• 한국식품과학회지
• /
• 제35권5호
• /
• pp.943-950
• /
• 2003

홍국주의 제조방법을 재현하고 그의 기능성을 탐색하고자 Monascus purpureus, Monascus anka, Monascus araneosus의 홍국균으로 3종류의 쌀 홍국을 만들고 이를 이용하여 6종류의 홍국주를 제조하여 발효과정중의 성분변화를 분석하고 제조한 홍국주의 총 페놀 함량, 전자공여능에 의한 항산화 활성, 아질산염소거능, ACE 저해효과를 측정하여 생리적기능성을 서로 비교 검토하였다. 홍국주 제조용 홍국의 효소활성은 Monascus purpureus로 제조한 홍국이 모든 효소활성에서 다른 두 종류의 홍국보다 더 높았다. 발효 기간에 따른 홍국주의 pH는 pH $3.65{\sim}4.05$ 부근이었고 홍국의 종류와 사용량이 pH 변화에 큰 영향을 미치지 않았다. 총산의 변화는 $0.3{\sim}0.7%$ 부근으로 변화가 적었다. 환원당은 발효기간 중 계속 감소하여 누룩으로만 담금한 대조구의 경우 발효 10일 에 환원당의 함량이 1%로 낮아졌으나 홍국의 사용비율이 높을수록 발호속도가 빨라, 홍국과 누룩으로 담금한 경우는 8일, 홍국만으로 담금한 술덧은 발효 6일에 환원당의 함량이 1%정도가 되었다. 에칠 알코올은 발효 6일에 누룩으로만 담금한 대조구는 10.8%를, 홍국과 누룩으로 담금한 홍국주는 $12{\sim}12.5%$를, 홍국만으로 담금한 홍국주의 경우는 $12.8{\sim}13.3%$를 나타내 홍국의 함량이 높을수록 발효가 빠르게 진행되었으며 이중 Monascus purpureus 홍국만으로 담금한 홍국주가 알코올 생성능이 가장 좋았다. 홍국주의 적색도(a값)는 발효가 진행되는 동안 적색도는 전반적으로 증가하여 +16이 되었다. 홍국주의 총 페놀 함량은 Monascus purpureus 홍국만으로 제조한 것이 20.55 mg%로 가장 높았으며 Monascus araneosus 홍국과 누룩을 혼합하여 제조한 홍국주가 10.25 mg%로 가장 낮았다 전자공여능에 의한 항산화 활성은 $14.50{\sim}30.25%$를 나타내었으나 홍국첨가량이 증가할수록 항산화력은 뛰어났다. 아질산염 소거능은 누룩으로만 담금한 대조구의 경우 18.25%로 홍국의 첨가량이 증가함에 따라 소폭의 향상을 보여 $19.25{\sim}28.65%$이었다. 대조구의 ACE 저해활성은 20.55%이었고 홍국 사용량에 따라 활성이 증가하였으며 ACE 저해활성은 각각 $24.66{\sim}50.13%$로 홍국주의 제조방법에 따라 그 차이가 컸다.

• 한국식품저장유통학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국식품저장유통학회 2002년도 창립 10주년 기념 국제학술심포지움
• /
• pp.109-119
• /
• 2002

Rice production in Korea began to rise significantly after 1970. Rice is the dominant food in Korea and most of the rice production (about 95%) is consumed as cooked rice. it provides over 4,000Kj of energy per capita per day. Apparent rice availability in 2000, 93.6Kg of milled rice per person annually. The non-allergenic character of rice offers a sound basis for development of products for markets for all age groups. Whole grains are washed rice, coated rice, enriched rice in Korea. Utilization of rice as food can be categorized three categories in Korea; direct food use, processed foods, and brewing. Rice for direct consumption include regular whole grain, precooked rice, brown rice and specialty products such as aseptic cooked rice, retort cooked rice and rice burger. Rice used for processed foods includes that for cereal, soup, baby food, snack, cake, noodle, brown rice tea, and minor unclassified uses. Rice use for brewing is for the production of fermented rice wine. The use of rice for direct food is by for the greatest of the three uses. Although direct food accounts for the largest domestic consumption, a significant quantity of rice is used in processed products. The use of rice by-products as human food should not be over looked. Utilization of by products(rice germ, rice bran) requires a specialized technology. Typical type of rice is black rice. When cooked, black rice gives a black color to cooked rice. Glutinous rice performs specific functions in several commercial products such as dessert, gravis, cake and snack. Rice starch production is quite limited because of the high cost of making of starch. Rice processed products in Korea are occupied small parts of total rice production compared to Japan. Rice cake (Garadog) is the principal from of rice product consumed in Korea. Rice cake and snack is usually prepared from non-glutinous milled by washing, grinding, steaming, cooling and packaging. Rice cake will be continued to be a major rice product in Korea. Rice products represent a means to study variety differences in rice grain quality, since the processing magnifies differences not normally detected from more boiling. Recently, rice processing companies in Korea are about 400 ones which uses rice about 160,000tons. New rice processed products and modified traditional products must be developed and diversified with high quality and processing properties of rice processed products are improved.

