• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1996.04a
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• pp.173-173
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• 1996

포도당 수송을 증가시키는 것으로 밝혀진 brazilin의 작용이 지방세포의 단백질과 결합하여 나타나는지 알아보기 위한 실험으로 brazilin의 단백결합 성질을 살펴보았다. Brazilin의 단백결합 실험에는 [$^3$H]-brazilin을 사용하여 결합된 양을 방사선 동위원소량으로 확인하였다. 먼저 일반적인 단백결합을 알아보기 위하여 산침전을 이용한 brazilin의 BSA에 대한 결합을 살펴보았다. 그 결과 brazilin은 시간의 경과에 따라 BSA에 결합하는 양이 증가하여 2시간에 최고치에 달했으며 그 양은 약 80% 정도였다. 세포내 단백과의 결합은 BSA에 대한 결합과는 달리 1시간만에 최고치에 달하였다. 세포내 분획에 분포하는 brazilin의 양을 알기 위하여 brazilin처리 후 세포내 분획을 원심분리로 얻어 brazilin의 양을 확인하였다. 그 결과 brazilin은 cytosol에 대부분 존재하며 microsomal membrane과 nuclear에 많은 양이 존재하는 것으로 확인되었다. SDS-PAGE를 이용하여 brazilin과 결합한 각 분획의 단백질을 살펴본 결과 brazilin은 cytosol의 30, 65KD, microsomal membrane의 45, 130KD, nucear의 26, 35KD, plasma membrane의 46, 228KD protein과 반응하는 것으로 확인되었다.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.228-234
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• 2004

Brazilin shows hypoglycemic effect in diabetic animals through enhancement of glucose metabolisms in insulin responsive tissues. One of the major mechanisms of brazilin to enhance glucose metabolism is stimulation of glucose transport in adipocytes. In this study, the essential molecular moiety of brazilin for the stimulation of glucose transport was investigated. We found that brazilin undergoes a structural change in physiological buffer and produces hydrogen peroxide. Methylation of hydroxyl group of brazilin or addition of catalase along with brazilin resulted in the complete inhibition of brazilin-induced glucose transport in adipocytes. Because hydrogen peroxide increases glucose transport by inhibition of phosphatases, we examined the effect of brazilin on phosphatase activity. Brazilin inhibited phosphatases in a wide range of activity, and protein phosphatase 1 and 2A were also inhibited. These results suggest that the production of hydrogen peroxide by oxidation of catechol hydroxyl group of brazilin mediates glucose transport through inhibition of phosphatases which otherwise decrease glucose transport in adipocytes.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.37-40
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• 1988

A great deal of attention has been directed recently at the roles played by lipidperoxides in the mediation of pathogenesis and complications of various disease. In view of the strong inhibitory activity of Brazilin on the lipidperoxidation, we examined the effect of Brazilin on the lipidperoxidation in diabetic states. Brazilin inhibited the lipidperoxidation of liver mitochondrial and microsomal fraction in alloxan-induced diabetic ICR mice in the dose and time dependent manner. In the light of the present results, further elucidation of the inhibitory activities of Brazilin on the liver and blood plasma is warrented.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.769-773
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• 1998

Brazilin was examined for its effects on the induction of immunological tolerance. Brazilin was administered to C57BL/6 female mice for 2 consecutive days before the immunization with high dose SRBC (109 cells) which can produce immunological tolerance. Delayed type hypersensitivity, IgM plaque forming cells, ConA induced IL-2 production and mitogen- or antigen-induced proliferation of lymphocytes were measured as evaluation parameters. Administration of brazilin prior to immunization could keep the DTH and IL-2 production almost optimaly immunized levels. Brazilin also inhibited the elevation of non-specific suppressor cell activity. ConA induced proliferation of splenocytes in high dose SRBC immunized mice was significantly decreased by pretreatment of brazilin. And this might be one of the reason for augmentation of DTH by brazilin. However, IgM plaque forming cells were not affected by the treatment of brazilin. These results indicate that brazilin prevents the induction of mmunological tolerance caused by high dose SRBC by suppressing the elevation of suppressor cell activity and by inhibiting the decrease in IL-2 production in C57BL/6 female mice.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.626-632
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• 2000

Brazilin, an active principle of Caesalprenia sappan, was examined for its immunopotentiating effects in multiple low dose streptozotocin (MLD-STZ) induced type diabetic mice. Brazilin was intraperitoneally administered for 5 consecutive days to MLD-STZ induced type 1 diabetic mice. Delayed type hypersensitivity, Con A-induced proliferation of splenocytes and mixed lymphocyte reaction, which had been decreased in diabetic mice, were significantly recovered by the administration of brazilin. Brazilin increased IL-2 production without affecting suppressor cell activity. Con A-induced and IL-2-induced expression of high affinity IL-2 receptors were also enhanced by brazilin. These results indicate that brazilin augments cellular immune responses, which are suppressed in the MLD-STZ induced type I diabetic mice, by increasing IL-2 production and responsiveness of immune cells to IL-2.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.359-364
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• 1990

