• 음성과학
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.7-21
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• 1999

This paper proposes an improved training procedure in speech recognition based on the continuous density of the Hidden Markov Model (CDHMM). Of the three parameters (initial state distribution probability, state transition probability, output probability density function (p.d.f.) of state) governing the CDHMM model, we focus on the third parameter and propose an efficient algorithm that determines the p.d.f. of each state. It is known that the resulting CDHMM model converges to a local maximum point of parameter estimation via the iterative Expectation Maximization procedure. Specifically, we propose two independent algorithms that can be embedded in the segmental K -means training procedure by replacing relevant key steps; the adaptation of the number of mixture Gaussian p.d.f. and the initialization using the CDHMM parameters previously estimated. The proposed adaptation algorithm searches for the optimal number of mixture Gaussian humps to ensure that the p.d.f. is consistently re-estimated, enabling the model to converge toward the global maximum point. By applying an appropriate threshold value, which measures the amount of collective changes of weighted variances, the optimized number of mixture Gaussian branch is determined. The initialization algorithm essentially exploits the CDHMM parameters previously estimated and uses them as the basis for the current initial segmentation subroutine. It captures the trend of previous training history whereas the uniform segmentation decimates it. The recognition performance of the proposed adaptation procedures along with the suggested initialization is verified to be always better than that of existing training procedure using fixed number of mixture Gaussian p.d.f.

• 임상이비인후과
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.204-211
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• 2018

Background and Objectives : Unilateral maxillary sinus lesions are relatively common but may occur in variety of causes. Therefore, accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment are needed. The aim of this study is to review patients with unilateral maxillary sinus lesion who underwent surgical treatment and to analyze causes and characteristics of unilateral maxillary sinus lesions with literature review. Materials and Methods : A retrospective chart analysis was completed on 318 patients with unilateral maxillary sinus lesions who underwent surgical treatment from January, 2008 through May, 2018. Clinical history and data such as age, sex, symptoms of initial, radiologic and dental finding, operation type were collected from medical record. Results : Patients mean age was 50.7 years with slight male gender dominance. Most common type was sinusitis (42.7%), followed by odontogenic sinusitis (22.3%) and fungal ball (19.5%). In particular, the most common cause of odontogenic sinusitis was post dental surgery such as implant. Middle meatal antrostomy (90.9%) was accounted for a great part of surgery underwent to patients. Patients complained of post nasal discharge (62.9%), nasal obstruction (40.9%) and odor smell(35.2%) most commonly. Periapical lucency (35.8%) was the most common in CT finding followed by implant perforation (17.3%) and oroantral fistula (12.3%) in odontogenic sinusitis. Conclusions : Unilateral maxillary sinus lesions are relatively common, but they are increasing recently with dental procedures such as implant surgery, and serious adverse effects due to malignant tumors or improper treatment may occur, so accurate diagnosis and treatment are needed.

• 임상이비인후과
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.182-189
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• 2018

Background and Objectives : There were few literatures about the relationship between upper airway disorders and cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, although an association between impaired lower respiratory function and cardiovascular alterations was often reported. Our purpose was to assess the relationships between chronic sinusitis and hypertension. Materials and Methods : Three hundred subjects with bilateral chronic sinusitis who underwent functional endoscopic sinus surgery between 2015and 2017 were evaluated. Six hundred forty subjects without any nasal diseases were enrolled as a control group. Blood pressure and body mass index (BMI) were measured using a standardized method, and subjects were asked about current use of any antihypertensive medication, history of diabetes, smoking and alcohol drinking habits.Sinusitis group was assessed by nasal endoscopic examination, paranasal sinus CT scan and allergy test. Results : Average systolic and diastolic blood pressures were statistically significantly higher in subjects with sinusitis than control group. Chronic rhinosinusitis was associated with a 1.415-fold (95% confidence interval 1.053-1.930) increased hazard of hypertension after multivariate adjustment. Conclusions : These results suggest that sinusitis is associated with high blood pressure. Therefore patients with sinusitis may need special attention for blood pressure control. Further studies need to be performed to elucidate the pathogenesis behind such associations.

