• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.440-448
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• 1996

Bronchial carcinoid tumors are uncommon, constituting approximately 3-5% of all primary lung cancers. Classification of these tumors has evolved substantially as our understanding of the cellular, biologic, and clinical aspects of these neoplasms has improved. Initially, bronchial carcinoids were thought to be benign and therefore were classified as bronchial adenomas. Currently, however, they are well recognized as having the potential for both local invasion and distant metastatic involvement. Consequently, carcinoid tumors are frankly malignant. Thus bronchial adenoma is a misnomer that should no longer be used for bronchial carcinoids. Most investigators currently favor classifying carcinoid tumors as a type of neuroendocrine neoplasm because of their potential to secrete a variety of chemical substances found in both the central nervous system and the epithelial cells of numerous organs. Bronchial carcinoids are usually characterized by a slow growth pattern and a low incidence of metastasis, and histologically conformed by the azurophil staining and the presence of the characteristic neurosecretary granule on electron microscopy. Atypical carcinoid tumor was first defined by Arrigoni et al, who proposed the following criteria for separation of atypical carcinoid from typical carcinoid tumor : 1) increased mitotic activity with 1 mitotic figure per 1-2 high power fields(or 5-10 mitoses /10 HPF), 2) nuclear pleomorphism, hyperchromatism, and an abnormal nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio, 3) areas of increased cellularity with disorganization of the architecture, and 4) tumor necrosis. In contrast, typical carcinoid tumor may have focal cytologic pleomorphism, but necrosis is absent and mitotic figures are rare. Recently we experienced a case of atypical bronchial carcinoid with multiple distant metastasis, so we report this case with a review of the literature.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.70 no.6
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• pp.516-520
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• 2011

Bronchial carcinoid tumor accounts for less than 5% of all primary lung tumors in adults. Although surgical resection is the treatment of choice, here we report a case of bronchial carcinoid tumor treated with flexible bronchoscopic resection. A 19-year-old-man presented with a history of wheezing with dyspnea for six months. A simple chest x-ray showed no abnormal findings, but a pulmonary function test showed a moderate obstructive lung disease pattern without a bronchodilator response. A computed tomogram of the thorax revealed an enhanced $15{\times}12$ mm nodule in the left main bronchus. Bronchoscopic examination showed a polypoid mass with a stalk in the left main bronchus, which almost completely occluded the left main bronchus. Histopathology of the resected specimen revealed a bronchial carcinoid tumor. We treated the carcinoid tumor with a flexible bronchoscopic resection. During the follow up period of 6 months, the previous tumor didn't relapse. Initial bronchoscopic resection should be considered when bronchial carcinoid tumor can be approached by bronchoscopy.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.601-606
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• 1988

Bronchial carcinoid was classified as one of the bronchial adenoma group and it was regarded as benign tumor because of its uniform histologic feature, predictable clinical course and good survivability after surgical resection. But recently, many authors described that bronchial carcinoid has low grade malignancy for its lymphatic spread and distant metastasis, especially atypical carcinoid. We had a case of typical bronchial carcinoid in 20 year old female patient, and successful operation was performed by bilobectomy of middle and lower lob of right lung. Postoperative course was uneventful and discharged without any complication.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.433-437
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• 1986

Authors experienced a case of typical carcinoid in a patient of 46 year-old female who has been suffered from hemoptysis intermittently for 13 years. Exploratory thoracotomy and middle and lower lobectomy was carried out. The tumor was located in the right intermediate bronchus. Tissue pathology shows a glandular tumor with focal proliferation of Kulchitzky cells in the bronchial epithelium by H&E stain and membrane-bounded neurosecretory granules in the cytoplasm by electron microscope. Authors report the case with a literature reviews.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.525-536
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• 1993

Bronchial carcinoid tumor was a low grade malignant and it was regarded as predictable clinical course and good survivality after surgical resection. But despite of its low grade malignant potentiality, bronchial carcinoid tumor was clearly capable of metastasizing and causing death. We present 2 cases of bronchial carcinoid tumors. One of them was typical carcinoid tumor in 44 year-old female and another was atypical carcinoid tumor in 53 year-old male patient. Currative therapeutic procedure was performed by lobectomy and wedge resection.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.444-447
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• 2011

