• Land and Housing Review
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.53-56
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• 2014

Hong Kong, a well-known metropolis characterized by skyscrapers on both sides of the Victoria Harbour, consists mainly of 3 parts, namely the Hong Kong Island, the Kowloon peninsula and the New Territories (N.T.) which is the land area north of Kowloon plus a number of outlying islands. Located in the N.T. are all the new towns, market towns; and in the plains and valleys lie scattered village houses of not more than 3 storeys within the confines of well-defined village. These village houses are governed by a rural housing policy that could be traced back to the very beginning of the former British administration in the N.T. By the Convention of Peking of 1898, the N.T., comprising the massive land area north of Kowloon up to Shenzhen River and 235 islands, was leased to Britain by China for 99 years from 1st July 1898. Soon after occupation, the colonial government conducted a survey of this uncharted territory from 1899 to 1903, and set up a land court to facilitate all land registration work and to resolve disputed claims. By 1905, the Block Crown Leases with Schedule of Lessees and details of the lots, each with a copy of the lot index plan (Demarcation Plan) were executed. Based on the above, Crown rent rolls were prepared for record and rent collection purposes. All grants of land thereafter are known as New Grant lots. After completion and execution of the Block Crown Lease in 1905, N.T. villagers had to purchase village house lots by means of Restricted Village Auctions; and Building Licences were issued to convert private agricultural land for building purposes but gradually replaced by Land Exchanges (i.e. to surrender agricultural land for the re-grant of building land) from the early 1960's until introduction of the current Small House Policy in October 1972. It was not until the current New Territories Small House Policy came into effect in December 1972 that the Land Authority can make direct grant of government land or approve the conversion of self-owned agricultural land to allow indigenous villagers to build houses within the village environs under concessionary terms. Such houses are currently restricted to 700 square feet in area and three storeys with a maximum height of 27 feet. An indigenous villager is a male descendent of a villager who was the resident of a recognized village already existing in 1898. Each villager is only allowed one concessionary grant in his lifetime. Upon return of Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China on July 1st, 1997, the traditional rights of indigenous villagers are protected under Article 40 of the Basic Law (a mini-constitution of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region). Also all N.T. leases have been extended for 50 years up to 2047. Owing to the escalating demand and spiral landed property prices in recent years, abuse of the N.T. Small House Policy has been reported in some areas and is a concern in some quarters. The Hong Kong Institute of Land Administration attempts to study the history that leads to the current rural housing policy in the New Territories with particular emphasis on the small house policy, hoping that some light can be shed on the "way forward" for such a controversial policy.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.63-73
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• 2009

Recently, the use of lightweight panels in building structures has been increasing. Of the various lightweight panel types, styrofoam sandwich panels are inexpensive and are excellent in terms of their insulation capacity and their constructability. However, sandwich panels that include organic material are quite vulnerable to fire, and thus can numerous casualties in the event of a fire due to the lack of time to vacate and their emission of poisonous gas. On the other hand, lightweight foamed concrete is excellent, both in terms of its insulation ability and its fire resistance, due to its Inner pores. The properties of lightweight concrete is influenced by foaming agent type. Accordingly, this study investigates the insulation properties by foaming agent type, to evaluate the possibility of using light-weight foamed concrete instead of styrene foam. Our research found thatnon-heating zone temperature of lightweight foamed concrete using AP (Aluminum Powder) and FP (animal protein foaming agent) are lower than that of light-weight foamed concrete using AES (alkyl ether lactic acid ester). Lightweight foamed concrete using AES and FP satisfied fire performance requirements of two hours at a foam ratio 50, 100. Lightweight foamed concrete using AP satisfied fire performance requirements of two hours at AP ratio 0.1, 0.15. The insulation properties were better in closed pore foamed concrete by made AP, FP than with open pore foamed concrete made using AES.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.41-50
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• 2010

