• 제목/요약/키워드: Burial method

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Probabilistic analysis of tunnel collapse: Bayesian method for detecting change points

  • Zhou, Binghua;Xue, Yiguo;Li, Shucai;Qiu, Daohong;Tao, Yufan;Zhang, Kai;Zhang, Xueliang;Xia, Teng
    • Geomechanics and Engineering
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    • 제22권4호
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    • pp.291-303
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    • 2020
  • The deformation of the rock surrounding a tunnel manifests due to the stress redistribution within the surrounding rock. By observing the deformation of the surrounding rock, we can not only determine the stability of the surrounding rock and supporting structure but also predict the future state of the surrounding rock. In this paper, we used grey system theory to analyse the factors that affect the deformation of the rock surrounding a tunnel. The results show that the 5 main influencing factors are longitudinal wave velocity, tunnel burial depth, groundwater development, surrounding rock support type and construction management level. Furthermore, we used seismic prospecting data, preliminary survey data and excavated section monitoring data to establish a neural network learning model to predict the total amount of deformation of the surrounding rock during tunnel collapse. Subsequently, the probability of a change in deformation in each predicted section was obtained by using a Bayesian method for detecting change points. Finally, through an analysis of the distribution of the change probability and a comparison with the actual situation, we deduced the survey mark at which collapse would most likely occur. Surface collapse suddenly occurred when the tunnel was excavated to this predicted distance. This work further proved that the Bayesian method can accurately detect change points for risk evaluation, enhancing the accuracy of tunnel collapse forecasting. This research provides a reference and a guide for future research on the probability analysis of tunnel collapse.

전주 마전유적 출토 목관재의 수종식별 및 연륜연대 분석 (Species Identification and Tree-Ring Dating of Coffin Woods Excavated at Ma-Jeon Relic in Jeonju, Korea)

  • 박원규;윤두형;박수현
    • Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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    • 제34권6호
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    • pp.12-20
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    • 2006
  • 전주 마전 유적에서 출토된 회곽묘 1기에 사용된 목재의 수종 식별과 연륜연대 분석을 하였다. 수종 식별 결과, 관재는 모두 소나무속중 소나무류 (적송류)로 동정되었다. 7개의 관재로부터 총 24점의 관편에 대한 연륜연대 분석결과, 6개에 대한 연대를 부여할 수 있었다. 횡대에 쓰인 관재는 수피를 그대로 간직하고 있고 마지막 나이테가 만재까지 완전히 형성되어 있어 1637년 가을에서 1638년 봄 사이에 벌채된 목재로 관을 제작하였음을 알 수 있었다. 다만 벌채후 건조, 저장 기간으로 인하여 연륜연대와 관의 제작 및 매장 연도와는 다소 차이가 있을 수 있다.

대형옹관의 제작기법 연구-영산강유역 출토 옹관을 중심으로 (A study on manufacturing technologies of the large-sized jar-coffins exhumed mainly in the Young San river area)

  • 양필승;박철원
    • 보존과학연구
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    • 통권26호
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    • pp.57-75
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    • 2005
  • The burial custom in the Youngsan river area was to build a jar-coffin and lay the body in state, however the methods in building and moulding the massive jar, as well as in which kiln it was made has not been examined precisely. Thus, this research not only investigates previous results related to the manufacturing methods of massive jar-coffins, but also examines samples that were excavated and collected. The clay used to produce jar-coffin consists a large portion of unglazed qualities, which was split-moulded from the bottom up to the mouth area. The interior was finished by applying water, whereas the exterior was decorated by regularly pasting or stamping in parallel with a lattice design. It can be presumed that the finished jar-coffin was not moved, but the ceiling and walls were built around it as a kiln, for the jar-coffin to be oxidized or to reduce the flame condition in a temperature approximately $700~1,200^{\circ}C$The results from the research, however, show limitations to exploit the exact manufacturing method, therefore there is a need for in-depth examinations: mineralogical investigation on a large amount of jar-coffin samples through a polarized light microscope; substance analysis using various equipments; speculation on the temperature in the place of production and the flame inside.

