• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.142-146
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• 2010

Relatively large amounts of GABA can be produced by the fermentation of rice bran. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of GABA on the secretion of melatonin and serotonin for the development of a sleep inductive compound. The secretion levels of melatonin and serotonin from mice were found to be $3.425{\pm}0.182\;pg/mL$ and $5.37{\pm}0.963\;ng/mL$, respectively, in response to feeding 120 mg/mL of GABA while they were $2.607{\pm}0.41\;pg/mL$ in the control. The secretion of both melatonin and serotonin was increased up to the 13.51% and 34.99%, respectively, when compared to the negative control. However, the feeding of milk alone did not have a great effect on the melatonin and serotonin secretions. Conversely, feeding of milk with GABA enhanced the secretion of serotonin. The amounts of both melatonin and serotonin secreted increased with respect to the increase in GABA concentrations during feeding. Interestingly, the induction level of melatonin was relatively higher than that of serotonin in response to feeding 120 mg/mL of GABA. This is the first study to report that GABA has an ability to induce sleep related hormones in mice; therefore, it has the potential for use as a natural sleep aid.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.524-528
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• 2002

The study was carried out to evaluate the antioxidant activity of grape seed extracts by measuring acid value, peroxide value (POV), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS value) and electron donating ability by 1,1-dipheny1-2-pycryl hydrazil (DPPH) method. Total phenol content of freeze dried crude solvent extracts increased in the order of ethanol>acetone>hot water. Among extracts, the total phenol content of 70% ethanol extract of grape seed (GSE) was the highest, 51%. Besides the total phenol, the other major components of GSE were crude carbohydrate (29.63%), crude protein (3.38%) and crude lipid (2.84%). The acid values of crude rice bran oil containing GSE or several antioxidants at the concetration of 0.01% were 52.3 for the control, 0.5 for GSE, 2.3 for dibutyl hydroxytoluene (BHT), 45.0 for tertiarybutyl hydroxy quinone (TBHQ), 29.9 for tocopherol and 37.7 for ascorbic acid. The POVs for linoleic acid methyl ester in the presence of 0.01% antioxidants were 1220 meq/kg in control, 55 meq/kg in GSE, 104 meq/kg in BHT, 952 meq/kg in tocopherol and 71 meq/kg in GSE, 37% in BHT, 37% in tocopherol and 52% in ascorbic acid. The electron donating abilities by DPPH in the presence of 0.01% antioxidants were 95.3% in GSE, 75.0% in BHT, 96.3% in tocopherol and 98.2% in ascorbic acid. These results indicated that the antioxidants activities of GSE were significantly higher than those of several antioxidants compared.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.1409-1413
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• 2000

The seeds of Coix lachryma-jobi L. var. ma-yuen(yullmoo) were investigated for the free radical scavenging and mushroom tyrosinase inhibitory activities. Brown yullmoo, which contains bran in the seed, has also been evaluated for comparison. After partitioning of the total methanol extracts of yullmoo and brown yullmoo, each organic layer exhibited mild or potent dose-dependent inhibition(about 20-80%) on 1,1-diphenyl picryl hydrazyl(DPPH) free radical with the concentration of $300\;{\mu}g/ml$ to $800\;{\mu}g/ml$. n-Butanol fraction of yullmoo showed the most potent scavenging effect on DPPH free radical. $IC_{50}$ of n-butanol fraction was $423\;{\mu}g/ml$, about six to seven fold higher concentration than standard BHT at the same inhibition rate. As for the tyrosinase inhibitory activity, all of the fractions including the methanol extract exhibited the similar activities even after partitioning. The chloroform fraction of brown yullmoo was found to show the most potent inhibitory activity with an $IC_{50}$ of $321.5\;{\mu}g/ml$.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.1158-1167
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• 2000

