• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.106-125
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• 2020

From 1949 to the present day, many Koguryo sites have been excavated, in North Korea. It can also be said that archaeological surveys and studies in North Korea have triggered Koguryo archaeological studies in South Korea. However, since the 1990s, the excavation of Koguryo sites and archaeological research in North Korea has been carried out as an extension of Daedonggang culture. Therefore, these archaeological surveys focused on the Pyongyang and more general northwestern areas of North Korea, and the conclusion was that Koguryo was a powerful nation with a millennium-long history inherited Gojoseon. Beginning in 1945 in North Korea, the archaeological surveys and related systems were organized, and burial mounds, castles, and city remains were excavated under the idea that Koguryo was a millennium-long, strong nation. In addition, archaeological research has been conducted to validate and confirm this belief. On the notion that Koguryo was founded in 277 BCE, it was insisted that the age of the tombs in Pyongyang was increased and Pyongyang took the position as a Vice Capital in the 4^th Century. Recently an excavation of the castle located in Pyongyang supports the idea that Koguryo inherited Gojoseon on a layered basis. However, the archaeological and conceptual grounds for the founding of Koguryo in the 3^rd Century BCE or the succession of Gojoseon and Koguryo were insufficient. As can be seen from the reconstruction of the royal tombs of the Dongmyung and Dangun, the archaeological surveys in North Korea were criticized for their selective discoveries and arbitrary interpretations. This further supports the necessity for joint excavations and academic exchanges between South and North Korea.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.19 no.4 s.50
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• pp.311-324
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• 2006

In the Pohang-Gampo area, several diatomite beds occurred in mostly thinner than 1 m are embedded in the Pohang Formation of marine environment and the pyroclastic Eoil Formation. The diatomite from the Eoil Formation is constituting the high-grade ore altered slightly by diagenesis. In contrast, the diatomite intercalated within the upper horizon of the Yeonil Group is comparatively low-grade and highly altered in places. During diagenesis, an increasing of crystallinity of opal, i.e., the original mineral component of diatom, results in ultimately the mineral transition to quartz with accompanying a drastic change in morphology and texture of the altered diatomite. The diagenetic alteration appears to have undergone by way of the chemical diagenesis, which is largely controlled by degree of fluid contact, rather than burial diagenesis. For the diatomite from the Pohang-Gampo area, careful SEM observations, XRD, chemical analyses, and determination of specific surface area were done to identify the fossil species, mineral and chemical composition, and other physical properties in the view of assesment of grade and quality. The domestic diatomite ores are evaluated to be not good in grade and quality, compared to those of famous foreign localities. However, some diatomite deposits of marin,: origin from the Pohang Formation is constituting a peculiar clay-rich type, i.e., moler applicable to the special usage such as a manufacturing of lightweight brick. Because such a diatomite is frequently intercalated relatively as a thicker bed in the upper part of the Yeonil Group, a systematic and careful investigation should be done for the exploitation and development of an economic diatomite deposit of the moler type.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.119-129
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• 2012

Excavated textiles provide very important research data on the costume culture of the Joseon dynasty. In particular, dyed textiles are indispensable for textile conservation research and for restoration of remains as well as for general costume culture research. Unfortunately, a prolonged burial environment causes the colors to change and gradually fade after excavation. Therefore, it is very difficult to identify the original color. In this study, natural dyed samples of red, yellow, purple and blue were prepared and analyzed using HPLC-PDA. Dyes of colorants extracted from excavated textile remains were analyzed by HPLC. In addition, mordants were analyzed using (SEM-EDX) in order to estimate the original color. The 16~17th Century's three samples were analyzed, sample 1, and 2 from Eunjin Song's Song Mun-Chang excavated at the Songchon-dong in Daejeon, and sample 3 from Yeosan Song's Song, Hee-Jong excavated at the Mokdal-dong in Daejeon. From the HPLC results, alizarin, purpurin, and indigo were detected on sample 1, alizarin and purpurin on sample 2, ellagic acid and indigo on sample 3. Therefore they were dyed with madder and indigo (sample 1), madder (sample2), pomagranted and indigo (sample 3). Al mordant was identified on three samples.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.24
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• pp.13-22
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• 2008