• 기록학연구
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• 제2호
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• pp.129-168
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• 2000

$Chos{\check{o}}n$ Dynasty was governed by the words of king, however, if they were not announced by the form of public document, they were useless. Therefore, the form of public document was the symbol of governing activity, and it was very important to manage the public record in operating the nation affairs. However, the point we should consider is that $Chos{\check{o}}n$ Dynasty, in the case of managing the public record, edited 'the original' instead of preserving them. And so, the preservation of the public record was deeply related to the editing of history. In Late Korea dynasty, the management of the public record got into utter confusion and so many troubles were occurred. In order to resolve these problems, the movements which innovated the public record managements system was gradually extended. This movements were continued in $Chos{\check{o}}n$ Dynasty. Finally, through the several modification procedures, the rules of public record management were legislated by 'Kyong Kuk Dae Jeon'(經國大典). Especially, by laws of 'Kyong Kuk Dae Jeon', not only the daily records of Secretary Department(承政院) but also the important documents which was related to the government branch should be booked in the last decade of the year and the number of the books had to be reported to the king. This rule made certification of the fact that the king was the last confirmer of the public record management. In addition, through the procedure of printing the record of the national affairs, and the diplomatic once in three years, and then preserving that public record in the National Department(議政府), other departments responsible and the archives, the National Department practically took part in the public record management. The management system was also changed in order that the public record was virtually used and consulted before taking the procedure of immortal preservation. All public documents were classified by the definite rule and filed in a same volume. After classifying and filing, certainly, for making convenience of reference and application of public record, records were indicated by the paper card. It may be that, after the step of reference, application and indicating, the public documents were gradually transferred to the next step. In these procedures, Early $Chos{\check{o}}n$ public documents system was confirmed.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제17권9호
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• pp.343-347
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• 2019

본 연구는 민간에서 생산된 청화자기에 그려진 청화회화의 주제 및 기법 속에 민속성과 예술성이 어떻게 융합되었는가 하는 것을 다루고자 한다. 이에 경덕진을 중심으로 한 청화자기의 등장의 역사적 배경을 살펴보고 민간청화자기에서 드러나는 민속성과 예술성에 대해 살펴본다. 관요에서 시작한 청화자기는 명 청 시기를 거쳐 민간으로 확대된다. 민간청화회화는 그 소비자가 민중인 만큼 민속적인 소재들을 화제로 사용하였고, 개인의 감성을 투영한 자유분방한 선들이 도자기 위에 그려졌다. 그러므로 관요와는 다른 미감을 이루었다. 따라서 이와 같은 민간청화회화의 발전은 우리의 물질세계를 풍부하게 하였을 뿐 아니라, 중국 전통문화의 특수한 정신세계를 이루도록 하였다. 주제의 민속성과 예술성이 완미하게 결합함으로서 도자회화 발전과 민족문화 발전에 매우 중요한 작용을 하게 되었다.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2019

The use of non-linear analysis of structures in a functional way for evaluating the structural seismic behavior has attracted the attention of the engineering community in recent years. The most commonly used functional method for analysis is a non-linear static method known as the "pushover method". In this study, for the first time, a cyclic pushover analysis with different loading protocols was used for seismic investigation of curved bridges. The finite element model of 8-span curved bridges in plan created by the ZEUS-NL software was used for evaluating different pushover methods. In order to identify the optimal loading protocol for use in astatic non-linear cyclic analysis of curved bridges, four loading protocols (suggested by valid references) were used. Along with cyclic analysis, conventional analysis as well as adaptive pushover analysis, with proven capabilities in seismic evaluation of buildings and bridges, have been studied. The non-linear incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) method has been used to examine and compare the results of pushover analyses. To conduct IDA, the time history of 20 far-field earthquake records was used and the 50% fractile values of the demand given the ground motion intensity were computed. After analysis, the base shear vs displacement at the top of the piers were drawn. Obtained graphs represented the ability of a cyclic pushover analysis to estimate seismic capacity of the concrete piers of curved bridges. Based on results, the cyclic pushover method with ISO loading protocol provided better results for evaluating the seismic investigation of concrete piers of curved bridges in plan.