To produce ${\beta}-cyclodextrin({\beta}-CD)$, a cyclodextrin glucanotransferase(CGTase) producing Aspergillus sp. CC-2-1 was isolated from soil. The enzyme was purified and its enzymological characteristics were investigated. It was found that production of CGTase reached to the maximum when the wheat bran medium containing 0.1% albumin, 2% $(NH_4)_2S_2O_8$, 2% soluble starch and 0.2% $KH_2PO_4$ was cultured for 5 days at $37^{\circ}C$. The purity of CGTase was increased by 13.14 folds after DEAE-cellulose ion exchange chromatography and Sephadex G-100, G-150 gel filtration and the specific activity was 172.14 unit/mg. Purified enzyme was confirmed as a single band by the polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight of CGTase was estimated to be 27,800 by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The optimum pH and temperature for the CGTase activity were 9.0 and $80^{\circ}C$, respectively. The enzyme was stable in pH $8.0{\sim}11.0$ at $60{\sim}80^{\circ}C$. The activity of purified enzyme was activated by $K^+,\;Cu^{2+}$ and $Zn^{2+}$. The activity of the CGTase was inhibited by the treatment with 2,4-dinitrophenol and iodine. The result suggests that the purified enzyme has phenolic hydroxyl group of tyrosine, histidine imidazole group and terminal amino group at active site. The reaction of this enzyme followed typical Michaelis-Menten kinetics with the $K_m$ value of 18.182 g/L with the $V_{max}$ of 188.68 ${\mu}mole/min$. The activation energy for the CGTase was calculated by Arrhenius equation was 1.548 kcal/mol.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.12 no.11
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• pp.5056-5062
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• 2011

This study was carried out to decrease intrinsic objectionable odor, bitter and fishy taste and change the biobeneficial components (gastrodin and p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol) of Gastrodia elate Blume. First of all, Gastrodia elata Blume. was dipped in the rice-washed water and rice-bran solution fermented with Lactobacillus brevis and Lactobacillus plantarum. The objectionable odor, bitter and fishy taste were decreased considerably with the treatments. Gastrodia elata Blume. was also dipped in organic acids (10 different varieties). The result showed that the most effective treatment to reduce objectionable odor, bitter and fishy taste of Gastrodia elata Blume. was treated with 1.0% lactic acid. Eleven different kinds of volatile components such as acetaldehyde, formic acid ethyl ester, acetic acid ethyl ester, 4-methylphenol and 3-hydroxy-2-butanone were separated from Gastrodia elata Blume when treated with or without 1.0% lactic acid. 4-Methylphenol, which is an objectionable odor in Gastrodia elata Blume, decreased with the treatment of lactic acid. While the contents of gastrodin and p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol in Gastrodia elata Blume. increased by 20% when dipped in 1.0% lactic acid solution for 24 hours and steamed at $98^{\circ}C$ for 4 hours.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.498-501
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• 2011

The nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents are the key factors to determine the quality of organic fertilizers and right amount of application for agricultural uses. The major nutrient contents in raw materials used for making organic fertilizers and products were evaluated in this study. Among the raw materials that were investigated, soybean cake gave the highest total N content at $76g\;kg^{-1}$, followed by perilla cake ($70g\;kg^{-1}$), rape seed oil cake ($66g\;kg^{-1}$), cotton seed cake ($54g\;kg^{-1}$), and rice bran ($22g\;kg^{-1}$). We investigated 43 organic fertilizers and our results showed widely varied concentrations of major nutrients : total N at $30.5-139g\;kg^{-1}$, total $P_2O_5$ at $2.3-96.3g\;kg^{-1}$, and total $K_2O$ at $0.1-29.3g\;kg^{-1}$. Our study would like to emphasize the importance of nutrient content labeling in packed organic fertilizers to be able to know its efficiency and for determining the right amount for application.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.126-132
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• 2012

Two different feed(bran and swine feed) effect was tested on development of Tenebrio molitor at $25{\pm}5^{\circ}C$, $65{\pm}10%RH$. There was no significant feed effect on larval developmental periods(80.0 ~ 83.7 days), pupal length (18.1 ~ 18.7 mm) and fecundity(44.3 ~ 55.3 eggs) during first two days. However, fecundity was significantly affected by the pupal weight(P < 0.05), such that the number of eggs 172.3, 191.2, 215.0 gradually increased as pupal weight rose from 0.12 g, 0.15 g to 0.18 g, respectively. During the first two weeks of oviposition was 51.8%, which gradually decreased for further days. Longevity was $27.1{\pm}6.9$, $30.1{\pm}7.8$, $27.4{\pm}8.5$ days with increasing pupal weight of 0.12, 0.15, 0.18 g, respectively. Larval densities of 100, 300, 500 and 700 individuals reared in the container ($16{\times}21.5{\times}7cm$) resulted 67.9% of the T. molitor pupation during first three weeks. Pupal weight was decreased $146.9{\pm}6.5$, $142.1{\pm}8.3$, $122.0{\pm}9.6$, $118.5{\pm}5.2mg$ when it was reared at different larval densities of 100, 300, 500 and 700 individuals, respectively in size of($16{\times}21.5{\times}7cm$) rearing container.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.546-554
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• 2021