The identification of species, hygroscopic property, and ability of ethylene gas absorption of 23 ancient charcoals excavated from wooden coffin burials and roof-tile kilns of Chudong-ri cultural site were investigated. All of the 12 charcoals excavated from wooden coffin burials were broad-leaved trees. Among the total 12 samples, 9 samples were Lepidobalanus and others were Celtis spp.. On the other hand, other 11 charcoals from roof-tile kilns were needle-leaved tree, Pinus spp.(hard pine). The broad-leaved tree charcoals from wooden coffin burials showed a higher moisture absorption capacity than needle-leaved tree charcoals from roof-tile kilns. The ethylene gas absorption was greater in the Lepidobalanus charcoal than that of Celtis spp. and Pinus spp. (hard pine) charcoal. The broad-leaved tree charcoal having high absorption ability of substances was due to a large microporous and specific surface area. Therefore, it was estimated that broad-leaved tree charcoals were filled in order to make favorable condition in tomb. The wood quality of pine is soft and easy to burn because of low specific gravity, as well as high calorific value by resin in wood. We could assume that the pine wood was used as fuel for roof-tile kilns because of easy control of heating and thermal power.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.241-254
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• 2017

The Stone Guardian and Memorial Tablets from the Muryeong Royal Tomb are composed of the same kind of plutonic igneous rocks, the so-called hornblendite. Color of the rocks show greenish gray, and both of them occurred with medium-grained granular texture. The rock-forming minerals composed mainly of amphibole and plagioclase. Magnetic susceptibility of the Stone Guardian is 0.15 to 0.63 (mean $0.42{\times}10^{-3}SI\;unit$), the King's Stone Memorial Tablet is 0.11 to 0.38 (mean $0.24{\times}10^{-3}SI\;unit$) and the Queen's Stone Memorial Tablet ranges from 0.10 to 0.33 (mean $0.18{\times}10^{-3}SI\;unit$). The rocks of the artifacts are hard to find in the Gongju area. Large scaled out crop of hornblendite is not distributed, but found in many places that the form of dike. The lithology and occurrences indicate that the artifacts are made of plutonic rock rather than dike. Reddish brown and pale brown contaminants, are also distributed on the surface of the Stone Guardian and Memorial Tablets. The reddish brown color is due to Fe oxide, and the pale brown color occurs due to the elution of Ca. The reddish brown contaminants are influenced by the internal components of the rock and oxidation of burial iron accessories. In contrast, the pale brown contaminants are considered to have flown from the carbonate materials used in the Royal Tomb, with a little added Fe oxide. Physical and chemical deterioration operate intricately in the Stone Guardian and Memorial Tablets. Physical deterioration is extremely rare and chemical deterioration is stable except for a part of the Stone Guardian and the front of the Queen Stone Memorial Tablet.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.99-111
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• 2014

To verify welfare needs, rural health and environmental factors were compared between agricultural and nonagricultural groups over the past 10 years. Based on a survey of rural life by the Rural Development Administration, whose sample included agricultural (72.8%) and nonagricultural (27.2%) groups, all factors were analyzed using SAS ( 9.3). For rural home heating, the use of oil boilers (77.2%-78.0%) decreased (53.0%-53.7%) over the same period, whereas that of electric boilers increased (21.9% and 13.5% for agricultural and nonagricultural groups, respectively). The joint water- supply increased, and the use of flush toilets (52.4% to 84.5% in the agricultural group and 64.6% to 81.4% in the nonagricultural group) and hot-water bathing was higher in the agricultural group (79% to 92.6%) than in the nonagricultural group (72.2% to 87.6%) at the p<0.001 level. Incineration accounted for the largest portion of household waste until 2006, when it was replaced by other treatment methods such as the pay-per-treatment option (44.4% and 68.3% in the agricultural and nonagricultural groups, respectively) (p<0.001). Garbage disposal in 2001 was mainly burial or animal feed, but separate collection increased in 2010 (42.2% and 64.3% in the agricultural and nonagricultural groups, respectively) (p<0.001). The self-perception of health was lower in the agricultural group than in the nonagricultural group (2.96 to 2.74 on a five-point scale in the agricultural group and 3.07 to 2.98 in the nonagricultural group). Drinking decreased less in the agricultural group (criteria: one point once a week,; 1.48 to 1.20) than in the nonagricultural group (1.13 to 0.80) at p<0.001, and a similar pattern was found for smoking (p<0.001). Health screening decreased in the last 10 years (scoring based one point/1-2 times per year,: 0.94 to 0.64 in the agricultural group and 1.08 to 0.69 in the nonagricultural group;p<0.01). These results indicate that various health and environmental factors were less favorable to farmers except for bathing in comparison to nonagricultural living in the same area. This suggests that people in agriculture are less likely to live and work in favorable environments than those outside the sector and thus indicates a need for more attention to the national health welfare system for farmers for systematic realization.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.60-69
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• 2020

