• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.91-98
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• 2001

The mycelial morphology during submerged cultivation of Ganoderma ludium using by air-lift fermenter system were analyzed by image processing system and the characterization of mycelial morphology were investigated. In submerged culture using medium with different ammonium phosphate concentrations, the various morphological forms of G. lucidum mycelium were observed. The filamentous forms such as non-branched long filamentous mycelium, non-branched short mycelium, branched long filamentous mycelium, branched short mycelium, entangled mycelium and clump were observed, and also, and also, the pelleted forms such as smooth pellet, rough pellet and hollow rough pellet were observed. The mycelial morphology was changed from the filamentous to the pelleted forms by addition of ammonium phosphate. The fractal dimensions of pelleted and filamentous forms were 1.05 and 1.3, respectively, while the fractal dimension of mixtures of pelleted and filamentous forms was 1.16. Therefore, the fractal dimension was found to be more effective index for the detection of the mycelial morphology and morphological change during batch cultivation. The circularity was also found to be useful for evaluating the surface growth of pelleted mycelium.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.35 no.8
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• pp.2533-2536
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• 2014

• ALGAE
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.283-292
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• 2004

Psilothallia is a ceramiaceous red algal. genus that includes three species worldwide: P. dentate, P. siliculosa, and P. striate. The latter two species are limited to Australian waters, and P. dentate occurs in Japan. We here report the detailed morphology of P. dentate, and also determined plastid protein-coding psbA in P. dentate and putative relatives. Psilothallia dentate is distinguished by compressed thalli with alternate-distichous determinate branchlets, six periaxial cells, rhizoidal filaments in axes, cystocarps with 7-8 involucral filaments, spermatangia on branched filaments, and tetrahedrally divided tetrasporangia on branched filaments. Psilothallia dentate is also unusual in that cystocarps, spermatangial clusters, and tetrasporangial tufts are formed on short adventitious indeterminate branches arising on axils of determinate branchlets. The phylogenetic trees of psbA sequences show that P. dentata was nested in a monophyletic Glade comprising Ptilota, Neoptilota, and Plumaria. This result suggests that the taxonomic position of P. dentate may be transferred from the tribe Rhodocallideae to the Ptiloteae.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.319-328
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• 2018

The morphology, anatomy and reproduction (tetra/bisporic and male) of Lithothamnion japonicum Foslie was studied, using holotype material and materials collected from Korea. Lithothamnion japonicum is characterized based on the presence of encrusting, warty to fruticose thallus, branched or unbranched short and cylindrical protuberances, conical shaped spermatangial conceptacles, branched (dendroid) spermatangial systems formed on floor, walls, and roof of conceptacle chamber, cylindrical shaped spermatangial conceptacle canal, 9-10 cell layered spermatangial conceptacle roof, raised tetra/bisporangial conceptacles without rims, flattened tetra/bisporangial conceptacle pore plate, 16-50 pores on each pore plate, 6-8 rosette cells surrounded by each pore, pore canal lining filaments composed of tetra/bisporangial conceptacle roof, and buried senescent tetra/bisporangial conceptacles completely infilled with relatively large and irregularly arranged calcified sterile cells. In this study, we report a new record of Lithothamnion japonicum from Korean coasts.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.81-84
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• 2013

We demonstrate rutile $TiO_2$ branched nanostructure ($TiO_2$-BN) electrodes synthesized by seeding method for enhanced lithium intercalation properties. The morphology and crystalline nature of the $TiO_2$-BN were clearly observed by field-emission transmission electron microscopy and fast Fourier transform pattern. The $TiO_2$-BN electrodes showed excellent capacity and high rate performance. The improved lithium-ion intercalation properties of the $TiO_2$- BN may be attributed to relatively large specific surface area and short transport distance of the branched nanostructure.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.67 no.4
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• pp.222-225
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• 2023

Metallic salts of C10-18 aliphatic carboxylic acids were prepared and their scanning electron microscopic images were analyzed for the morphology dependency with the metal and the carboxylic acid. Regardless of metal ion, metal salts of dicarboxylic acids showed a high crystallinity with a fiber image (SuA-Na). The aromatic dicarboxylates also represented a morphology of a rectangular-rod or board shapes (IA-Li, IA-Ba). With Na ion, most aliphatic carboxylate (MA, PA, SA) showed a fiber-like crystallinity. However, other monovalent Li, K and multivalent Mg, especially Al ion resulted a glassy-amorphous in the metallic salts of acids (MA, PA, SA). With divalent Ba and Ca ions, the metal salt of aliphatic acids expressed a branched round cluster shape as in SA-Ca, SA-Ba. Both Li and Mg ions with a similar size showed a strong morphological similarity in the metallic salts of aliphatic acids MA, PA, SA. In the case of Na and Ca ions with a similar size (98, 106 pm), both ionic salts of stearic acid gave a branching effect for a fiber or round granular image. In the case of hydroxyl-aliphatic acids (HLA, HPA, HSA), the fiber images in HLA-Na and HSA-Na was appeared about 100 nm thicker than those of nonhydroxycarboxylates (LA-Na, SA-Na). The metallic salts of unsaturated C-18 carboxylic acids (OlA, LeA and LnA) showed an amorphous glassy image due to a kinked carbon chain.

