• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.210-216
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• 1987

A computer program written to predict blast occurrence based on micro climatic events was developed and tested as an on-site microcomputer in field plots in 1984 and 1985. A microcomputer unit operating on alkaline batteries; continuously monitored air temperature, leaf wetness, and relative humidity; interpreted the microclimate information in relation to rice blast development and displayed daily values (0-8) of blast units of severity (BUS). Cumulative daily BUS values (CBUS) were highly correlated with blast development on the two susceptible cultivars, M-201 and Brazos grown in field plots. When CBUS values were used to predict the logit of disease proportions, the average coefficients of determination $(R^2)$ between these two factors were 71 to $91\%$, depending on cultivar and year. This was a significant improvement when compared to 61 to $79\%$ when days were used as a predictor of logit disease severity. The ability of CBUS to predict logit disease severity was slightly less with Brazos than M-201. This is significant inasmuch as Brazos showed field resistance at mid-sea­son. The results in this study indicate that the model has the potential for future use and that the model could be improved by incorporating other variables associated with host plants and pathogen races in addition to the key environmental variables.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.364-373
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• 2009

We evaluated stream health, based on integrative approaches of qualitative habitat evaluation index (QHEI), chemical water quality and the index of biological integrity (IBI) using fish assemblages in Daejeon Stream during August 2004 - October 2007. The QHEI values in this study averaged 78.2 (n=28, range: 47$\sim$124), indicating "fair" condition based on the criteria of US EPA (1993). The highest value was in the headwater site (S1) that was 112 (good), whereas the value in S3, mid and downstream was SS (fair-poor) that was the lowest owing to a disturbance on the bed and an artificial bank. Concentrations of chemical parameters such as BOD, TP and conductivity increased from the upstream to the downstream due to higher inputs of organic matters and nutrients from the urban area. Conductivity and TP showed a dilution of stream water by rainwater during summer monsoon. Analysis of fish compositions showed that total number of species was 24 and Zacco platypus was predominated (82%). The mean IBI was 17 (range: 12$\sim$30) during four years and the IBI values also decreased from S1 to S4. These results indicated that ecological health was degradated distinctly as the stream goes down through the city-center. We concluded that Daejeon Stream running through the city are influenced by chemical impact such as an influx of domestic sewage as well as the quality of habitat.

• Proceedings of the Mineralogical Society of Korea Conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.10-10
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• 2003