Purpose: Cavity growth process monitoring is to periodically monitor changes in common size and topography for general and observational grades to predict the rate of common growth. The purpose of this study is to establish a systematic cavity management plan by evaluating the general and observational class community in a non-destructive method. Method: Using GPR exploration equipment, the acquired surface image and the surrounding status image are analyzed in the GPR probe radargram in depth, profile, and cross section of the location. The exact location is selected using the distance and surrounding markings shown on the road surface of the initial detection cavity, and the test cavity is analyzed by calling the radar at the corresponding location. Result: As a result of monitoring tests conducted at a cavity 30 sites of general and observation grade, nine sites have been recovered. Changes in scale were seen in 21 cavity locations, and changes in size and grade occurred in 13 locations. Conclusion: The under road cavity is caused by various causes such as damage to the burial site, poor construction, soil leakage caused by groundwater leakage, waste and ground vibration. Among them, indirect factors could infer the effects of groundwater and localized rainfall.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.14 no.4 s.42
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• pp.195-211
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• 2005

The Kusandong Tuff, known as a representative key bed in the Cretaceous Gyeongsang Basin, is a crystal-rich tuff of pyroclastic flow and surge origin. It is 1-4 m thick and laterally extends for more than 200 km intercalated in the upper part of the Hayang Croup. Observations and analyses of the feldspar crystals in the tuff, using polarizing microscopes, EPMA, and BSE images, reveal that the plagioclase crystals in the tuff were completely albitized (>$97\%$ Ab) whereas those in the southernmost localities where the tuff is rich in fine ash matrix are unaltered or partly albitized. K-feldspars are partly albitized at all localities, irrespective of the matrix content of the tuff, Perthitic textures, chessboard twinning, albitization along micro-fractures and cleavages, and the relationship between matrix content and the degree of albitization suggest that feldspars in the Kusandong Tuff were albitized by Na-rich fluid after burial. Albitization is interpreted to start preferentially along micro-fractures and cleavages and be hampered in matrix-rich tuffs with a low permeability. Original composition of the plagioclases in the Kusandong Tuff is also interpreted to have ranged between oligoclase and andesine ($Ab_{62.5}-Ab_{83.3}$) before the albitization.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.19-27
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• 2013

PURPOSES : This study aims to investigate the snow-melt effects of an underground electric heater's snow-melt system via a field performance test, for evaluating the suitability of the system for use on a concrete pavement. The study also investigates the effectiveness of dynamic measures for clearing snow after snowfall events. METHODS : In order to check the field applicability, in November 2010, specimens were prepared from materials used for constructing concrete pavements, and underground electric heating meshes (HOT-mesh) were buried at depths of 50 mm and 100 mm at the site of the Incheon International Airport Construction Research Institute. Further, an automatic heating control system, including a motion sensor and pavement-temperature-controlled sensor, were installed at the site; the former sensor was intended for determining snow-melt effects of the heating control system for different snowfall intensities. Pavement snow-melt effects on snowy days from December 2010 to January 2011 were examined by managing the electric heating meshes and the heating control system. In addition, data on pavement temperature changes resulting from the use of the heating meshes and heating control system and on the dependence of the correlation between the outdoor air temperature and the time taken for the required temperature rise on the depth of the heating meshes were collected and analyzed. RESULTS : The effects of the heating control system's preheat temperature and the hot meshes buried at depths of 50 mm and 100 mm on the melting of snow for snowfalls of different intensities have been verified. From the study of the time taken for the specimen's surface temperature to increase from the preheat temperature ($0^{\circ}C$) to the reference temperature ($5{\sim}8^{\circ}C$) for different snowfall intensities, the correlation between the burial depth and outdoor air temperature has been determined to be as follows: Time=15.10+1.141Depth-6.465Temp CONCLUSIONS : The following measures are suggested. For the effective use of the electric heating mesh, it should be located under a slab it may be put to practical use by positioning it under a slab. From the management aspect, the heating control system should be adjusted according to weather conditions, that is, the snowfall intensity.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.165-178
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• 2011

The potential of petroleum generation was investigated by clay mineralogical changes of illite-smectite on the sedimentary basins: Tertiary Pohang basin and Cretaceouls Gyeongsang basin on land, and offshore basins east and west of Korea. Only disordered illite-smectite mixed layer minerals occur in the Pohang sediment, where petroleum generation cannot be expected due to low temperatures below $100^{\circ}C$. By contrast, the Gyeongsang basin is characterized by the occurrence of illite and high temperatures above $200^{\circ}C$ which are obtained by illite crystallinity. The high temperatures indicate that the Gyeongsang sediment ha, already passed through the oil generation stage. The change of disordered illite-smectite to R-l ordered illite-smectite is shown in the sediment of the East Sea continental shelf area at a depth of 2,500 m. Therefore, the oil generation can be expected in the sediments below the depth of 2,500 m. The sequential change of disordered illite-smectie to R=3 ordered illite-smectite through R=l ordered illite-smectite occurs in the sediments of West Sea continental shelf area with burial depth which shows the favorable condition for oil and gas generation. The temperatures of sediments measured by illite-smectite indicate that hydrocarbon potential is very low in the onland basins but high in the continental shelf areas.