We report a rare case of a 38-year-old woman with a bronchial carcinoid tumor arising from an intralobar bronchopulmonary sequestration. The vascular supply to the sequestered left lower lobe originated from the descending thoracic aorta. A left lower lobe lobectomy was performed. The findings of the pathological examination revealed an atypical carcinoid tumor that was immunopositive for chromogranin and synaptophysin. At the 3-year follow-up examination, the patient was healthy.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.623-629
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• 1996

Bronchial carcinoid tumors are uncommon, constituting approximately 5% of all primary lung cancers. Carcinoid tumors belong to the calss of neuroendocrine tumors that consist of cells that can store and secrete neuramines and neuropeptides. Neuroendocrine tumors of the lung include three pathologic types : a low-grade malignancy, the so-called 'typical carcinoid', a more aggressive tumor, the "atypical carcinoid", and the most aggressive malignant neoplasm, the small-cell carcinoma. Atypical carcinoid tumor have a higher malignant potential, is more commonly peripheral than is the typical carcinoid tumor. Histologic features would characterize a carcinoid as hitologically atypical : increased mitotic activity, pleomorphism and irregularity of neuclei with promonent nucleoli, hyperchromatin, and abnormal nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio, areas of increased cellularity with disorganization of architecture, and areas of tumor necrosis. Metastatic involvement of regional lymph nodes and distant organ is common. The prognosis is related to size of the tumor, typical of atypical appearance, endoluminal of extraluminal growth, vascular invasion, node metastasis, Pulmonary resection is the treatement of choice for bronchial carcinoid. We experienced one case of bronchopulmonary atypical carcinoid tumor. In the case, radiologic study showed solitary lung mass with liver metastasis and the level of 5-HIAA was elevated. There was no history of cutaneous flushing, diarrhea, valvular heart disease. The authors reported a case of bronchopulmonary atypical carcinoid tumor with review of literatures.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.47-50
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• 2003

Pulmonary carcinoid tumors are thought to Originate from neuroendocrine Kulchitsky's cells in the bronchial epithelium. The majority of typical carcinoid tumors arc located centrally. However, atypical carcinoids are frequently situated peripherally and display malignant histologic features with aggressive behavior. Few reports arc discribing carcinoid tumors originating from the pleura. We report a typical carcinoid tumor located mainly in the parietal pleura invading the chest wall wilhout evidence of pulmonary parenchymal invasion.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.380-387
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• 1998

We evaluated CT findings of bronchial carcinoid and accuracy of preoperative pathological diagnosis according to two subtypes. The subjects were 10 cases(typical;5, atypical;5), confirmed by surgery and tissue pathology. Sputum cytology(n=10), percutaneous aspiration(n=1) and bronchoscopic biopsy (n=8) were performed, preoperatively. The CT findings were analysed according to two subtypes. Typical carcinoid shows central location in all, and bronchial lumens just proximal to tumor were widened in two, whereas atypical carcinoid presented as peripheral leison in two. Among central atypical carcinoid, two cases showed flat meniscus appearance of lumen. Remaining one showed diffuse wall thickening. Intratumoral low density by necrosis was noted in one. Both subtypes show contrast enhancement. For preoperative diagnosis, sputum cytology & percutaneous aspiration were not conclusive at all. As for bronchoscopic biopsy, only 3 cases were accurately diagnosed as typical carcinoid. Typical carcinoid presented as endobronchial mass in all, whereas atypical carcinoid presented in various appearance. In all atypical & some typical carcinoid were misdiagnosed as primary lung cancer, preoperatively. However, in typical carcinoid, conservative surgery was possible. In conclusion, if there is discrepancy between CT findings & preoperative pathological diagnosis, full understanding of CT findings of bronchial carcinoid is imperative to choose appropriate surgical modality.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.53 no.5
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• pp.317-320
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• 2020

Pulmonary carcinoids are relatively rare tumors with low metastatic potential. Pleural carcinomatosis of a bronchial carcinoid has only been reported in 4 cases. Due to the rarity of this condition, there are no guidelines for its treatment or management. We report a case of atypical carcinoid with local recurrence and pleural metastases treated by video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery lobectomy and total pleurectomy with photodynamic therapy after non-radical wedge resection.