• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제20권7호
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• pp.203-211
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• 2020

미국영어와 영국영어의 모음은 몇 개 모음에서 발음 차이를 보여주고 있는데 한국 학생들은 주로 미국영어에 노출되어 왔다. 이에 근거하여 본 연구에서는 미국영어 모음과 영국영어 모음을 한국 학생들이 어떻게 인지하는지 비교하기 위하여 27명의 대학생들을 대상으로 미국영어와 영국영어의 모음 인지 시험을 실시하였다. 인지 시험 결과 미국영어 모음의 전반적인 인지 정확도(64.7%)가 영국영어(54.7%)보다 더 높게 나타나서 한국 학생들이 영국영어보다 미국영어에 더 친숙한 점이 영어 모음 인지에 영향을 준다는 사실을 확인할 수 있었다. 그러나 개별 모음에서는 beat, bat, but, burt, bart, bite 단어들의 모음들에서만 미국영어 인지 정확도가 영국영어보다 높게 나타났다. 미국영어와 영국영어의 차이를 보이는 모음들 중에서는 burt, bart, bat 단어들의 모음에서만 미국영어의 인지 정확도가 영국영어보다 높았으므로 친숙도 뿐만 아니라 개별 모음의 특성도 모음 인지에 영향을 주는 것을 알 수 있었다. 미국영어와 영국영어에서 차이를 보이는 모음들의 오류 패턴을 살펴보면, burt, bart, bat의 오류 패턴이 미국영어와 영국영어에서 다르게 나타났는데, 한국 학생들이 burt, bart에서 영국영어의 종성-r 없는 발음에 어려움을 느끼는 것을 알 수 있었고 bat의 미국영어 발음과 영국영어의 발음의 차이를 잘 알지 못한다는 사실을 알 수 있었다. 그러나 미국영어와 영국영어에서 차이를 보이는 bot과 boat에서는 [ɑ]-[ɔ]-[ʌ] 혼동과 원순 모음끼리의 혼동에 기인한 오류가 미국영어와 영국영어에서 모두 공통적으로 나타났으므로 이러한 혼동이 한국 학생들의 영어 모음 인지를 어렵게 하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구의 결과를 바탕으로 학교 교실 현장에서 학생들을 대상으로 영어 모음 지도 방안에 대한 교육적인 함축점을 논의하고 있다.

• 디자인학연구
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.37-45
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• 2001

좋은 기업의 이미지만이 날로 심각해지고 있는 생존 경쟁에서 살아남을 수 있다는 인식이 날로 커지므로 기업이미지 관리의 중요성은 끊임없이 강조되고 있다. 이러한 CI의 중요성은 20C 초반 산업사회의 시작과 더불어 시작되어 현대 사회가 점차 첨단화, 다양화, 세분화되면서 CI의 홍수 시대를 맞이하였다. 이러한 현 시점에서 CI가 그 기업의 이미지를 표현해 주고 그 기업을 대내외적으로 알리는 것만이 CI의 궁극적인 목표라고 할 수는 없다. 이제는 기업의 이미지가 다른 기업들간의 차별화가 얼마나 이루어지는가 하는 것이 오늘날과 같은 CI의 홍수 속에서 살아남을 수 있는 길이 아닌가 한다. 이러한 현 시점과 다가오는 새 천년을 고려한 영국의 국제적인 항공사 British Airways는 새로운 시장환경에 대응하기 위하여 과거의 기업 이미지에서 과감히 탈피하고, 새롭고 혁신적인 아이디어로 기업이미지 재통합 계획을 구축하였다. 그들은 단지 한 가지 획일화된 시각적 요소로 기업의 이미지를 통합하는 기존의 통상적인 CI접근 방식에서 과감히 탈피하고, 각기 비행하는 나라의 가장 독창적이고 상징적인 이미지를 제작하여 비행기의 꼬리 부분에 적용시키는 혁신적인 아이디어로 새 이미지 통합을 구축하였다. 이러한 독창적인 아이디어로 새 기업 이미지를 구축한 British Airways는 다른 항공사의 이미지와 기업의 이미지를 차별화 하는데 큰 성과를 얻을 수 있었다.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.709-717
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• 2002