• 한국식품과학회지
• /
• 제44권6호
• /
• pp.736-742
• /
• 2012

품질이 우수한 벌꿀 와인을 개발하고자, 아카시아꿀, 밤꿀, 유자꿀, 잡화꿀을 이용하여 시판 효모 종류별로 발효 중 품질 변화를 조사한 결과 에탄올 함량은 잡화꿀 와인과 밤꿀 와인 모두 효모종류와 상관없이 11.3-11.9%를 보였고 아카시아꿀 와인과 유자꿀 와인은 5.0-8.2%의 에탄올을 생성하였다. 관능을 향상시키기 위해 아카시아꿀과 잡화꿀을 혼합하여 발효한 혼합 와인은 10.9%의 에탄올이 생성되었으며 관능특성이 가장 우수하였고 유자꿀과 잡화꿀 혼합 와인은 11.1%의 에탄올을 생성하였으나 관능특성은 낮았다. 아카시아꿀과 잡화꿀을 혼합 발효한 곳에 진피를 첨가하여 발효시켰을 때 에탄올 함량은 첨가량에 따라 차이를 보이지 않았으며 관능결과에서는 진피 0.2% 첨가 시에 기호도가 가장 좋았다. 청징조건을 확인하기위해 발효가 끝난 허니와인에 벤토나이트 0.6% 처리 후 여과하여 저장 기간별로 탁도를 살펴본 결과 $10^{\circ}C$ 보관에서 15일 동안 보관 시에 0.24 NTU로 침전에 안전한 결과를 얻었다.

• 미생물학회지
• /
• 제9권3호
• /
• pp.103-120
• /
• 1971

We have been studied on brewing sweet starch. We obtained the results as follows ; 1) 5 strains, T-T-2, T-T-4, T-K-2, T-T-18, T-T-1, were the most available in view of fermentative power by capacity of $CO_2$. 2) 5 strains, T-T-4, T-T-2, T-T-1, T-T-3, T-K-2, produced capacity of alcohol more than 5.78%. 3) 6 strains, T-T-2, T-K-2, T-T-4, T-S-2, T-I-3, T-I-1, are available not only taste and flavour, but productive power of alcohol in sweet potato starch. 4) The form of 6 strains are long oval and round and most of them are similar to the other yeast in size. 5) In giant colony the color was cream color and cream buff, and T-K-2 was formed by $15{\times}12mm$ on diameter and by 3.5mm on high. 6) Optimum temperature of most of all strains is 25~ $300^{\circ}C$but T-K-4 is 28-30.deg.C. 7) Optimum pH is 3.4-4.6. 8) T-S-2 was died off at 65.deg.C, the other strains died $60^{\circ}C$. 9( Making Bun-kok with non-heated wheat bran .alpha.-amylase was more increased by 4.5-13.5 mg of glucose in reaction solution and .betha.-amylase more 1.6-3.4ml of N/10-$KMnO_4$ Solution than Bun-kok with heated wheat bran. 10) It seems that mycellium grows better than original in substance containing 0.4 ~ 1.2% of HCl. 11) Making Bun-kok to add 0.8% HCl, .alpha.-amylase was increased 9.93-20.7mg of glucose and .betha.-amylase ws increased 2.6~4.3ml of N/10-$KMnO_4$ solution to reaction solution. 12) 1.2%-HCl, or higher concentration, acts as inhibitor, in the meanwhile the concentration between 0.4~0.8% of HCl acts as activator. 13) We must make Bun-kok for 42 hours, at 28~$30^{\circ}C$) After we made Bun-kok using S-O-II and R-J-I one by one, Bun-kok which mix each other in equal quantity is increased more than original on enzyme acrivity. 15) Oxidation is the best way of refining sweet potato starch in N/10-phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.5). 16) When we prepared sweet potato starch, first pH was 3.0.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
• /
• 제26권1호
• /
• pp.10-17
• /
• 2009

This study investigated the effect of kilning condfition on the diastatic power and activities of protease, $\alpha$-amylase, and $\beta$-amylase in rice malt. Common rice (Oryza sativa) was steeped at $30^{\circ}C$ for 50 h, germinated at $30^{\circ}C$ for 7 days, and kilned at $50^{\circ}C$ for 24 h. The moisture content and enzymatic activities were determined under various kilning times. As a result, the moisture content was reduced from 42.1 % to 3.9% after 24 h of kilning at $50^{\circ}C$. The protease activity of rice malt showed lower value than that of barley malt. All enzymatic activities were decreased during the kilning stage. Results indicated that after prolonged kilning at $50^{\circ}C$, the inactivation of hydrolytic enzymes might be occurred. Even though the amylolytic activity of malted rice showed low value, the rice malt shows the potential characteristics as ingredient for the brewing and cereal industries.