The goal of this study was to develop a suitable ventilation system for high-rise hog building (HRHB) for growing-fattening with combined slatted floor pen in second story and in situ manure management system in Korea. The HRHB was constructed as 29m long, 9m wide and 7.6m high for outer dimension with an indoor height of 3.1m and 2.4 for lower and upper floor, respectively. Ventilation systems for each treatment were installed in separated rooms of HRHB. The ventilation types installed in each room were following 3 types: ventilation type 1 (V1), where air was pulled through a circular duct inlet and exhausted by fans; ventilation type 2 (V2), where air was pulled through eave inlet (side ceiling inlet) and exhausted by fans; and ventilation type 3 (V3), where air was pulled through baffled ceiling inlet and exhausted by fans. For each ventilation system, investigated air velocity under minimum, medium and maximum ventilation ratio and air flow pattern inside. The results were as follows; For air flow pattern from top to bottom, V1 showed a homogeneous vertical type, V2 showed a bilateral symmetry type and V3 showed an vertical umbrella type. Under minimum ventilation ratio, air velocity in upper floor (80cm above the slated floor) was similar for V1, V2, and V3. Under maximum ventilation ratio, air velocity in upper floor was undeviating for V1 (0.10~0.26m/s) and varied for V2 (0.12~0.63m/s) while those for V3 was relatively slow and less varied (0.07~0.15m/s). In conclusion, Duct inlet type (V1) can be applied to the development of a new HRHB with additional evaluations such as field test hog feeding.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.64-80
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• 2018

In Korea, citizens can only know general information about crime. Thus it is difficult to know how much they are exposed to crime. If the police can predict the crime risky area, it will be possible to cope with the crime efficiently even though insufficient police and enforcement resources. However, there is no prediction system in Korea and the related researches are very much poor. From these backgrounds, the final goal of this study is to develop an automated crime prediction system. However, for the first step, we build a big data set which consists of local real crime information and urban physical or non-physical data. Then, we developed a crime prediction model through machine learning method. Finally, we assumed several possible scenarios and calculated the probability of crime and visualized the results in a map so as to increase the people's understanding. Among the factors affecting the crime occurrence revealed in previous and case studies, data was processed in the form of a big data for machine learning: real crime information, weather information (temperature, rainfall, wind speed, humidity, sunshine, insolation, snowfall, cloud cover) and local information (average building coverage, average floor area ratio, average building height, number of buildings, average appraised land value, average area of residential building, average number of ground floor). Among the supervised machine learning algorithms, the decision tree model, the random forest model, and the SVM model, which are known to be powerful and accurate in various fields were utilized to construct crime prevention model. As a result, decision tree model with the lowest RMSE was selected as an optimal prediction model. Based on this model, several scenarios were set for theft and violence cases which are the most frequent in the case city J, and the probability of crime was estimated by $250{\times}250m$ grid. As a result, we could find that the high crime risky area is occurring in three patterns in case city J. The probability of crime was divided into three classes and visualized in map by $250{\times}250m$ grid. Finally, we could develop a crime prediction model using machine learning algorithm and visualized the crime risky areas in a map which can recalculate the model and visualize the result simultaneously as time and urban conditions change.

• Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.23-33
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• 2012

Dynamic response measurements from natural excitation were carried out for three 18-story office buildings to determine their inherent properties. The beam-column frame system was adopted as a typical structural form, but a core wall was added to resist the lateral force more effectively, resulting in a mixed configuration. To extract modal parameters such as natural frequencies, mode shapes and damping ratios from a series of vibration records at each floor, the most advanced operational system identification methods based on frequency- and time-domain like FDD, pLSCF and SSI were applied. Extracted frequencies and mode shapes from the different identification methods showed a greater consistency for three buildings, however the three lower frequencies extracted were 1.2 to 1.7 times as stiff as those obtained using the initial FE models. Comparing the extracted fundamental periods with those estimated from the code equations and FE analysis, the FE analysis results showed the most flexible behavior, and the most simple equation that considers the building height as the only parameter correlated fairly well with test results. It is recognized that such a discrepancy arises from the fact that the present tests exclude the stiffness decreasing factors like concrete cracking, while the FE models ignore the stiffness increasing factors, such as the contribution of non-structural elements and the actual material properties used.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.101-115
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• 2006

As coastal erosion is increasing sharply because of sudden changes in the natural environment and increases in artificial development, the problem of coastal erosion become an important issue, socially and economically. To building the data which needed to grasp the situation and find a solution, we need the monitoring system for long-term. In this study, we analyzed the coastal topography and land cover changes in the Haeundae Beach during 60 years. The Haeundae Beach is the most famous beach in the country and coastal erosion are going on. First, we analyzed the change of coastal topography by calculated the coastline and area of the beach using aerial photos during 60 years. We extracted the coastline by digitized on aerial photo and corrected the height of tide level using sounding and GPS survey data. And we computed the area of beach and analyzed the change of area during 60 years. Second, we analyzed the change of land cover using landcover map. We made the detailed landcover map by on-screen digitizing and estimated the soil loss for the area nearby Haeundae Beach. As a result, we could see that the coastline get nearer to land and the area of beach has been reduced in general. We think that interception of sand supply by the development is the artificial cause of coastal erosion. The result of this study would be useful in long-term coastal monitoring and to analyze the cause of coastal environment change. We expect that the result is available on the coastal information system.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.35-49
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• 2014

