• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제39권5호
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• pp.226-234
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• 2022

To evaluate butorphanol and tramadol as adjuvants to lidocaine in dogs undergoing mandibular nerve block. Fifteen beagles were allocated to groups based on the following treatments: lidocaine alone (L group), lidocaine + butorphanol (LB group), or lidocaine + tramadol (LT group). After mandibular nerve block with opioids as an adjunct to local anesthetics, the onset time, duration of action, and depth of anesthesia were evaluated using a quantitative method through neuromuscular blockades (NMBs) monitoring. The onset time of nerve block was 4.60 ± 2.06 min, 2.00 ± 0.00 min, and 2.60 ± 1.62 min in the L, LB, and LT groups, respectively; however, there was no statistically significant difference. The duration of nerve block was 111.88 ± 34.78 min, 302.00 ± 76.72 min, and 260.40 ± 49.88 min in the L, LB, and LT groups, respectively, with a significant difference between L and LB groups. The LB group demonstrated a more profound depth of anesthesia compared to the L and LT groups. In this study, using a quantitative method through NMBs monitoring, it was demonstrated that lidocaine and butorphanol in combination can increase the duration of nerve block and more profound the depth of anesthesia rather than lidocaine alone. Additionally, the combined use of lidocaine and opioids presented an objective indicator that could provide a more clinically stable nerve block.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.421-427
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• 2013

개의 마취를 위해 많은 주사용 마취제를 사용하고 있으며, 그 부작용을 줄이기 위하여 다양한 약물을 병용하여 사용한다. 본 실험은 개에서 tiletamine-zolazepam-medetomidine과 함께 butorphanol 또는 tramadol을 병용투여 하여 마취효과 및 심폐기능에 미치는 효과를 비교하였다. 임상적으로 건강한 중성화 하지 않은 10 마리의 수컷 비글견 (체중: 평균 $9.5{\pm}1.60$ kg)을 사용하였다. 실험군은 BZM군과 TZM군으로 나누었으며, BZM군은 0.2 mg/kg의 butorphanol과 tiletamine (2.5 mg/kg)-zolazepam (2.5 mg/kg)-medetomidine (10 ${\mu}g/kg$)의 혼합용액을 0.1 ml/kg의 용량으로 투여하였다. TZM군에서는 2 mg/kg의 tramadol과 동량의 혼합용액을 투여하였다. 모든 주사는 근육 내로 투여하였다. 마취유도 및 회복시간, 진정 및 진통점수, 심박수, 혈압, 직장온도 및 호흡수를 측정하였으며 동맥혈액가스분석을 실시하였다. 마취유도시간과 회복시간에는 BZM과 TZM군간 유의성은 없었으며, 두 군간 마취시간은 BZM군 ($117.4{\pm}25.64$ minutes)이 TZM군 ($81.2{\pm}12.50$ minutes)보다 유의성 있게 길었다. 진정 및 진통은 BZM군과 TZM군 두 군 모두에서 만족스러운 결과를 얻었다. 심박수는 투여 후 20분부터 두 군 모두에서 유의성 있게 감소하였으며 군간 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 두 군에서 혈압과 직장온도는 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 호흡수는 TZM 군에서 투여 후 30분에 BZM군보다 유의적인 증가를 나타내었다. 동맥산소분압($PaO_2$) 및 동맥산소포화도($SaO_2$)는 군 간 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 본 실험 결과를 바탕으로 개에서 butorphanol-tiletamine-zolazepam-medetomidine 및 tramadol-tiletaminezolazepam-medetomidine 병용마취는 만족할만한 마취효과를 얻을 수 있었으며 심폐기능에 큰 영향을 미치지 않았으므로, 단 시간의 마취가 필요한 진단 또는 가벼운 수술에 효과적으로 적용될 수 있을 것으로 생각한다.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.419-421
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• 2007