• 천문학회보
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.37.2-37.2
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• 2019

Recent investigations of the double red clump in the color-magnitude diagram of the Milky Way bulge cast serious doubts on the structure and formation origin of the outer bulge. Unlike previous interpretation based on an X-shaped bulge, stellar evolution models and CN-band observations have suggested that this feature is another manifestation of the multiple stellar population phenomenon observed in globular clusters (GCs). This new scenario requires a significant fraction of the outer bulge stars with chemical patterns uniquely observed in GCs. Here we show from homogeneous high-quality spectroscopic data that the red giant branch stars in the outer bulge ($>5.5^{\circ}$ from the Galactic center) are clearly divided into two groups according to Na abundance in the [Na/Fe] - [Fe/H] plane. The Na-rich stars are also enhanced in Al, while the differences in O and Mg are not observed between the two Na groups. The population ratio and the Na and Al differences between the two groups are also comparable with those observed in metal-rich GCs. Since these chemical patterns and characteristics are only explained by stars originated in GCs, this is compelling evidence that the outer bulge was mostly assembled from disrupted proto-GCs in the early history of the Milky Way. We will also discuss the implications of this result on the formation of the early-type galaxies in general.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.715-726
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• 2019

Several municipal seismic vulnerability investigations have been identified pounding of adjacent structures as one of the main hazards due to the constrained separation distance between adjacent buildings. Consequently, an assessment of the seismic pounding risk of buildings is superficial in future adjustment of design code provisions for buildings. The seismic lateral oscillation of adjacent buildings with eccentric alignment is partly restrained, and therefore a torsional response demand is induced in the building under earthquake excitation due to eccentric pounding. In this paper, the influence of the eccentric seismic pounding on the design demands for adjacent symmetric buildings with eccentric alignment is presented. A mathematical simulation is formulated to evaluate the eccentric pounding effects on the seismic design demands of adjacent buildings, where the seismic response analysis of adjacent buildings in series during collisions is investigated for various design parameters that include number of stories; in-plan alignment configurations, and then compared with that for no-pounding case. According to the herein outcomes, the effects of seismic pounding severity is mainly depending on characteristics of vibrations of the adjacent buildings and on the characteristics of input ground motions as well. The position of the building wherever exterior or interior alignment also, influences the seismic pounding severity as the effect of exposed direction from one or two sides. The response of acceleration and the shear force demands appear to be greater in case of adjacent buildings as seismic pounding at different levels of stories, than that in case of no-pounding buildings. The results confirm that torsional oscillations due to eccentric pounding play a significant role in the overall pounding-involved response of symmetric buildings under earthquake excitation due to horizontal eccentric alignment.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제22권9호
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• pp.169-174
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• 2022

The purpose of the study is to research the legal nature and essence of corrupt behavior, as well as the international and national legal aspects of the fight against corruption. The article discloses the relation between the factual results of the operation of anti-corruption normative and legal acts and the goals and objectives for which they were adopted. The effectiveness of the regulatory effect and quality of anti-corruption legislation is determined by the example of the Russian Federation. The article provides an analysis of theoretical aspects of the theory and history of the formation and development of anti-corruption legislation (on the example of Russia and some other countries, as well as international legal norms) giving several practical examples from foreign legislation demonstrating the structure of the system of government bodies battling against corrupt behavior (including its latent forms). The authors suggest that there is a need for a unified conception of information and propaganda support of state anti-corruption activities. This will make it possible to inform the population that the state is actively working to prevent corruption threats and to bring perpetrators to justice, as well as contribute to citizens' trust in the state policy in this area. At the same time, it is necessary to regularly inform the citizens about the provisions of the anti-corruption legislation, explaining the importance of their observance.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.465-479
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• 2021

One of the important causes of building and infrastructure failure, such as bridges on pile foundations, is the placement of the piles in liquefiable soil that can become unstable under seismic loads. Therefore, the overarching aim of this study is to investigate the seismic behavior of a soil-pile system in liquefiable soil using three-dimensional numerical FEM analysis, including soil-pile interaction. Effective parameters on concrete pile response, involving the pile diameter, pile length, soil type, and base acceleration, were considered in the framework of finite element non-linear dynamic analysis. The constitutive model of soil was considered as elasto-plastic kinematic-isotropic hardening. First, the finite element model was verified by comparing the variations on the pile response with the measured data from the centrifuge tests, and there was a strong agreement between the numerical and experimental results. Totally 64 non-linear time-history analyses were conducted, and the responses were investigated in terms of the lateral displacement of the pile, the effect of the base acceleration in the pile behavior, the bending moment distribution in the pile body, and the pore pressure. The numerical analysis results demonstrated that the relationship between the pile lateral displacement and the maximum base acceleration is non-linear. Furthermore, increasing the pile diameter results in an increase in the passive pressure of the soil. Also, piles with small and big diameters are subjected to yielding under bending and shear states, respectively. It is concluded that an effective stress-based ground response analysis should be conducted when there is a liquefaction condition in order to determine the maximum bending moment and shear force generated within the pile.