• ALGAE
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.37-42
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• 2005

The morhology and life history of Stylonema cornu-cervi Reinsch from Japan were investigated. The species had multiseriate erect thalli from a basal cell. The thalli usually branched dichotomously, occasionally trichotomously near the base, and non-branched thalli were sometimes observed. A dichotomous branch on the upper portion near the base occurred only one time on each erect branch. Cells contained a stellate chloroplast, which was composed of a central rounded part with an obscure pyrenoid and 5-8 cup-like lobes connected to the central part by a small thin stipe. The biseriate part was observed on the six-celled stage in culture, and the grown thalli were multiseriate except for base and apices. Monospores forming from the immediate transformation of vegetative cells were observed. Thalli grew at 15-25$^{\circ}C$ and died at 10 and 30$^{\circ}C$. The fastest growth and maturation were observed under 25$^{\circ}C$ and 14L:10D. Although S. alsidii (Zanardini) Drew usually had uniseriate thalli, irregularly branched multiseriate thalli had been reported in cultures. It is possible that in the previous report the thalli were confused with S. cornu-cervi. In this report, S. cornu-cervi were distinguished from S. alsidii in that the branches were few, the multiseriate portions were observed on the early stage (six-celled stage), and the grown thalli were multiseriate except at the base and apices.

• ALGAE
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2005

The taxonomic status of three closely related species of the genus Sphacelaria, S. rigidula Kützing, S. fusca (Hudson) C.F Gray and S. didichotoma Saunders was reassessed on the basis of morphological observations from herbarium specimens and phylogenetic analysis of RUBISCO spacer sequences. Sphacelaria rigidula was characterized by having only 2-armed propagules and somewhat slender filaments. Culture experiments revealed that its propagules commonly formed secondary arms, even though they were rarely produced in the field. It is concluded that S. divaricata Montagne characterized by dichotomously branched arms in propagules shoud be synonymized with S. rigidula, based on propagule morphology and measurements. Sphacelaria fusca clearly be separated from S. rigidula by having 2-4 armed propagules. These morphological differences were highly supported by the differences in the RUBISCO spacer sequences. S. didichotoma resembles S. rigidula in having propagules with two dichotomously branched arms. However, it commonly produces the secondary arms in the field. Additionally, this species has shorter primary arms than S. rigidula. Phylogenetic analyses supported the distinction of S. didichotoma from S. rigidula. The northwestern Pacific plants, previously recorded as S. divaricata, were recognized as S. didichotoma.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.106-115
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• 2018

Objective: The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary standard ileal digestible (SID) valine:lysine ratios on performance, intestinal morphology, amino acids of liver and muscle, plasma indices and mRNA expression of branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolism enzymes. Methods: A total of 144 crossbred pigs (Duroc${\times}$Landrace${\times}$Large White) weaned at $28{\pm}4days$ of age ($8.79{\pm}0.02kg$ body weight) were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 diets formulated to provide SID valine:lysine ratios of 50%, 60%, 70%, or 80%. Each diet was fed to 6 pens of pigs with 6 pigs per pen (3 gilts and 3 barrows) for 28 days. Results: Average daily gain increased quadratically (p<0.05), the villous height of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum increased linearly (p<0.05) as the SID valine:lysine ratio increased. The concentrations of plasma ${\alpha}-keto$ isovaleric and valine increased linearly (p<0.05), plasma aspartate, asparagine and cysteine decreased (p<0.05) as the SID valine:lysine ratio increased. An increase in SID lysine:valine levels increased mRNA expression levels of mitochondrial BCAA transaminase and branched-chain ${\alpha}-keto$ acid dehydrogenase in the longissimus dorsi muscle (p<0.05). Conclusion: Using a quadratic model, a SID valine:lysine ratio of 68% was shown to maximize the growth of weaned pigs which is slightly higher than the level recommended by the National Research Council.

• Proceedings of the Korea Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry Conference
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• 2006.06b
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• pp.251-256
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to confirm multiple retention system of C-PAM, A-PAM and Inorganic micro particles vs. traditional micro particle system and dual polymer system by measuring retention, drainage and formation using RDA HSF and Techpap 2D -F Sensor The benefits of dual polymer system were easy to use, low chemical consumption and good retention property but defect was worse drainage property than inorganic microparticle systems. On the other hand, Inorganic microparticle system had benefit of good drainage effect but defects were difficult to use, high chemical consumption. Therefore, we tried to find optimal morphology of polyacrylamide and applied to multiple retention system of C-PAM, A-PAM and inorganic microparticles to compensate defects of both of retention systems. As a result, we found the performance of branched C-PAM, branched A-PAM and inorganic micro particle triple system was more appropriate than traditional inorganic mircoparticle systems or dual polymer systems by comparing retention, drainage and formation.