15년령의 중성화한 퍼그견이 거위울음소리 같은 기침 때문에 내원 하였다. 본 환축은 임상증상과 방사선 검사를 이용하여 기관지허탈로 진단하였다. 환축의 치료를 위하여 폐수(BL13), 중부(LU01), 척택(LU05), 공최(LU06), 열결(LU07), 태연(LU09) 및 천돌(CV22)에 10일간 butorphanol 약침을 실시하였으며, BL13, LU01 및 CV22에 9일간 butorphanol 약침을 추가로 실시하였다. 본 환축은 소청용탕(小靑龍湯)을 7일간 투여 받았으며, 소자강기탕(蘇子降氣湯)을 12일간 추가로 투여 받았다. 치료 후 환축은 기침을 하지 않았으며, 기관치의 직경이 방사선 사진에서 치료전보다 증가해 있었다. 3개월 후 정기 진단 시 기침은 전혀 관찰되지 않았으며, 기관지의 직경은 치료 후보다 더욱 증가해있었다. 결론적으로 본 환축은 butorphanol의 약침과 한약제의 병행으로 양호한 치료반응을 나타낸 개 기관지허탈 증례이었다.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.46-50
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• 2001

Background: Ondansetron is both a central and peripheral serotonin (5HT) receptor antagonist and droperidol is a dopaminergic blocking drug which acts centrally at the chemoreceptor trigger zone. We assessed the efficacy and adverse effects of ondansetron, droperidol or both, in the prevention of postoperative emesis during postoperative intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) using butorphanol and ketorolac medication. Methods: We studied 60 women, aged 25-60 yrs, who underwent total abdominal hysterectomy (TAH), under general anesthesia using $N_2O-O_2$-enflurane. A bolus dose of 1 mg of butorphanol and 4 mg of ondansetron were given to patients and thereafter, PCA was started using 10 mg of butorphanol and 240 mg of ketorolac mixed into the 5% D/W solution (total volume; 100 ml, 1 ml of bolus dose, and 10 min of lockout interval). We also added ondansetron 4 mg (Group O, n = 20), ondansetron 4 mg and droperidol 2.5 mg (Group OD, n = 20), or droperidol 2.5 mg (Group D, n = 20) to the PCA drug. The severity of pain, nausea, vomiting, sedation and other side effects were assessed at 0, 1, 2, 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 hr after awakening. Results: There was no difference in the incidence of nausea and vomiting between the three group [Group O: 4 (20%) and 3 (15%), respectively; Group OD: 1 (5%) and 1 (5%), respectively; Group D: 3 (15%) and 3 (15%), respectively]. Group O showed a lower sedation score than the other groups (P < 0.05). The pain score and other side effects did not show any difference between the groups. Conclusions: The combination of ondansetron and droperidol showed no clinical benefit compared with ondansetron or droperidol alone for prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting during postoperative PCA using butorphanol and ketorolac.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2002

The mucoadhesive characteristics of [P(AA-co-PEGMM)] films by estimating the glass transition temperature $(T_g)$, analyzing surface energy and studying FT-IR was previously reported. In this study, the possibility of buccal mucoadhesive dosage form of [P(AA-co-PEGMM)] films by mucoadhesive force measurements and dissolution tests were also investigated. Mucoadhesiveness of [P(AA-co-PEGMM)] films was compared with cr-PAA and cr-PEGMM films crosslinked with 3% ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA). The buccal mucoadhesive force of [P(AA-co-PEGMM)] films increased with increasing content of PEGMM. [P{AA-co-PEGMM (18 mole%)}] films showed a significantly greater mucoadhesiveness than cr-PAA and cr-PEGMM films. The mucoadhesive force measured in normal saline (pH 5.0) was higher than that measured in phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) because of the pH dependence of hydrogels with carboxyl ions within the PAA. Moreover, the mucoadhesive force of [P{AA-co-PEGMM (18 mole%)}] films was at maximum after 2 hr attachment of buccal mocosa and it was maintained over $1\;N/cm^2$ for up to 10 hr. In dissolution studies, the release of butorphanol tartrate from [P(AA-co-PEGMM)] films increased with increasing PEGMM content, and films prepared with 18 mole% PEGMM gave almost zero order release kinetics.

