• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.179-196
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• 2019

We investigated the effect of high density lipoprotein from egg yolk (EYHDL) on serum, hepatic and fecal lipid and fatty acids (FAs) levels and on gene expression involved in FAs metabolism. Male KM mice were fed either normal diet (ND; n=20), high fat diet (HFD; n=20), or high fat diet containing EYHDL (EYHDL; 0.6 mg/g, every day by oral gavage, n=20) for 100 days. At the end of the experiment, the effects of treatments on biochemical parameters, FAs profiles and involved gene expression were analyzed. Our results revealed that EYHDL markedly suppressed the body weight gain, accumulation of abdominal fat tissues, serum concentrations of LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglycerides, hepatic triglycerides and cholesterol accumulation, while increased serum concentration of HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C). EYHDL intake also increased total cholesterol (TC) excretions compared with HFD group. Moreover, it alleviated the severity of fatty liver and improved glucose and insulin tolerance compared with HFD. More importantly, EYHDL partially normalized FAs profiles in serum, liver and fecaces and neutralized the HFD-induced upregulation of SREBP-1c, Acaca, Fasn, GPAT and Scd1. In conclusion, our findings indicate that EYHDL may have the potential to improve metabolic disturbances that occur in HFD mice and can be considered as an appropriate dietary recommendation for the treatment of metabolic syndrome (MetS).

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.73-84
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• 1970

The metabolism of sterol precurosor in leaves of Salanum andigena grafted between photoinduced and noninduced plant was investigated with the use of (2-$^{14}$ C) mevalonic acid. By the technique of the preparative gas-liquid chromatography, radioactive compounds of squalene, 4,4’-dimethylsterols and 4-demethylsterol were isolated and determined quantitatively. When labeled mevalonic acid n as applied to leaves radioactivity was extensively incorporated into non-saponifiable materials of lipid fraction and aqueous fraction (ethanol-water fraction). Radioactivity of 14C derived from (2-$^{14}$ C) mevalonic acid was transmissible from photoinduced plant to non-induced plant across the graft union, as tuberization hormone was, and incorporated into the sterols of the non-induced plant. Inhibitors of sterol biosynthesis, SK & F 7997 and nicotinic acid, are effective suppressors of tuber growing, if applied to leaves during photoinduction period. The experimental results suggest that certain substance containing isoprene unit, or sterol-like compound may participate in tuber growing.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.122-133
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• 1996

As ciarette smoking adversely affects vitamin C metabolism in humans, smokers need substantially more vitamin C intake than do non-smokers to achieve similar serum vitamin C concentration. To provide the basic information currently available for the determination of vitamin C requirement for Korean smokers, we investigated the differences the serum vitamin C values between smokers(n=53) and non-smokers(n=62) in relation to their intake of the vitamin through diet in 115 male college students, who had not been using vitamin C supplements. Dietary intakes of vitamin C were determined by a 24-hour recall, and serum vitamin C was determined using the 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine method. The mean vitamin C intakes of smokers and non-smokers were consuming less than 75% of the Koeran RDA for vitamin c in their diet. Smokers consumed yellow and green leafy vegetables more often (P=0.02) and fresh fruits less often(P=0.006) than non-smokers. The mean serum vitamin C concentration of smokers consuming the same amounts of vitamine C as non-smokers, 64.3 umol/1, were 20% lower than for non-smokers, 80.1 umol/l(P<0.05). The risk of low serum vitamin C concentration (LoC) among smokers were 3.8% compared with 1.6% in non-smokers, and the odd ratio for LoC risk was 2.43. There were no correlations between dietary and serum vitamin C for smokers and non-smokers. It was concluded that smokers might require at least 20% more vitamin C to reach the same concentration comparable to non-smokers.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.347-355
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• 2017

This study investigated how the combined changes in environmental conditions and nitrogen (N) deposition influence the mineralization processes and carbon (C) dynamics of wetland soil. For this objective, we conducted a growth chamber experiment to examine the effects of combined changes in environmental conditions and N deposition on the anaerobic decomposition of organic carbon and the emission of greenhouse gases from wetland soil. A chamber with elevated $CO_2$ and temperature showed almost twice the reduction of total decomposition rate compared to the chamber with ambient atmospheric conditions. In addition, $CO_2$ fluxes decreased during the incubation under the conditions of ambient $CO_2$ and temperature. The decrease in anaerobic microbial metabolism resulted from the presence of vegetation, which influences the litter quality of soils. This can be supported by the increase in C/N ratio over the experimental duration. Principle component analysis results demonstrated the opposite locations of loadings for the cases at the initial time and after three months of incubation, which indicates a reduction in the decomposition rate and an increasing C/N ratio during the incubation. From the distribution between the decomposition rate and gas fluxes, we concluded that anaerobic decomposition rates do not have a significantly positive relationship with the fluxes of greenhouse gas emissions from the soil.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.27 no.10
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• pp.967-978
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• 1994