In order to understand the impacts of surface characteristics and the distance from the urban heat island center to suburban areas on the mean night time air temperature, we analyzed GIS and AWS observational data. Spatial distributions of mean night time air temperature during the summer and winter periods of 2004-2011(six years) were utilized. Results show that the temperature gradients were different by distance and direction. We found high correlation between mean night-time air temperature and artificial land cover area within 1km and 200m radii during both summer(R=0.84) and winter(R=0.78) seasons. Regression models either from 1km and 200m land surface data explained the distribution of night-time temperature equally well if the input data had sufficient resolution with detailed attribute including building area and height.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.151-165
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• 2015

This study surveys and analyzes the ecology of Gangseo area to be developed near Nakdonggang River and West Nakdonggang River in Busan - before its development. With the result of the surveys as its basis, the study also finds ways to conserve the area's bird habitats in response to the planned development. According to the site surveys over four seasons, West Nakdonggang River which is near the targeted development area is a wintering ground for migratory birds. Some representative bird types in this area are ducks, geese, and other water birds. There are even six legally protected species. The average altitude of their flight is calculated to be $92.4{\pm}18.8m$ and the main purpose for the migration is determined to be for food. According to evalution of the conservation value of the area, Nakdonggang River and West Nakdonggang River turns out to have the highest conservation value. Other areas are developable as long as it was environmentally friendly. Therefore, this study suggests incorporation of ecological parks and biotopes within the targeted development area along with the proposal for spaces in the surroundings where the wintering birds can rest and feed. Especially for the wintering birds that rest at Nakdonggang River and West Nakdonggang River, their flight direction and pattern was examined to determine that their resting ground should be located 50~100m off of the river bank. Furthermore, this study proposes ways to maximize bird habitat by building ecological corridors between the agricultural channel and other small streams in the targeted development area and the habitats in the surroundings. Lastly, the study suggests the construction of low buildings, at most 20m in height, near Nakdonggang River and West Nakdonggang River considering the birds' flight altitude and direction.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.619-628
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• 2001

In building construction, openings of the story-height deep beams are usually required for accessibility and service lines such as air conditioning ducts, drain pipes and electric units. It is known that the main parameters affecting the load bearing capacity of deep beams with web openings are size, shape, location and reinforcements of openings. However, there have been no pertinent theories and national design codes for predicting ultimate shear strength of reinforced concrete deep beams with web openings. In this study, the shear behavior of simply supported reinforced concrete deep beams with web openings subject to concentrated loads has been scrutinized experimentally. A total of 34 specimens, the geometry of openings, its reinforcements and shear span to depth ratio, being taken as the experimental variables, has been cast and tested in the laboratory. The effects of these structural parameters on the shear strength and crack initiation and propagation have been carefully checked and analyzed. From the tests, it has been observed that the failures of all specimens were due to shear mechanism and the ultimate strength of specimens varies according to the location of openings, by which the formation of compression struts between the loading points and supports are deterred. All of the test results of specimens have been compared with the formulas proposed by previous researchers. The results were closely coincident with the formulas given by Ray and Kong's equation except for some X series specimens having a larger dimension of openings beyond the geometric limits of proposed equations.

• Archives of design research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.135-146
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• 2004

The street landscape image is through complex experience of psychological factor by the visionary experience and physical factor by recognize a street's structure. Therefore, the need for analyz-ing and evaluating the psychological and physical aspect of street view was aroused, and how much it has an effect on the outcome. Above all, a definite street standard of a region in its characteristics was selected to analyze the street characteristics of a region (commercial, business, and complex area). A questionnaire was used to measure psychological information felt in a street area. As a result, the street image holds similar characteristics according to regional characteristics and the amenity and busy condition play a major role in having the effect. To know of the effect of street of a region that is known to cause the busy in a region, the discriminant analysis was made between the selected regions to analyze the difference. As a result, the difference of the width of street, ratio of widths of sidewalk and driveway, the ratio of height of a building and width of street, and the difference of tree-planting ratio were main factors which helped to feel more of the contrary of street in a region. Current research has helped to make more precise analysis and evaluation of all kinds of street images, and suggested different means of having more live image in a street region through physical factors. To create more the busy in a region, it is considered that analyzing the image of a street would be used more.