• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.199-208
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• 1997

A local strain approach was applied to an external single and double grooved C-shaped specimen in order to evaluate and predict the fatigue crack initiation life by using low cycle fatigue properties. The low cycle fatigue properties were determined from the strain-controlled fatigue tests using smooth cylindrical axial specimens. Fatigue crack initiation life was evaluated by a life prediction software, FALIPS, based on the local strain approach. The fatigue life was significantly influenced by the mean stress, and SWT parameter represented the fatigue life effectively. The predicted fatigue crack initiation life was then compared to the experimental fatigue life evaluated from the C-shaped fatigue test specimens. A good correlation was found between the experimental and predicted fatigue lives within factors of 2 and 4 for the single and double grooved C-shaped specimens respectively. Also, experimental fatigue life of the double grooved specimen was 10-12 times longer than that of the single grooved specimen.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.121-130
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• 2000

Currently, in evaluating a flexural strength of a concrete member, the effect of specimen depth has not been systematically studied, even though its effect on ultimate strength of a section is very important. For all types of loading conditions, the trend is that the strength of a member tends to decrease when the member depth increases. In this study, the influence of specimen depth on flexural compressive strength of concrete member was examined experimentally. A series of C-shaped specimens subjected to axial compressive force and bending moment were tested using three geometrically similar specimens with different length-to depth ratios (h/c = 1, 2 and 4) which have compressive strength of 55 MPa. The results indicate that the flexural compressive strength decreased as the specimen depth increased. A model equation was derived based on regression analyses of the experimental data. Also, the results show that ultimate strain decreases as the specimen depth increases. Finally, a general model equation for the depth effect is proposed.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.63-71
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• 1999

In evaluating the ultimate strength of a section for a reinforced concrete flexural member, the effect of member length is not usually considered, even though the strength tends to decrease with increase of member length. In this paper the influence of specimen length on flexural compressive strength of concrete was evaluated. For this purpose, a series of C-shaped specimens subjected to axial compression and bending moment were tested using four different length-to-depth ratios (from 1,2,3 and 4) of specimens with compressive strength of 590 kgf/$\textrm{cm}^2$. Results indicate that for the region of h/c <3.0 the reduction in flexural compressive strength with increase of length-to-depth ratios was apparent. A model equation was depth of an equivalent rectangular stress block was larger than that by ACI. It was also founded that the effect of specimen length on ultimate strain was negligible. Finally more general model equation is also suggested.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2001.05a
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• pp.1023-1028
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• 2001

This study was conducted to develop a procedural method to produce a high strength polymer concrete using polyester resin to experimentally examine the stress block properties of the high strength polymer concrete. C-shaped specimens were Produced and test to compute parameter of the stress block. They were $k_{1}$ : 0.73 and $\gamma$ : 0.845, respectively. $k_{1}$ is the ratio of the depth of the maximum compressive strength of the beam

• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.285-290
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• 2024

Electropulsing treatment (EPT) has been developed as an alternative to furnace heat treatment (FHT) to exploit its engineering advantages in rapidly annealing metallic materials. Conventionally, the separation of thermal and athermal effects of EPT has been attempted by comparing EPT and FHT specimens processed under identical temperature and duration. However, this method inherently introduces experimental and measurement errors. This study proposes a novel approach to distinguish the thermal and athermal effects of EPT-processed metals using T-shaped specimen with two observation points, namely 'C' and 'D'. For verification, the thermal gradient of T-shaped Mg alloys was examined under various EPT conditions. The points C exhibited higher temperatures compared to those at points D at a given electric current density, because only the former received both thermal and athermal effects. It was confirmed from twelve specimens that the point C at an electric current density of 65 A·mm^-2 and point D at 70 A·mm^-2 exhibited similar temperatures. This developed method is expected to reduce measurement errors in distinguishing thermal and athermal effects, thus providing a deeper understanding of their quantitative contributions in future studies.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.72-79
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• 2013