This study was done to investigate the effect of age and dietary linolenic acid content and the linolenic acid/linoleic acid(LNA/LA) ratio on the lipid metabolism and formation of PGI2 and TXA2. The male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed 6 different with 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 of LNA/LA ratio within either 8% LNA(high LNA) or 4% LNA(low LNA) of fatty acid content for different feeding period(1, 4, 12 month). The dietary fat used were sesame oil, perilla oil, soybean oil and beef tallow. The concentration of serum total lipid, total cholesterol and HDL-C were increased with aging. Triglyceride concentration was decreased in 0.2 ratio of LNA/LA. The lipid content of liver showed similar tendency to that of serum. The ratio of PGI2/TXA2 was increased in 1 month rats and antithrombotic effect was reduced significantly with increasing age. The PGI2/TXA2 ratio was tended to be higher in diet of 0.2 and 0.4 LNA/LA ratio at high LNA level and in diet of 0.6 LNA/LA ratio at low LNA level. Especially PGI2/TXA2 ratio was increased linearly with rising LNA/LA ratio at low LNA level. It seemed that the LNA content and LNA/LA ratio had interaction to increase the antithrombotic effect bychanging TXA2 synthesis. And the dietary fatty acid related effect lowering the serum and liver lipid content, excepting triglyceride, was increased when dietary n3/n6 ratio was high(0.6) at both high and low n3 level. Therefore, it could not be recommended to consume large amount of n3 fatty acid or high ratio of n3/n6 to prevent cardiovascular diseases. These results suggested that the dietary fatty acid ratio of n3/n6 could be determined based on the n-3 content of dietary fat to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.139-147
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• 1999

Peptides are formed in the rumen as the result of microbial proteinase activity. The predominant type of activity is cysteine ptoteinase, but others, such as serine proteinases, are also present. Many species of protozoa, bacteria and fungi are involved in ptoteolysis; large animal-to-animal variability is found when proteinase activities in different animals are compared. The peptides formed from proteolysis are broken down to amino acids by peptidases. Different peptides are broken down at different rates, depending on their chemical composition and particularly their N-terminal structure. Indeed, chemical addition to the N-terminus of small peptides, such as by acetylation, causes the peptides to become stable to breakdown by the rumen microbial population; the microorganisms do not appear to adapt to hydrolyse acetylated peptides even after several weeks exposure to dietary acetylated peptides, and the amino acids present in acetylated peptides are absorbed from the small intestine. The amino acids present in some acetylated peptides remain available in nutritional trials with rats, but the nutritive value of the whole amino acid mixture is decreased by acetylation. The genus Prevotella is responsible for most of the catabolic peptidase activity in the rumen, via its dipeptidyl peptidase activities, which release dipeptides rather than free amino acids from the N-terminus of oligopeptides. Studies with dipeptidyl peptidase mutants of Prevotella suggest that it may be possible to slow the rate of peptide hydrolysis by the mixed rumen microbial population by inhibiting dipeptidyl peptidase activity of Prevotella or the rate of peptide uptake by this genus. Peptides and amino acids also stimulate the growth of rumen microorganisms, and are necessary for optimal growth rates of many species growing on tapidly fermented substrates; in rich medium, most bacteria use pre-formed amino acids for more than 90% of their amino acid requirements. Cellulolytic species are exceptional in this respect, but they still incorporate about half of their cell N from pre-formed amino acids in rich medium. However, the extent to which bacteria use ammonia vs. peptides and amino acids for protein synthesis also depends on the concentrations of each, such that preformed amino acids and peptides are probably used to a much lesser extent in vivo than many in vitro experiments might suggest.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.27 no.8
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• pp.805-818
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• 1994

This study investigated the effect of enteral nutrition supplementation on glucose and lipid metabolism in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus(NIDDM) patients(n=29). Nutrition formula(400kcal/day) were supplied daily for eight weeks as a substitute for a snack or a meal. Subjects were divided into three groups based on changes of fasting blood glucose(FBG), glucose response area(GRA) on oral glucose tolerance test(OGTT), before and after intake of nutrition formula : group 1(the group of a decrease in FBG and GRA, n=20), group 2(the group of a decrease in FBG and an increase in GRA, n=4), and group 3(the group of an increase in FBF and GRA, n=5). Before nutrition supplementation, group 3 showed a longer tendency of DM duration and a lower tendency of insulin and C-peptide response are than those of group 1 and 2. At 8 weeks after nutrition supplementation, group 1 showed a significant increase in insulin and C-peptide response areas but group 2 and 3 showed no change in those areas. After nutrition supplementation, all three groups showed a tendency of decrease in glycated hemoglobin and no significant changes in the levels of serum triglycerides, HDL, LDL, total cholesterol, albumin, transferrin, creatinine, GOT and GPT. The results suggest that using an enteral nutrition formula in NIDDM patients is a good substitute for a meal or snack and could improve blood glucose control without any changes in lipid levels, and liver and kidney functions. The beneficial effect of nutrition supplementation on glycemic control resulted from components of nutrition formula had such as additional fiber and high monounsaturated fatty acid as the source of fat to be helpful 세 glycemic control in diabetics.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.99-107
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• 1998