• 한국식품영양학회지
• /
• 제6권2호
• /
• pp.96-102
• /
• 1993

A Nuluk, a Korean traditional koji for brewing, was made with wheat flour and Rhizopus japonicus T2 which had a good aroma and strong abilities in producing saccharogenic and proteolytic enzymes, and cultural conditions for the production of those two enzymes were tested. The productivity of saccharogenic enzyme was markedly improved when Nuluk was made with unsteamed wheat flour as compared with that with steamed one, but that of acid protease was reduced. The addition of water containing 0.5% hydrochloric acid was unfavorable for the production of saccharogenic enzyme and neutral protease. The optimum ratio of water added to wheat flour for the production of saccharogenic enzyme and proteolytic enzyme was 28% on the basis of wheat flour. The productivity of saccharogenic enzyme was enhanced "when the Nuluk was molded after 10~20 hours precultivation but that of proteolytic enzyme was reduced as compared with no molding. The optimum temperature for the production of saccharogenic enzyme was 28f and that of proteolyic enzyme was also 28$^{\circ}C$. The optimum cultural time for the production of saccharogenic enzyme was 36 ~72 hours at 3$0^{\circ}C$ and that of proteolytic enzyme was 36 hours.ours.

• 환경생물
• /
• 제28권4호
• /
• pp.218-222
• /
• 2010

This study was carried out to investigate the changes in the storage characteristics of the Korean traditional raw rice wine (RRW) treated with Korean sun-dried salts and gamma rays. Nowadays, RRWs have received attention because they are a nutritious food with health-stimulating properties. But the rapid deterioration of the fermented RRW is one of the serious problems for brewing and marketing in the world. Actually, the expiry date of the RRW is around a week and this has been a biggest disadvantage of the RRW. The goal of this study was to make it of high quality and extend the period of circulation of the RRW. A lactic acid bacterium was isolated from the RRW. The 16S rRNA sequences of isolates showed 98% homology with the Lactobacillus fermentum. These results suggested that could be manageable improve the shelf life with addition of the sun-dried salts and irradiation with gamma rays.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
• /
• 제12권1호
• /
• pp.11-16
• /
• 1997

The Nara Dynasty of Japan lasted from 710 to 784 A.D, which corresponds to the period of the Unified Shilla Kingdom of Korea. The Nara Dynasty enacted the 'Daiho Law and Ordinance' by referring to those of Tang Dynasty of China. Under these legal systems, the Ministries were defined, and foods were used for paying taxes or as currency. The characteristics of the dietary culture in Nara Dynasty were as follows. 1) They obtained food from rice and other grain farming, hunting and fishery. Rice was their main staple and was also used for preparing porridge and brewing wine. 2) Under the influence of Buddhism, meat was prohibited, and milks or dairy products were supplemented for improving malnutritional status. 3) They also used seasonings, spices and sweeteners to enhance the taste and produced medicines by extracting plants, animals and minerals. 4) While chopsticks were made of bamboo, willow, silver, shell, tree or bronze, such utensils as pan earthenware steamer, or charcoal pots were used for preparing meals. 5) Highly qualified utensils, made of porcelains painted with lacguetr, metal, glass, horn and stone, were produced as handcraft art wad developed. 6) Chinese style cousines and cooking methods were popular and various types of preserving techniques like drying or salting were used. Processed cookies were also developed. 7) Although flour was used mainly among noble class people, ordinary people also used it. The royal families ate milk products a lot and even fried foods. 8) One can say that Buddism exerted an influence on Vegetarianism from this era.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
• /
• 제28권3호
• /
• pp.213-233
• /
• 2013

During the late Chosun Dynasty, famine was the main cause of climate ecological background, such as frequent floods and droughts, the Little Ice Age (小氷期), and epidemic. In addition, it influenced the social and cultural background, such as failure toprovide Yiangbeop (移秧法), breakout of war and revolt, loss of farming cattle, grain consumption due to brewing, the concentration of wealth, and tenacity of shamanism. "Limwongyungjeji" "Injeji" of the last part had been written about the famine; wild plants to raw, dried, or dried powder, or processed pharmaceutical goods. Grain couldbe replaced in more than 330 types of famine relief food and recipes; 170 species of vegetables, 34 species of vegetation, and 33 kinds of fruit - the botanic foods were mainstream. Edible parts of these plant foods are those of 14 kinds: 175 species of leaves, 113 species of sprouts, 99 kinds of buds, and other fruits, roots, stems, flowers, etc. The recipe (poaching, salting, and oil-marinated) was written 186 times or forsoup, raw, and boiled.

• Advances in environmental research
• /
• 제3권1호
• /
• pp.11-28
• /
• 2014

Advanced oxidation processes using UV and catalysts like $TiO_2$ and ZnO have been recently applied for the photocatalytic degradation of MTBE in water. Attempts have been made to replace the UV radiation by the solar spectrum. This review intends to shed more light on the work that has been done so far in this area of research. The information provided will help in crystallizing the ideas required to shift the trend from UV photocatalysis to sunlight photocatalysis. The careful optimization of the reaction parameters and the type of the dopant employed are greatly responsible for any enhancement in the degradation process. The advantage of shifting from UV photocatalysts to visible light photocatalysts can be observed when catalysts like $TiO_2$ and ZnO are doped with suitable metals. Therefore, it is expected that in the near future, the visible light photocatalysis will be the main technique applied for the remediation of water contaminated with MTBE.