Background: Diabetes mellitus and hypertension often occur together, amplifying cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and emphasizing the need for a multitargeted treatment approach. American ginseng (AG) and Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) species could improve glycemic control via complementary mechanisms. Additionally, a KRG-inherent component, ginsenoside Rg3, may moderate blood pressure (BP). Our objective was to investigate the therapeutic potential of coadministration of Rg3-enriched Korean Red Ginseng (Rg3-KRG) and AG, added to standard of care therapy, in the management of hypertension and cardiometabolic risk factors in type-2 diabetes. Methods: Within a randomized controlled, parallel design of 80 participants with type-2 diabetes (HbA1c: 6.5-8%) and hypertension (systolic BP: 140-160 mmHg or treated), supplementation with either 2.25 g/day of combined Rg3-KRG + AG or wheat-bran control was assessed over a 12-wk intervention period. The primary endpoint was ambulatory 24-h systolic BP. Additional endpoints included further hemodynamic assessment, glycemic control, plasma lipids and safety monitoring. Results: Combined ginseng intervention generated a mean ± SE decrease in primary endpoint of 24-h systolic BP (-3.98 ± 2.0 mmHg, p = 0.04). Additionally, there was a greater reduction in HbA1c (-0.35 ± 0.1% [-3.8 ± 1.1 mmol/mol], p = 0.02), and change in blood lipids: total cholesterol (-0.50 ± 0.2 mmol/l, p = 0.01), non-HDL-C (-0.54 ± 0.2 mmol/l, p = 0.01), triglycerides (-0.40 ± 0.2 mmol/l, p = 0.02) and LDL-C (-0.35 ± 0.2 mmol/l, p = 0.06) at 12 wks, relative to control. No adverse safety outcomes were observed. Conclusion: Coadministration of Rg3-KRG + AG is an effective addon for improving BP along with attaining favorable cardiometabolic outcomes in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Ginseng derivatives may offer clinical utility when included in the polypharmacy and lifestyle treatment of diabetes. Clinical trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov identifier, NCT01578837;

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.57 no.4
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• pp.373-379
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• 2018

This study investigated the developmental and ovipositional characteristics of Protaetia brevitarsis individuals that were fed with fermented mulberry sawdust. The developmental periods of larvae were 164.0, 73.3, and 64.8 days at 25, 28, and $30^{\circ}C$, respectively. The maximum larval weight was 2.94 g at $25^{\circ}C$, and the weight of larvae decreased as temperature increased. The average weight of female adults were 0.94, 0.51, and 0.54 g at 25, 28, and $30^{\circ}C$, respectively. The weight of male adults was higher than that of females. The addition of 10% or 30% wheat bran to the fermented mulberry sawdust increased larval weight. It was possible to sell larvae from 75 days after mass rearing, when the cumulative rate of larvae that were heavier than 2.5 g was approximately 75%. The average number of eggs per female was 83.2 at $25^{\circ}C$, and this was the highest in the 5th week. Most of the eggs (73%) were oviposited between 3 and 8 weeks after adults emergence.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.57 no.4
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• pp.287-295
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• 2018

A meridic artificial diet, including whole milk powder, wheat bran, maize leaf powder, and sucrose as the main nutrients, was tested for rearing Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera: Acrididae). When locusts were supplied with only the artificial diet over their entire life cycle, a second generation was not produced. The same result was observed when the diet was supplied daily and fresh maize leaves were supplied every other day. However, when the diet and fresh maize leaves were supplied alternately every other day, four generations of L. migratoria were produced. Fecundity in adults reared with the alternating diet was higher than that in adults supplied with both the diet and maize leaves daily. These results indicate that this artificial diet could be used as a supplementary food for rearing of L. migratoria.