일라이트-스멕타이트 혼합층광물(I-S)은 열역학적으로 상호 대립적인 두 가지 모델로 이해되고 있다. 첫째, MacEwan 결정자 모델은 I-S를 5-20개의 스멕타이트와 일라이트 층으로 구성된 결정자로 해석한다. 이러한 모델은 분산과 재응집 과정을 기초로 하는 X-선 회절분석(XRD)에서 기인한 것으로 Reynolds의 XRD 모델과 동일하다. 둘째, 기본입자 모델은 I-S를 물리적으로 분리될 수 있는 최소 입자인 기본입자가 $c^{*-}$축 방향으로 응집된 응집체로 해석한다. 이러한 모델은 분산 과정을 기초로 하는 주사전자현미경(TEM) 관찰에서 기인한 모델이다. 강일모 등(2002)은 이 두 가지 모델을 비교함으로써 1< $N_{F}$<100/% $S_{XRD}$ ( $N_{F}$=평균 기본입자 층개수, %$S_{XRD}$=XRD 분석을 통하여 측정된 팽창성)을 도출하였다. 이 식은 기본입자모델과 Eberl & Srodon(1988)이 제시한 최대 팽창성(%$S_{MAX}$)을 동시에 해석할 수 있게 해준다. %$S_{MAX}$는 XRD 모델에서는 고려하지 않는 I-S 결정자 상$\cdot$하부에 존재하는 두 개의 0.5nm 규산염층을 하나의 스멕타이트 층으로 간주하여 얻어진 팽창성이다. Srodon et al.(1992)은 %$S_{MAX}$=100/ $N_{F}$을 제시하였으며, 강일모 등(2002)은 %$S_{MAX}$는 기하학적으로 기본입자가 무한적층을 하였을 때 관찰되는 %$S_{XRD}$와 동일함을 밝힌 바 있다. 만약, XRD 분석을 위한 시료 준비과정에서 I-S 결정자가 분산되었다가 재응집을 한다면, XRD에서 관찰되는 결과는 일차적으로 기본입자의 적층성에 영향을 받게 된다. 따라서, 기본 입자의 적층성은 XRD 분석을 이용하여 I-S 구조를 해석하는데 매우 중요한 요인이다. 본 연구는 기본입자의 적층성을 정량화하기 위해 %$S_{XRD}$=A/ $N_{F}$ (0$S_{MAX}$=100/ $N_{F}$로부터 얼마나 벗어나 있는가는 지시해 준다 금성산화산암복합체에서 산출되는 11개 I-S 시료와 14개의 Drits et al.(1998) 자료로부터 1nA=-0.14 $N_{F}$+4.7의 실험식을 도출할 수 있었으며, 기본입자의 적층성은 일차적으로 기본입자의 두께에 의해 영향을 받는 것으로 관찰되었다. Nadeau(1985)는 기본입자두께분포로부터 I-S 결정자의 팽창성을 측정하기 위하여 Ps=$\Sigma$p(N)/N을 제시하였다(Ps=스멕타이트 층 비율, N=기본 입자 층개수, p(N)=N의 확율). 그러나 위식은 실질적으로 %$S_{MAX}$를 제공해주기 때문에 %$S_{XRD}$를 유추하는데는 부적합하다. 본 연구는 이를 변형하여 Ps=$\Sigma$p(N)A(N)/N을 제시하였다(A(N)=N에 대한 A값). 위의 실험식을 사용하여 헝가리산 Zempleni 시료(15%$S_{XRD}$)의 기본입자분포로부터 %$S_{XRD}$를 계산한 결과, 16%$S_{XRD}$의 결과값을 얻을 수 있었다. 따라서, 본 연구에서 도출한 관계식들이 유효함을 확인할 수 있었다.계식들이 유효함을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.640-658
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to examine the mechanism of improving acid resistance of Nd-YAG laser irradiated tooth enamel and determine the most effective energy density for improving acid resistance. The bovine tooth enamel were lased with a pulsed Nd-YAG laser. The energy densities of exposed laser beam were varied from 10 to $70\;J/cm^2$. To investigate the degree of improving acid resistance by irradiation, all the samples were submerged to demineralize in 0.5 N $HClO_4$ solution for 1 minute. After 1 minute, 0.05 % $LaCl_3$ was added to the solution for interrupting the demineralization reaction. The amounts of dissolved calcium and phosphate in the solution were measured by using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer and the UV/VIS spectrophotometer, respectively. To examine the mechanism of improving acid resistance, X-ray diffraction analysis, infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy were taken. The X-ray diffraction pattern of the samples were obtained in the $10^{\circ}{\sim}80^{\circ}2{\theta}$ range with $Cu-K{\alpha}$ radiation using M18HF(Mac Science Co.) with X-ray diffractometer operating at 40 KV and 300 mA. The infra-red spectra of the ground samples in 300 mg KBr pellets 10 mm diameter were obtained in the $4000cm^{-1}\;to\;400cm^{-1}$ range using JASCO 300E spectrophotometer. The scanning electron microscopy was carried out using JSM6400(JEOL Co.) with $500{\sim}2000$ times magnification. The results were as follow 1. The concentration of calcium dissolved from laser irradiated enamel with $50J/cm^2$ was significantly lesser than that of unlased control group (p<0.05) 2. From the result of the X-ray diffraction analysis, $\beta$-TCP, which increases acid solubility, was identified in lased enamel but the diffraction peaks of (002) and (004) became sharp with increasing energy density of laser irradiation. This means that the crystals in lased samples were grown through the c-axis and subsequently, the acid solubility of enamel decreased. 3. The a-axis parameter was slightly increased by laser irradiation, whereas the c-axis parameter was almost constant except for a little decrease at $50J/cm^2$. 4. In the infra-red spectra of lased enamels, phosphate bands ($600{\sim}500cm^{-1}$), B-carbonate bands (870, $1415{\sim}1455cm^{-1}$), and A-carbonate band ($1545cm^{-1}$) were observed. The amounts of phosphate bands and the B-carbonate bands were reduced, on the other hand, the amount of the A-carbonate band was increased by increase the energy density. 5. The SEM experiments reveal that the surface melting and recrystallization were appeared at $30J/cm^2$ and the cracks were observed at $70J/cm^2$. From above results, It may be suggested that the most effective energy density for improving acid resistance of tooth enamel with the irradiation of Nd-YAG laser was $50J/cm^2$. The mechanism of improving acid resistance were reduction of permeability due to surface melting and recrystallization of lased enamel and reduction of acid solubility of enamel due to decrease of carbonate content and growth of crystal.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.261-268
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• 2004

Background : The resurgence of tuberculosis and outbreaks of multidrug resistant (MDR) tuberculosis have increased the emphasis for the development of new susceptibility testing of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis for the effective treatment and control of the disease. Conventional drug susceptibility testings, such as those using egg-based or agar-based media have some limits, such as the time required and difficulties in determining critical inhibitory concentrations, but these are still being used in many diagnostic laboratories because of no better lternatives, considering cost and accuracy. To overcome these limits, a rapid and simple method for new susceptibility testing, using live and dead assays, was applied for a bacterial cell viability assay to distinguish dead from live bacterial cells based on two-color fluorescence. Materials and Methods Strains : Forty strains were used in this study, 20 susceptible to all antituberculosis drugs and the other 20 resistant to the four first line antituberculosis drugs isoniazid, rifampicin, streptomycin and ethambutol. Antibiotics : The four antibiotics were dissolved in 7H9 broth to make the following solutions: $0.1{\mu}g\;isoniazid(INH)/m{\ell}$, $0.4{\mu}g\;rifampicin(RMP)/m{\ell}$, $4.0{\mu}g\;streptomycin(SM)/m{\ell}$ and $4.0{\mu}g\;ethambutol(EMB)/m{\ell}$. Results : Live and dead Mycobacterium tuberculosis cells fluoresced green and red with the acridin (Syto 9) and propidium treatments, respectively. These results are very well accorded with conventional drug susceptibility testing by proportional method on Lowensen-Jensen media (L-J) containing 4 drugs (INH, RMP, EMB and SM), showing a 93.7 % accordance rate in susceptible strains and 95% in resistant strains. Conclusion : The results of the drug susceptibility testing using the live and dead bacterial cell assay showed high accordance rates compared with the conventional proportion method on L-J. This finding suggests that the live and dead bacterial cell assay can be used as an alternative to conventional drug susceptibility testing for M. tuberculosis strains.