Hypoxemia is known to induce various physiological changes which can result in alteration in drug pharmacokinetics. To examine the effect of acute moderate hypoxemia on metoclopramide (MCP) pharmacokinetics, a continuous 14-hour infusion of MCP during a normoxemic, hypoxemic and subsequent normoxemic period was conducted in eight adult sheep. Arterial blood and urine samples were collected to examine the effects on the pharmacokinetics of MCP and its deethylated metabolites. MCP and its mono- and di-deethylated metabolites were quantitated using a GC/MS method. Steady-state concentrations of MCP were achieved in each of the three periods. During hypoxemia, MCP plasma steady-state concentration increased significantly from 50.72$\pm$1.06 to 63.62$\pm$1.79 ng/mL, and later decreased to 55.83$\pm$1.15 ng/mL during the post-hypoxemic recovery period. Total body clearance ($CL_{TB}$) of MCP was significantly decreased from 274.2$\pm$48.0 L/h to 205.40$\pm$28.2 L/h during hypoxemia, and later restored to 245.8$\pm$44.2 L/h during the post-hypoxemic period. Plasma mono-deethylated MCP concentration (32.78$\pm$1.73 ng/mL) also increased, compared to the control group (21.20$\\pm$1.39 ng/mL), during hypoxemia and subsequent normoxemic period. Renal excretion of MCP and its metabolites was also decreased during hypoxemia, while urine flow was increased with a concomitant decrease in urine osmolality. Thus, the results indicate that acute moderate hypoxemia affects MCP pharmacokinetics.

• 영미문화
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.287-309
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• 2014

The purpose of this paper is to critique British imperialism in Bapsi Sidhwa's Cracking India (1991) by analyzing the partition of India from the perspective of nation, religion, and women. Dubbed "Punjabi-Parsi-Indian-Pakistani," Sidhwa is in a position where she can view the partition from an objective and neutralized stance. Rather than focusing on the lives of nationally well-known political figures such as Gandhi, Nehru, or Jinnah, Sidhwa delves deep into the miserable lives of the lower classes before and after the partition. First, I analyze the process of the partition, as it is performed through the manipulation of British imperialism. By adopting the viewpoint of an 8-year-old Lenny, who is the daughter of a Parsi family, Sidhwa is able to critique both British imperialism as well as the male-dominated Indian society where the treatment of women is unthinkably harsh. Second, I focus on the tragedy of the confrontation of three religions, Hindu, Muslim, and Sikh. Religious people fight each other while they were forced to move from South to North or from North to South. I argue that the religious conflicts have much to do with political issues. Third, I want to argue that women are the major victims of the partition. Ayah, Hamida, and Papoo are victims of male-dominated India during the partition. They symbolize the feminized India, which is exploited and victimized by British Imperialism. Even though Ayah is shattered by Ice-candy-man while working as a prostitute and dancer, she decides to return to her home in India, which shows her challenge against male-dominated India as well as against British colonialism. In conclusion, Sidhwa tries to heal the suffering of the Indian women who fell victim to male-dominated Indian society by criticizing the problems of British imperialism. In addition, by dealing with the lives of silenced people, Sidhwa asks readers not to forget the historical tragedy and not to repeat the tragedy again.

• 영어영문학
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• 제55권1호
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• pp.3-24
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• 2009

The Harry Potter series is considered to represent the multicultural aspect of contemporary British society and to show critical perspectives of racism. This series, however, also includes many elements of British imperialism. This paper examines the ideas about education and Harry's role in relation to British imperialism. One of the main ideas prevalent in 19th century British boys' public schools was that people's blood origin is the most important element in determining their characteristics, ability and moral qualities. The students' inherited capacity and their family background are more highly regarded than their secondary learning and training. This reflects a 19th century concept that ultimately, inborn quality makes 'a hero', a truth presented in the educational policies of Hogwarts. Hogwarts' educational policies and systems can also be related to 'developmentalism', which defines children as imperfect, in-progress and incomplete, thus needing proper training and discipline. As this concept functioned to justify the control of children while educating them, Hogwarts adopts diverse controlling devices and oppressive policies, which are mainly justified in the name of education. On the one hand, child characters are controlled and oppressed by the school authorities, on the other hand, some of the students such as Harry have remarkable magic powers enough to resist the adult authority and even to save the magic society from the evil power. Harry plays dual roles, which the British boys of the Empire were assigned from their society; they are important heirs to conquer the 'evil' or 'barbarous' world but need to be obedient to a 'good' authority to achieve the mission. Harry's magic power and self-discipline ultimately contribute to fulfilling Dumbledore's mission, which mirrors 19th century British boys' roles as the heirs of the British Empire.