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조선 시대 인골로부터 분리한 미생물의 유전학적 특성연구 - 김포 장기지구 토광묘 출토 인골을 중심으로 (Genetic Characterization of microorganism from Human Remains in the Joseon Period)

  • 조은민;강소영;권은실;지상현
    • 보존과학연구
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    • 통권31호
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    • pp.69-77
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    • 2010
  • Preservation of artifacts that are excavated from archeological sites is closely related to soil environment. Biological remains are especially influenced by degradation activity of microorganism from soil environment. In this study a preserved human bone in archaeological tomb, Tou-kwang-myo from Joseon Period was analyzed to characterize bacteria groups by molecular genetic tools using 16S rDNA sequences. 117 clones were identified and classified 9 phylogenetic groups : ${\alpha}$-, ${\beta}$-, ${\gamma}$-, ${\delta}$-Proteobacteria, Sphingobacteria, Clostridia, Actinobacteridae, Nitrospiraceae, and Gemmatimonadetes according to homologous 16S rDNA sequences submitted in NCBI. ${\gamma}$-Proteobacteria group appears the highest ratio in bones (about 35%) while about 19.6% belong to the Actinobacteria group. The results may contribute to study on the effect of microorganisms on the human remains with burial method.

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화장장(火葬場)의 건축계획에 관한 실태조사 연구 - 전라북도지역을 중심으로 - (A Study on the investigation research for architectural plan about Crematory Facilities - focused on the Jeollabuk-do area -)

  • 이덕용
    • 한국농촌건축학회논문집
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    • 제13권4호
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    • pp.125-132
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    • 2011
  • End of all living subjects which are a dead the low of meaning is word. Also is a funeral and in compliance with from the customary family formality of the Chu Hsi generally at in the ceremonial occasions and alias that calls says. The human being went without question a all ages and countries and many and in order to extend the time endeavored came. Received with the fact which is not the possibility the dead avoiding finally came to admit, that was afraid and comfort the methods for appeared. This annular lifestyle rises prays the peace of future life with the method for the shop custom in even modern age to make the funeral culture be located which is general, becomes and there is a possibility of seeing with the cause which is biggest. Our country ceremonial occasions from past undergoes the influence of China on a large scale in here and comes but there is a possibility seeing with the one kind cause that to Korea time the Confucianism ideology overflows specially in the national whole.

납골당 계획에 관한 사례조사 연구 (A Case Study on the Planning of Charnel House)

  • 손계중;김영훈
    • 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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    • 제13호
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    • pp.72-77
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    • 1997
  • The funeral and grave system in Korea has issued that our country will become a grave. This is a result of being in favor of the funeral and grave process of burial based on long time traditions and customs. The government is allowing construction and use of charnels on a large scale in order to improve this system after analyzing the problems of the current grave system; However, those results are very few and slight because the image of existing charnels have been regarded as abomination utilities and it has been projected not to be closed to the public easily. In this stduy, we first looked at these problems using sample research and analysis. Second, we made comparisons and analysis to suggest solutions in the projecting method and feature of those spaces by carrying out a sample research project. This project was based on 3 of the biggest charnels built recently, which are out of the 54 charnels in Korea. After assaying the image according to the interior designing elements, and then proposing various several alternatives, we would like to tell how to build the future-oriented and opened charnels as the purpose of this study. Therefore, when projecting charnels, we would like to suggest the alternative solution that diminishes abomonation and closeness in the interior of the charnel through the designing consideration and increases the usage of this building by inducing traditional limitations and maintaining vertical dignity and piety by making the central axis adapting to the nature.

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포항지역에서 산출되는 스멕타이트의 층전하 특성 (Layer Charge Characteristics of Smectite from the Pohang Area)

  • 이규호;고재홍;문희수
    • 자원환경지질
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    • 제28권4호
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    • pp.315-326
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    • 1995
  • The layer charge characteristics of smectites from the Tertiary basins in the Pohang area have been studied in detail using the alkyl-ammonium method. On the basis of layer charges, the smectite in the Pobang area can be classed as normal and high-charge (hc) smectite. The layer charge of the normal smectite averages 0.3, and ranges from 0.25 to 0.38/half unit cell. The hc-smectite collapses on K-saturation to become illite-like material and shows $10{\AA}$-series reflections on X-ray diffraction. The layer charge of the he-smectite ranges from 0.5 to 1. The layer cbarges of the Pohang smectite are in general heterogeneous. The layer charges distribute between 0.21 and 0.45, and the most frequent layer charge is 0.30~0.32. The layer charge and the layer charge distribution do not appear to be related to stratification or basins of occurrence. Thus, the layer charge may not have developed as a result of burial. Rather, it may have developed due to heat and hydrothermal solutions associated with volcanic activities. Volcanic sills and dykes are ubiquitous in the region.