Numerous studies have demonstrated a negative association between cigarette smoking and Parkinson's disease. The present study was undertaken to investigate whether chronic exposure of mice to cigarette smoke a(footed the metabolism of 1-methyl-1113,6-tetrahydro-pyridine (MPTP) by cytochrome P4SO (P-450) or flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) in the hepatic microsomes of C57BL6/J mice. Adult male C57BL6/J mice were exposed to mainstream smoke generated from 15 cigarettes for 10 min a day and 5 day per week for 6 weeks. MPTP (10 mg/kg body weight) was administered to mice by subcutaneous injection for 6 consecutive days. Microsolnal P-450 content was increased by MPTP, smoke exposure, or both, but NADPH cytochrome P-450 reductase activity was rather decreased by the same treatments. The activities of benzo(a)pyrene hydroxylase, 7-ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase and ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase were significantly increased by the exposure of cigarette smoke, but were not or little affected by MPTP treatment. Benzphetamine N-demethylase activity was not affected either by MPTP treatment or by cigarette smoke exposure, but it was significantly increased by the combined MPTP treatment with cigarette smoke exposure, showing their synergic effect for the induction of the enzyme activity. Interestingly, in vitro studies of hepatic FMO and P-450 system both O-oxygenation and N-demethylation of MPTP were increased in the smoke-exposed or in the MPTP-treated mice. These results suggest that the enhancement in the N-demethylation as well as O-deethylation of P-450 system and in the N-oxygenation of FMO activity by cigarette smoke exposure in mouse liver may contribute to attenuating the neurotoxic effects of MPTP on the nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.730-739
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• 2022

Objective: This study investigated the effects of dietary n-6:n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratio on growth performance, blood indexes, tissue fatty acid composition and the gene expression in finishing pigs. Methods: Seventy-two crossbred ([Duroc×Landrace]×Yorkshire) barrows (68.5±1.8 kg) were fed one of four isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diets with n-6:n-3 PUFA ratios of 2:1, 3:1, 5:1, and 8:1. Results: Average daily gain, average daily feed intake and gain-to-feed ratio had quadratic responses but the measurements were increased and then decreased (quadratic, p<0.05). The concentrations of serum triglyceride, total cholesterol and interleukin 6 were linearly increased (p<0.05) with increasing of dietary n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio, while that of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol tended to decrease (p = 0.062), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol:low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and leptin concentration were linearly decreased (p<0.05). The concentration of serum adiponectin had a quadratic response but the measurement was decreased and then increased (quadratic, p<0.05). The proportion of C18:3n-3 was linearly decreased (p<0.05) in the longissimus thoracis (LT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCAT) as dietary n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio increasing, while the proportion of C18:2n-6 and n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio were linearly increased (p<0.05). In addition, the expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and lipoprotein lipase in the LT and SCAT, and adipocyte fatty acid binding protein and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) in the SCAT had quadratic responses but the measurements were increased and then decreased (quadratic, p<0.05). The expression of HSL in the LT was linearly decreased (p<0.05) with increasing of dietary n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio. Conclusion: Dietary n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio could regulate lipid and fatty acid metabolism in blood and tissue. Reducing dietary n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio (3:1) could appropriately suppress expression of related genes in PPARγ signaling, and result in improved growth performance and n-3 PUFA deposition in muscle and adipose tissue in finishing pigs.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.100-118
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• 2002

This study was to investigate the effect of long-term high intensity endurance training on the activation of antioxidation enzyme activity, lipid peroxidation and lipoprotein metabolism. 15 subjects were divided into, endurance exercise + antioxidation Vitamin supplement(n=5), endurance exercise(n=5), and the control(n=5) groups. The endurance exercise groups(endurance exercise + antioxidation Vitamin supplement and endurance exercise) had 12 week of endurance exercise program. The antioxidation Vitamin supplement group was taken a Vitamin C tablet with 1000mg/day and Vitamin E tablet with 671.14mg/day right after lunch. The results obtained from this study were as follows; 1. Looking at the changes of SOD, Endurance exercise+antioxidation Vitamin supplement group and endurance exercise groups showed the significantly greater decrease in the activation of SOD after 12 weeks of all-out exercise. 2. Looking at the changes of CAT, Endurance exercise+antioxidation Vitamin supplement group revealed subjects tended to increase CAT after all-out exercise although statistically non-significant. Endurance exercise+antioxidation Vitamin supplement group showed the significantly greater increase in the activation of CAT after 12 weeks treatment for all-out exercise. 3. Looking at the changes of GPX, Endurance exercise+antioxidation Vitamin supplement group revealed subjects tended to increase GPX for the rest and after all-out exercise although statistically non-significant. Endurance exercise+antioxidation Vitamin supplement group showed the significantly greater increase in the activation of GPX after 12 weeks treatment for all-out exercise. 4. The MDA change showed the significant decrease after 6 weeks, after 12 weeks for the all-out exercise of Endurance exercise + antioxidation Vitamin supplement group. 5. There was non-significant change in lipoprotein metabolism for the rest and after all-out exercise.