The present study was performed to evaluate the hypoglycemic mechanism of brazilin. Brazilin significantly reduced plasma glucose level in streptozotocin induced diabetie rats and this effect seems to be mediated by extrapancratic effects rather than by pacreatic effect because no significant changes were observed in plasma insulin levels. The rates of glycogen synthesis, glycolysis and glucose oxidation in soleus muscle were markedly increased following brazilin treatment to diabetic animals. Glucose transport seemed to be increased by the treatment of brazilin. Brazilin did not affect insulin binding to muscles from streptozotiocin induced diabetic rats. These results suggest that potentiation of periopheral glucose utilization may be one of the major causes of hypoglucemic action of brazilin.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.209-215
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• 2012

Somok, the heart wood of Caesalpinia sappan is used in traditional Chinese medicine. This study was performed to investigate the effect of growth and culture conditions of brazilin from C. sappan against S. mutans ATCC 25175. The bacteria were cultured in brain heart infusion (BHI) broth, and then incubated under 5% $CO_2$ at $37^{\circ}C$ for 18-24 hours. The effect of brazilin against S. mutans was confirmed under the changes of the culture conditions, such as growth curve and the change of pH, protein, and total carbohydrate. The growth of S. mutans in control medium was the highest at 24 hr, while brazilin-added medium (0.3 mg/ml) showed maximum growth at 32 hr. The pH values of the control medium was 5.25 at 16 hr, but the media supplemented with brazilin (0.3 mg/ml) was 7.0 at 16 hr. The amounts of total carbohydrate of the control medium was 11 mg/ml at 8 hr, but the brazilin-added media (0.3 mg/ml) was 18 mg/ml at 8 hr. In the protein change of the culture medium, the control culture broth and the brazilin supplemented-cultures was 2.4 mg/ml and 2.54 mg/ml at 24 hr, respectively. Polysaccharide contents of the control medium and test media were 3 mg/ml and 2 mg/ml at 8 hr, respectively. Thus, the application of C. sappan can be considered a useful and practical material for the prevention of dental caries.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.365-372
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• 2010

Caesalpinia sappan L. has long been commonly used in oriental folk medicines and as dyes materials. To investigate the antioxidative activities and antiproliferation effects of brazilin from C. sappan heart wood, the MeOH soluble extract was successively fractionated by using hexane, $CHCl_{3}$, EtOAc, BuOH, MeOH, and $H_{2}O$. In these fractions, we were purified brazilin from EtOAc fraction which partitioned to 3.94% of the highest yields. The effects of brazilin and the extracts on human oral carcinoma cells (KB) by MTT assay and their antioxidant activities by DPPH, TCA assay and Fenton reaction were tested. The results showed that the brazilin could inhibits the proliferation of KB cells and obviously decreased the production of nitric oxide of the cells. When the concentration of the brazilin reached to $100\;{\mu}g/ml$, the inhibition percentage of the cell growth was about 60%. In assay on antioxidant activities, The results showed that brazilin exhibit the highest capacity of DPPH free radical scavenging effects among tested extracts. When the concentration of brazilin reached to 1 mg/ml, the lipid peroxide inhibition and radical inhibition activities were determined to be 65.0% and 85.8%, respectively. These results are suggest that brazilin have stronger antiproliferation effect on KB cell and antioxidant properties.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.662-668
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• 2009

Brazilin was added to frying oil used in the production of potato chips and their antioxidative effects against Caesalpinia sappan L. were evaluated. Additionally, the antioxidative activity was tested under the same conditions that commercial antioxidants are evaluated. The peroxide value of the oil and fat extracted from the potato chips was 134 meg/kg oil, 84.06 meg/kg oil, 117.10 meg/kg oil and 68.56 meg/kg oil in the control group, BHA(50 ppm)-BHT(50 ppm) group, $\delta$-tocopherol (100 ppm) group and brazilin(100 ppm) group after storage for 30 days. The antioxidative effect of chips subjected to these treatments were 1.6 times, 1.14 times and 1.97 times greater than that of the control. In addition, the peroxide value was lower in the brazilin(100 ppm) group than in the BHA(50 ppm)-BHT(50 ppm) group and this group also had a superior effect at inhibiting the production of peroxide. Furthermore, an experiment conducted at high temperature using the Rancimat resulted in the antioxidant activity of brazilin(100 ppm) and BHA(50 ppm)-BHT(50 ppm) being 1.53 and 1.4 times greater than that of commonly used synthetic antioxidants. Finally, brazilin(100 ppm) effectively decreased the palmitic acid ($C_{16:0}$)/linoleic acid($C_{18:2}$) value and increased the conjugated dienoic acid content to a greater degree than commercial antioxidants.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.151-158
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• 1988

Experiments were undertaken to evaluate the effects of brazilin and hematoxylin on immune functions in normal young mice. Brazilin and hematoxylin decreased the circulating leucocyte counts. Brazilin and hematoxylin decreased the cirulating leucocyte counts. Both compounds did not produce a significant change of immunoorgan weights in comparison with those in the control group. Brazilin decreased significantly IgM plaque forming cells. Brazilin and hematoxylin decreased significantly Arthus reaction at 3 hours-post challenge with respect to aggregated bovine serum albumin.