• 한국미생물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국미생물학회 2006년도 International Meeting of the Microbiological Society of Korea
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• pp.119-123
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• 2006

• 무역상무연구
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• 제34권
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• pp.77-108
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• 2007

The traditional name given to the insurance of third party liabilities and certain contractual liabilities which arise in connection with the operation of ships is protection and indemnity(P & I) insurance. P & I insurance is very different from traditional hull and machinery insurance in that shipowners' hull and machinery insurance is designed primarily to protect the assured against losses to his vessel, whereas P & I insurance seeks to indemnify an shipowner in respect of the discharge of legal liabilities he has incurred in operating his own vessels. This study is to examine the background of establishment of British P & I clubs md, therefore, the identity of P & I insurance. The present British P & I clubs are the remote descendants of the many small and local hull mutual insurance clubs that were formed by British shipowners in the end of 18th century. At that time, British shipowners were dissatified with the state of marine insurance market and, therefore, established clubs together in mutual hull insurance clubs. After the removal of the company monopoly in 1824, greater competition had a good effect on the rates, terms of cover and service offered by the commercial marine insurance market and by Lloyd's underwriters, and the hull clubs became less necessary and went into decline. The burden of British shipowners on liabilities to third parties was steadily increased after the middle of the 19th century, but the amount insured under hull policy was limited in the insured value of the ship. Eventually, the first protection club, that is, the Shipowners' Mutual Protection Society was formed in 1855. It was designed to like past mutual hull clubs, but to cover liabilities for loss of life and personal injury and also the collision risks excluded from the current marine policies, particularly the excess above the limits in hull policies. In 1870, the risks of liability for loss of or damage to cargo carried on board the insured ship was first awarded by the British shipowners. After 1874, many protection clubs formed indemnity club to cover the risk of liability for loss or damage to cargo. As mentioned above, British P & I clubs have been steadily changed according to the response of shipowners under the rapidly changing law of British shipowners' liability, and so on in the future.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.394-397
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• 2007

Investigation of the chemical constituents of the dichloromethane extract from the moss Hylocomium splendens has led to the isolation of $5{\alpha},8{\alpha}$-epidioxy-24(S)-ethylcholesta-6,22-dien-$3{\beta}$-ol (1), diploptene (2), ${\beta}-sitosterol$ (3), and 1-hexacosanol (4). The chemical structures of 1 - 4 were established by spectroscopic methods including extensive 1D and 2D NMR analysis. This is the first isolation of compound 1 from the mosses, although it has been isolated from marine sponge.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• 제52권3호
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• pp.295-302
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• 2022

Purpose: Lateral cephalograms of orthodontic patients may contain incidental findings that could potentially lead to harm. Materials and Methods: The lateral cephalograms of 1765 consecutive 12- to 20-year-old patients, being considered for routine orthodontic treatment, were retrospectively reviewed. These patients were considered normal, because no abnormalities were found either in their medical history or on their clinical examination. Results: The overall prevalence of incidental findings was 18.8%, of which 10.3% were ponticulus posticus and 4.2% were bridging of the sella turcica. Although occipital spurs and ponticulus posticus were more prevalent in males, the size of the sella turcicas did not differ between sexes. Of the 1156 patients completing treatment about 2 years later, only one lateral cephalogram displayed progression of the ponticulus posticus in that time. Conclusion: The prevalence of incidental findings on lateral cephalograms of otherwise normal orthodontic 12- to 20-year-old patients was almost a fifth, of which ponticulus posticus, vertebral fusion, and enlarged parietal foramina were clinically significant.

• 아시아태평양코퍼스연구
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.1-20
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• 2022

As a milestone progression in China's space exploration history, Chang'e Project has attracted a lot of media attention since its first launching. This study aims to examine and compare the similarities and differences between the Chinese media and the British media in using nouns, verbs, and adjectives to report the Chang'e Project. After categorising the documents based on specific project phases, we created two diachronic corpora to explore the linguistic shifts and similarities and differences of diction employed by the Chinese and British media on the Chang'e Project ideology. This longitudinal study was performed with Lancsbox and the CLAWS web tagger through critical discourse analysis as the theoretical framework. The findings of the current study showed that the Chang'e Project coverage in both media increased on an annual basis, especially after 2019. In contrast to the objectivity and positivity in the Chinese Media, the British Media seemed to be more subjective with more appraisal adjectives in the news reports. Nonetheless, both countries were trying to be objective and formal in choosing nouns and verbs. Ideology-wise, the Chinese news media reports portrayed more positivity on domestic circumstances while the British counterpart was typically more critical. Notably, the study outcomes could catalyse future research on the Chang'e Project and facilitate diplomatic policies.