• 한국결정성장학회지
• /
• 제16권5호
• /
• pp.198-202
• /
• 2006

We could achieve the bridge-type formation of the iridium-catalyzed carbon nanofibers across the gap on the MgO substrate using microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition method. On the plane surface area of the MgO substrate, the iridium-catalyzed carbon nanofibers were grown as a lateral direction to the substrate. The bridge-type formation and/or the lateral growth of the iridium-catalyzed carbon nanofibers were interconnected with each other. Finally, they could form an entangled network having the bridge-type formation of the carbon nanofibers across the gap on the substrate and the laterally-grown carbon nanofibers on the plane surface area of the substrate. The entangled network showed the semiconductor electrical characteristics.

• Smart Structures and Systems
• /
• 제5권4호
• /
• pp.381-395
• /
• 2009

The paper presents a case study in which the structural condition assessment of the East Bay bridge in Gibsonton, Florida is evaluated with the help of remote health monitoring techniques. The bridge is a four-span, continuous, deck-type reinforced concrete structure supported on prestressed pile bents, and is instrumented with smart Fiber Optic Sensors. The sensors used for remote health monitoring are the newly emerged Fabry-Perot (FP), and are both surface-mounted and embedded in the deck. The sensing system can be accessed remotely through fast Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL), which permits the evaluation of the bridge behavior under live traffic loads. The bridge was open to traffic since March 2005, and the collected structural data have been continuously analyzed since. The data revealed an increase in strain readings, which suggests a progression in damage. Recent visual observations also indicated the presence of longitudinal cracks along the bridge length. After the formation of these cracks, the sensors readings were analyzed and used to extrapolate the values of the maximum stresses at the crack location. The data obtained were also compared to initial design values of the bridge under factored gravity and live loads. The study showed that the proposed structural health monitoring technique proved to provide an efficient mean for condition assessment of bridge structures providing it is implemented and analyzed with care.

• JSTS:Journal of Semiconductor Technology and Science
• /
• 제5권1호
• /
• pp.30-37
• /
• 2005

We present an air bridge type electrode system with tunable electrode distance for detecting electroactive biomolecules. It is known that the narrower gap between electrode fingers, the higher sensitivity in IDA (interdigitated array) electrode. In previous researches on IDA electrode, narrower patterning required much precise and expensive equipment as the gap goes down to nanometer scale. In this paper, an improved method is suggested to replace nano gap pattering with downsizing electrode distance and showed that the patterning can be replaced by thickness control using metal deposition methods, such as electroplating or metal sputtering. The air bridge type electrode was completed by the following procedures: gold patterning for lower electrode, copper electroplating, gold deposition for upper electrode, photoresist patterning for gold film support, and copper etching for space formation. The thickness of copper electroplating is the distance between upper and lower electrodes. Because the growth rate of electroplating is $0.5{\mu}m\;min^{-1}$, the distance is tunable up to hundreds of nanometers. Completed electrodes on the same wafer had $5{\mu}m$ electrode distance. The gaps between fingers are 10, 20, 30, and $40{\mu}m$ and the widths of fingers are 10, 20, 30, 40, and $50{\mu}m$. The air bridge type electrode system showed better sensitivity than planar electrode.

• 천문학회보
• /
• 제39권1호
• /
• pp.84.1-84.1
• /
• 2014

We report the spatial distribution of early-type stars and pre-main-sequence (PMS) stars around the starburst type young open cluster Westerlund 2. The early-type were selected from UBVI photometric data, while the PMS members were identified from their X-ray emission and mid-infrared excess. The northern clump of the cluster is composed mainly of PMS stars detected in both optical and X-ray and seems to be coeval to the cluster, while PMS stars in the bright bridge region are highly obscured in optical wavelength. The bright bridge appear to be an on-going star forming region possibly triggered by the strong radiation field from both sides-massive stars in Westerlund 2 and WR 20b. We also found that there are many early-type stars not only in the cluster but also farther from the cluster up to several times of the cluster radius. These early-type stars are well aligned from east to southwest of the cluster. We conclude these early-type stars are members of an OB association in the RCW 49 nebula. This report indicates there is a complex star formation history in Westerlund 2 and its surrounding H II region, the RCW 49 nebula.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• 제23권1호
• /
• pp.7-14
• /
• 2013

In the Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ${\alpha}$-amylase (BAA), the loop (residues 176-185; region I) that is the part of the calcium-binding site (CaI, II) has two more amino acid residues than the ${\alpha}$-amylase from Bacillus licheniformis (BLA). Arg176 in this region makes an ionic interaction with Glu126 from region II (residues 118-130), but this interaction is lost in BLA owing to substitution of R176Q and E126V. The goal of the present work was to quantitatively estimate the effect of ionic interaction on the overall stability of the enzyme. To clarify the functional and structural significance of the corresponding salt bridge, Glu126 was deleted (${\Delta}$E126) and converted to Val (E126V), Asp (E126D), and Lys (E126K) by site-directed mutagenesis. Kinetic constants, thermodynamic parameters, and structural changes were examined for the wild-type and mutated forms using UV-visible, atomic absoption, and fluorescence emission spectroscopy. Wild-type exhibited higher $k_{cat}$ and $K_m$ but lower catalytic efficiency than the mutant enzymes. A decreased thermostability and an increased flexibility were also found in all of the mutant enzymes when compared with the wild-type. Additionally, the calcium content of the wild-type was more than ${\Delta}E126$. Thus, it may be suggested that ionic interaction could decrease the mobility of the discussed region, prevent the diffusion of cations, and improve the thermostability of the whole enzyme. Based on these observations, the contribution of loop destabilization may be compensated by the formation of a salt bridge that has been used as an evolutionary mechanism or structural adaptation by the mesophilic enzyme.