• 한국임상수의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국임상수의학회 2007년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.133-133
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• 2007

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.674-678
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• 2010

Medetomdine의 투여가 흰쥐의 진통과 진정효과에 미치는 영향에 대하여 평가하였다. 실험동물은 생리식염수 1 ml/kg 투여군 (group 'Saline'), butorphanol, 2.0 mg/kg 투여군 (group 'BUT'), medetomidine, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 or 1.6 mg/kg 투여군 (각각 group 'MED0.2', 'MED0.4', 'MED0.8' and 'MED1.6') 등 6개의 실험군으로 나누어졌다. 진통효과는 $50^{\circ}C$ hot-water tail-flick latency test로 측정하였고, 진정효과는 numerical sedation score (NSS)와 정위반사 (righting reflex)로 평가하였다. MED0.2군을 제외한 모든 medetomidine 투여군들이 Saline군에 비해 유의적인 진통효과의 증가를 보였다. MED0.2군과 비교할 때 MED0.4와 MED0.8군은 유의적인 진통효과의 상승을 보였으나, MED1.6군은 유의적인 변화를 보이지 않았다. BUT군과 모든 medetomidine 투여군은 진통효과에서 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. Saline과 butorphanol의 투여는 진정효과와 정위반사의 소실을 유발하지 않았다. Medetomidine의 투여 용량의 증가는 진정효과를 증가시켰다. MED0.2군과 비교할 때 MED0.4, MED0.8과 MED1.6군의 NSS가 유의적으로 증가하였으나, MED0.4군에 비해서는 MED0.8과 MED1.6군이 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 정위반사의 소실 시간은 MED0.2군에 비해 MED0.8과 MED1.6군이 유의적으로 감소하였다. 본 실험의 결과로 볼 때, 흰쥐에서 medetomidine 0.4에서 0.8 mg/kg 이내의 용량을 복강내 투여할 때 신뢰할 수 있는 진통효과와 진정효과를 동시에 얻을 수 있으며, 따라서 흰쥐의 진정, 진통 및 화학적 보정 목적에 적절한 용량임을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.350-353
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• 2014

A 13-year-old, castrated male, Shih Tzu dog with a history of acute ataxia was referred to veterinary medical teaching hospital and anesthetized for diagnostic magnetic resonance imaging of cervical intervertebral disk disease. After preanesthetic evaluation including physical examination, blood chemistry, radiography and ultrasound, the patient was premedicated with intravenous butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg). Anesthesia was induced by intravenous propofol (6 mg/kg) and maintained with isoflurane at 1.2 minimal alveolar concentrations. Because the mean arterial pressure (MAP) decreased from 70 to 58 mmHg at 70 minutes after induction, dobutamine was administered by constant rate infusion ($5{\mu}g/kg/min$) to treat hypotension. However MAP did not increase, and heart rate rapidly decreased from 100 to 55 beats per minute (bpm). To treat bradycardia, intravenous glycopyrrolate ($5{\mu}g/kg$) was administered, and heart rate increased to 165 bpm. After extubation of endotracheal tube, the patient showed normal recovery without any problems related to cardiovascular system. Unexpected dobutamine-induced bradycardia was considered as Bezold-Jarisch reflex. It is recommended that clinicians know and prepare the possibility of bradycardia during dobutamine therapy under general anesthesia.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.40-45
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• 2011

Cardiovascular changes caused by $CO_2$ pneumoperitoneum during laparoscopic ovariohysterectomy (LOVH) were measured in nine healthy mixed breed dogs ($16.7{\pm}4.6kg$). The dogs were premedicated with the combination of atropine, acepromazine, and butorphanol. General anesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. Controlled ventilation maintained partial pressure of end-tidal $CO_2$ between 35-45 mmHg. The $CO_2$ pneumoperitoneum was maintained at a constant pressure of 12 mmHg and the dog was placed in the $15^{\circ}$ Trendelenburg position as LOVH was performed. Dorsal pedal artery was catheterized for measurements of heart rate (HR) and invasive arterial blood pressure (IBP). Prior to the intraperitoneal insufflation, baseline measurements of HR and IBP were made every minute for a total of 10 min. Then, measurements of HR and IBP were made every 5 min following intraperitoneal insufflation and were also made every 5 min following desufflation for a total of 10 min. The $CO_2$ pneumoperitoneum during LOVH resulted in a significant (P < 0.05) increase in systolic arterial blood pressure at the time of the onset of insufflation. In addition, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure increased significantly (P < 0.05) at the time of the onset of insufflation and 5 min following insufflation. The mean heart rate did not change significantly during LOVH. Although IBP showed sharp initial rise following the $CO_2$ pneumoperitoneum, the changes were within physiological acceptable limits in these healthy, ventilated dogs.