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Stress Distribution of Buried Concrete Pipe Under Various Environmental Conditions

  • Lee, Janggeun;Kang, Jae Mo;Ban, Hoki;Moon, Changyeul
    • 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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    • 제17권12호
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    • pp.65-72
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    • 2016
  • There are numerous factors that affect stress distribution in a buried pipe, such as the shape, size, and stiffness of the pipe, its burial depth, and the stiffness of the surrounding soil. In addition, the pipe can benefit from the soil arching effect to some extent, through which the overburden and surcharge pressure at the crown can be carried by the adjacent soil. As a result, the buried pipe needs to support only a portion of the load that is not transferred to the adjacent soil. This paper presents numerical efforts to investigate the stress distribution in the buried concrete pipe under various environmental conditions. To that end, a nonlinear elasto-plastic model for backfill materials was implemented into finite element software by a user-defined subroutine (user material, or UMAT) to more precisely analyze the soil behavior surrounding a buried concrete pipe subjected to surface loading. In addition, three different backfill materials with a native soil were selected to examine the material-specific stress distribution in pipe. The environmental conditions considering in this study the loading effect and void effects were investigated using finite element method. The simulation results provide information on how the pressures are redistributed, and how the buried concrete pipe behaves under various environmental conditions.

Effect of Corynebacterium glutamicum on Livestock Material Burial Treatment

  • Kim, Bit-Na;Cho, Ho-Seong;Cha, Yougin;Park, Joon-Kyu;Kim, Geonha;Kim, Yang-Hoon;Min, Jiho
    • Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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    • 제26권8호
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    • pp.1404-1408
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    • 2016
  • In recent years, foot-and-mouth disease has occurred in all parts of the world. The animals with the disease are buried in the ground; therefore, their concentration could affect ground or groundwater. Moreover, the complete degradation of carcasses is not a certainty, and their disposal is important to prevent humans, livestock, and the environment from being affected with the disease. The treatment of Corynebacterium glutamicum is a feasible method to reduce the risk of carcass decomposition affecting humans or the environment. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of C. glutamicum on the soil environment with a carcass. The composition of amino acids in the soil treated with C. glutamicum was generally higher than those in the untreated soil. Moreover, the plant root in the soil samples treated with C. glutamicum had 84.0% amino acids relative to the standard value and was similar to that of the control. The results of this study suggest the possibility to reduce the toxicity of a grave land containing animals with this disease.

Simplified analytical solution of tunnel cross section under oblique incident SH wave in layered ground

  • Huifang Li;Mi Zhao;Jingqi Huang;Weizhang Liao;Chao Ma
    • Earthquakes and Structures
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    • 제24권1호
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    • pp.65-79
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    • 2023
  • A simplified analytical solution for seismic response of tunnel cross section in horizontally layered ground subjected to oblique incidence of SH wave is deduced in this paper. The proposed analytical solution consists of two main steps: free-field response in layered field and tunnel response. The free field responses of the layered ground are obtained by one-dimensional finite element method in time domain. The tunnel lining is treated as a thick-wall cylinder to calculate the tunnel response, which subject to free field stress. The analytical solutions are verified by comparing with the dynamic numerical results of two-dimensional ground-lining interaction analysis under earthquake in some common situations, which have a good agreement. Then, the appropriate range of the proposed analytical solution is analyzed, considering the height of the layered ground, the wavelength and incident angle of SH wave. Finally, by using the analytical solutions, the effects of the ground material, burial depth of the tunnel, and lining thickness and the slippage effect at the ground-lining interface on the seismic response of tunnels are investigated. The proposed solution could serve as a useful tool for seismic analysis and design of tunnels in layered ground.