• 한국인쇄학회지
• /
• 제22권1호
• /
• pp.83-94
• /
• 2004

PSR ink is used to insulation coating material that heat resistance is. The use purpose is used for bridge prevention, circuit protection, stabilization of insulation. Heat-cured resin was used mainly on the materials of PSR inks. But, UV-curing type resin in used. Also, because of recently environmental problem, ink is going to water type. Purpose of this study is to develop PSR ink that can develop in pure water. and experiment did that do from that find suitable oligomer and monomer and does brand ratio differ. Specially Knew that is extent water soluble UV resin develop possible is DPHA 10~50% that A/A1924 is 50~90wt %, monomer. As a result, when ratio of A/A1924 and DPHA low viscosity epoxy resin is 5:1.5:1.5, could get high sensibility pattern repeatability, tack and alkali-resistance.

• 물과 미래
• /
• 제6권1호
• /
• pp.19-28
• /
• 1973

Presented is the results of a model study about scouring around a bridge pier. 24 different types of piers were inestigated for the depth and width of scouring. The grain size of sand used in the experiment ranges from 0.149 to 2, 380mm, The time required to reach the stable bed formation was about 30min, with the range of Froud number from 0.58 to 0.69. It has been found that the scouring is most severe at the frontal side of the pier and decreases with decreasing a contact angle (between the center line of the pier and tangent to the frontal face). For design purposes, it is recomanded that the contact angle at the frontal face is 25 degrees for a triangular type and 40 deyrees for a circular type respectively.

• 한국어병학회지
• /
• 제25권1호
• /
• pp.11-20
• /
• 2012

C-type lectins are crucial for pathogen recognition, innate immunity, and cell-cell interactions. In this study, a C-type lectin gene was cloned from the rock bream. The full-length RbCTL cDNA was 729 bp with a 429 bp ORF encoding a 164-residue protein. The deduced amino acid sequence of RbCTL had all of the conserved features crucial for its fundamental structure, including the four cysteine residues involved in sulfide bridge formation and potential $Ca^2+$/carbohydrate-binding sites. RbCTL contains a signal peptide one single carbohydrate recognition domain. It showed 29.4% similarity to the C-type lectin of rainbow trout. RbCTL mRNA was predominately expressed in gill and head-kidney tissue and expressed less in peripheral blood leukocytes, trunk-kidney, spleen, liver, intestine and muscle. Expression of RbCTL was differentially upregulated in rock bream stimulated with LPS, Con A/PMA and poly I:C.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
• /
• 제12권1호
• /
• pp.183-192
• /
• 2008

본 연구에서는 강관 말뚝 두부보강 방법으로 사용되고 있는 용접방법과 훅형방법의 성능평가를 위한 실험적 연구를 수행하였다. 실험은 강관 말뚝 두부 연결부에 작용하는 대표적 하중인 압축과 수평하중에 대한 정적 재하실험과 인장실험으로 구분하여 수행하였다. 압축하중은 강관말뚝이 부담하는 주된 하중이며, 수평력은 지진하중을 고려하여 설계할 때 필수적으로 검토하여야 한다. 또한, 강관 파일 두부연결부의 인장내력은 안전성 검토에 있어서 중요한 요인으로 고려되고 있다.강관 말뚝 두부보강 성능평가 실험에서 고려된 실험변수는 Table 1과 같이 두부보강방법인 훅형과 용접형을 고려하였다. Table 1에 실험체 일람을 나타내었다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• 제20권2호
• /
• pp.301-310
• /
• 2010

Bacillus subtilis strains produce a broad spectrum of bioactive peptides. The lipopeptide surfactin belongs to one well-known class, which includes amphiphilic membrane-active biosurfactants and peptide antibiotics. Both the srfA promoter and the ComP-ComA signal transduction system are an important part of the factor that results in the production of surfactin. Bs-M49, obtained by means of low-energy ion implantation in wild-type Bs-916, produced significantly lower levels of surfactin, and had no obvious effects against R. solani. Occasionally, we found strain Bs-M49 decreased spore formation and the development of competence. Blast comparison of the sequences from Bs-916 and M49 indicate that there is no difference in the srfA operon promoter PsrfA, but there are differences in the coding sequence of the comA gene. These differences result in three missense mutations within the M49 ComA protein. RT-PCR analyses results showed that the expression levels of selected genes involved in competence and sporulation in both the wild-type Bs-916 and mutant M49 strains were significantly different. When we integrated the comA ORF into the chromosome of M49 at the amyE locus, M49 restored hemolytic activity and antifungal activity. Then, HPLC analyses results also showed the comA-complemented strain had a similar ability to produce surf actin with wild-type strain Bs-916. These data suggested that the mutation of three key amino acids in ComA greatly affected the biological activity of Bacillus subtilis. ComA protein 3D structure prediction and motif search prediction indicated that ComA has two obvious motifs common to response regulator proteins, which are the N-terminal response regulator receiver motif and the C-terminal helix-turn-helix motif. The three residues in the ComA N-terminal portion may be involved in phosphorylation activation mechanism. These structural prediction results implicate that three mutated residues in the ComA protein may play an important role in the formation of a salt-bridge to the phosphoryl group keeping active conformation to subsequent regulation of the expression of downstream genes.