The effects of homogenization, hot-forging, and annealing condition on microstructure and hardness of a modified STD61 hot-work tool steel were investigated. The ingot specimen had a dendritic structure consisting of bainite and martensite. Spherical VC particles of approximately 50 nm and cuboidal (V,Ti)C particles of about 100 nm were observed in the ingot specimen. After homogenization, the dendritic structure was blurred, and the difference in hardness between martensite and bainite became narrow, resulting in the more homogeneous microstructure. Needle-shaped non-equilibrium $(Fe,Cr)_3C$ particles were additionally observed in the homogenized specimen. The hot-forged specimen had bainite single phase with spherical VC, cuboidal (V,Ti)C, and needle-shaped $(Fe,Cr)_3C$ particles. After annealing at $860^{\circ}C$, the microstructures of specimens were ferrite single phase with various carbides such as VC, $(Fe,Cr)_7C_3$, and $(Fe,Cr)_{23}C_6$ because of relatively slow cooling rates. The size of carbides in annealed specimens decreased with increasing cooling rate, resulting in the increase of hardness.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.100-105
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• 1997

In this study the changes of the hardness and microstructures during aging at 120$^{\cire}C$ of an RS-P/M Al-5.6wt%Zn-2.0wt%Mg-1.3wt%Zr-1.0wt%Mn-0.25wt%Cu alloy were studied using a transmission electron microscopy. The hardness increased rapidly at early stage of aging and reached the maximun when the specimen was aged for 24 hr. The many irregular-shaped $Al_4Mn$ and rod-shaped $Al_6Mn$ dispersoids with 0.1-0.4 $\mu$m in length were observed in the as-extruded alloy. The dark particles with 2-3 nm in size were observed in aged specimen for 5hr and those are thought to be G.P.zones or precursor of $\eta'$ precipitates. In aged specimen for 24 hr, the $\eta'$ phases were distributed homogeneously within the matrix and the PFZ with 30-40 nm in width was observed along the grain boundary. With further aging, the width of PFZ increased and $\eta$ phases were also detected within the matrix.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2000.10a
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• pp.115-120
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• 2000

Currently, in evaluating a flexural strength of a concrete member, the effect of specimen depth has not been systematically studied, even though its effect on ultimate strength of a section is very important. For all types of loading conditions, the trend is that the strength of a member tends to decrease when the member depth increases. In this study, the influence of specimen depth on flexural compressive strength of concrete member was examined experimentally. A series of C-shaped specimens subjected to axial compressive force and bending moment were tested using three geometrically similar specimens with different length-to-depth ratios(h/c=1, 2 and 4) which have compressive strength of 55MPa. The results indicate that the flexural compressive strength decreased as the specimen depth increased. A model equation was derived based on regression analyses of the experimental data. Also the results show that ultimate strain decreases as the specimen depth increases. Finally, a general model equation for the depth effect is proposed.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.99-104
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• 2002

In this paper the influence or specimen length on flexural compressive strength and parameter or equivalent rectangular stress block of polymer concrete was evaluated. For this purpose, a series of C-shaped specimens subjected to eccentric compression were tested using four different length-to-depth ratios(from 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0) of specimens with compressive strength of 1,020kgf/cm$^2$. Results indicate that for the region of h/c$\leq$3.0 the reduction in equivalent rectangular stress block depth and flexural compressive strength with increase of length-to-depth ratios was apparent but for the region of h/c$\geq$3.0 they were nearly constant. It means that for the region of h/c$\geq$3.0 effect of specimen length on equivalent rectangular stress block depth and flexural compressive strength was negligible. It was also founded that the effect of specimen length on v, a coefficient of strength, that was from 0.84 to 0.86 regardless of h/c was petty. Finally, predictive equation is, suggested by using modified law of effect of specimen length and results.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.638-644
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• 2002

The stress-strain relationship of polymer concrete flexural member was evaluated using C-shaped polyester concrete specimen, the compressive strength of which is 1400 kgf/$\textrm{cm}^2$. Eccentric compression test was performed to estimate the parameters, ${\alpha}$, ${\beta}$1, ${\gamma}$ for equivalent rectangular stress block. The ultimate moment strength ware obtained from the bending test on reinforced polymer concrete beams which were prepared with S different tensile steel ratios with a shear span ratio of 4.0. These values were compared with theoretical ultimate moment strengths, which were obtained using the parameters ${\alpha}$=0.61 and ${\beta}$1=0.73 from stress-stain curves of C-shaped specimens. The results showed that, when tensile steel ratio was over 0.50 $\rho$b, the experimentally obtained moment strengths were well matched with theoretically calculated values. In order to develop accurate criteria for polymer concrete flexural members, however, many other expermental studies for parameter determination are necessary using C-shaped specimens which have various compressive strengths and different sizes.