leaves of 15 taxa of Korean native Chrysanthemum species. The volatile flavor compounds from the taxa were collected using a simultaneous steam distillation and extraction technique and were analyzed using gas chromatography/mass selective detector (GC/MSD). A total of 45 volatile flavor compounds were identified with six functional groups: 14 alcohols, 4 ketones, 19 hydrocarbons, 5 esters, 2 acids, and 1 aldehyde. The main functional group in 15 taxa of Chrysanthemum species was alcohols, accounting for 28.7% of volatile flavor compounds, followed by ketones (21.2%) and hydrocarbons (13.2%). Camphor, which is known for its antimicrobial properties, was the most abundant volatile compound (30%) in C. zawadskii ssp. latilobum and var. leiophyllum. In particular, C. indicum subspecies and C. boreale contained ${\alpha}$-thujone, which has outstanding anti-bacterial, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer, and anti-diabetic efficacies. C. indicum var. albescens could be used in perfumes, since it showed 21 times more camphene than C. indicum. In addition, C. indicum var. acuta contained a fairly high content of 1,8-cineole, which has an inhibitory effect on mutagenesis. C. lineare contained only pentadecanoic acid compounds, whereas other taxa hexadecanoic acids. Overall, the Korean native Chrysanthemum species had considerable variation in volatile flavor compounds in their leaves. This study provides a good indication of specific potential use for various applications.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.358-366
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• 2002

To search for novel cancer preventive agents, we assessed the quinone reductase (QR)-inducing activities of medicinal herb extracts in cultured murine hepatoma cells (hepalclc7 cells). Among 216 herb extracts tested in this study, 8 kinds of herbal extracts were found to induce QR activity in hepalclc7 cells by more than 2-fold when used at the concentration of 25 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$. The methanol extracts of Aster koraiensis NK and Pulsatilla koreana Nakai induced QR by 252 and 223 % , respectively, at the concentration of 25 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$. Most of the herbal extracts with QR inducing-activity increased the enzyme activity in a typical dose-dependent manner. The QR activity in BP$^{r}$ cl cells was induced move than 50 % by the extracts of Pulsatilla koreana Nakai, Inula helenium, Physalis alkekengi var, francheti (Masters) Makino, Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum Kitamuva, Auemisia keiskeana Miquel, Chfsanthemum boreale Makino. In conclusion, hlsatilla koreana Nakai, Aster koraiensis N.K, and Chfsanthemum zawadskii var. iatilobum Kitamura, which showed relatively high QR induction, merit further animal study to evaluate their potential as cancer preventive agents.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.47-56
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• 2018

Research was initiated to investigate germination characteristics and germination pattern of 14 herbaceous plant entries used on the road slope during 30 days. An alternative germination condition for 14 herbaceous plant entries required by International Seed Testing Association(ISTA) was applied in the experiment, consisting of 8-hr light at $25^{\circ}C$ and 16-hr dark at $15^{\circ}C$. Significant differences were observed in the first germination rate(0.3%~40.7%)and in the final germination rate(7.7%~93.3%). Days to the first germination(2~8days), days to the 30% germination(2~6days) and days to the peak germination(6~18days) were different among 14 herbaceous plant entries in the study. From this result, we could find out higher final germination rate of 14 herbaceous plant entries in the following order; First, forage crops and cool-season turfgrasses; Second, herbeceous flowers; Third, wild plants. We could also divide germination rate among 14 herbaceous plant entries as 6 groups(I;very high, II;high, III;medium high, IV;medium low, V;low, VI;very low) based on the final germination rate and divide germination speed as 5 groups(A;very fast, B;fast, C;normal, D;slow, E;very slow)based on days to the peak germination. Considering germination characteristics and pattern of 14 herbaceous plant entries Medicago sativa, Lolium perenne, Festuca arundinacea and Cosmos sulphureus were regard as dominating species while Lespedeza cuneata, Silene armeria, Lotus corniculatus var.japonicus, Coreopsis tinctoria and Centaurea cyanus as competitive species following dominating species. However, Chrysanthemum burbankii, Pennisetum alopecuroides, Chrysanthemum boreale., Artemisia princeps var. orientalis and Arundinella hirta were not almost expected to emerge.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.57-57
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• 2017

Chrysanthemum is one of the most important floral crop in Korea produced about 7 billion dollars (1 billion for pot and 6 billion for cutting) in 2013. However, it is difficult to breed and to do genetic study because 1) it is highly self-incompatible, 2) it is outcrossing crop having heterozygotes, and 3) commercial cultvars are hexaploid (2n = 6x = 54). Although low-density genetic map and QTL study were reported, it is not enough to apply for the marker assisted selection and other genetic studies. Therefore, we are trying to make high-density genetic mapping using GBS with about 100 $F_1s$ of C. boreale that is oHohhfd diploid (2n = 2x = 18, about 2.8Gb) instead of commercial culitvars. Since Chrysanthemum is outcrossing, two-way pseudo-testcross model would be used to construct genetic map. Also, genotype-by-sequencing (GBS) would be utilized to generate sufficient number of markers and to maximize genomic representation in a cost effective manner. Those completed sequences would be analyzed with TASSEL-GBS pipeline. In order to reduce sequence error, only first 64 sequences, which have almost zero percent error, would be incorporated in the pipeline for the analysis. In addition, to reduce errors that is common in heterozygotes crops caused by low coverage, two rare cutters (NsiI and MseI) were used to increase sequence depth. Maskov algorithm would also used to deal with missing data. Further, sparsely placed markers on the physical map would be used as anchors to overcome problems caused by low coverage. For this purpose, were generated from transcriptome of Chrysanthemum using MISA program. Among those, 10 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, which are evenly distributed along each chromosome and polymorphic between two parents, would be selected.