• 대한수의학회지
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• 제56권2호
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• pp.85-89
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• 2016

We tested a set of conditions for obtaining optimal tissue quality in preparation for histology in samples of mouse brain. C57BL/6J mice were sacrificed and perfused with 4% paraformaldehyde, after which the brains were removed and dehydrated in 30% sucrose solution. The brains were then divided into four groups according to freezing temperature and usage of optimal cutting temperature (OCT) compound. Next, we stained the sectioned brain tissues with Harris hematoxylin and eosin Y and immunohistochemistry was performed for doublecortin. The best quality tissue was obtained at $-25^{\circ}C$ and by not embedding with the OCT compound. When frozen at $-25^{\circ}C$, the embedded tissue was significantly damaged by crystals, while at $-80^{\circ}C$ there were no meaningful differences between qualities of embedded- and non-embedded tissues. Overall, we identified a set of conditions to obtain quality frozen brain sections. Our developed protocol will help resolve matters associated with damage caused to sectioned brain tissue by crystal formation during freezing.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.1311-1315
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• 2009

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of sesaminol glucosides (SG) on age-related cognitive deficits in senescence-accelerated mice P8 (SAMP8). Male SAMP8 (9 month-old) were randomly divided into 3 groups and received diets containing 0, 0.25, or 0.5% SG for 12 weeks. Step-through latency of the SAMP8 control group was higher than that of the senescence-accelerated resistant mice (SAMR) group, whereas it was lowered in the SG-supplemented group on the passive-avoidance test. In the Morris water maze, the escape latency of the SAMP8 control group was increased and recovered in the 0.5% SG-supplemented group. The SG supplementation significantly decreased thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) levels in brains of the SAMP8. On the other hand, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase activities in brains of the SG supplemented group decreased compared with the SAMP8 control group. These results suggest that SG could attenuate cognitive deficits caused by aging through its antioxidant capacity.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.587-591
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• 2005

The effect of extremely low frequency (ELF,60Hz) magnetic fields (MFs) on convulsions was investigated in rats. We determined the onset arid duration of convulsions induced by bicuculline alone or by co-exposure to MFs and bicuculline. In addition, we measured the GABA concentrations in the rat brains using HPLC-ECD. MFs strengthened the convulsion induced by bicuculline (0.3, 1, and 3${\mu}g$, I.c.v.), with a shortening of the onset time, but lengthening of the duration time. Co-exposure to MFs and bicuculline decreased the GABA levels in the cortex, hippocampus and hypothalamus, whereas MFs alone reduced the level of GABA only in the hippocampus. These results suggest that the exposure to MFs may modulate bicuculline-induced convulsions due to GABA neurotransmissions in rat brains.

• Animal cells and systems
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 1999

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) was originally isolated as a hypothalamic peptide that regulates reproduction by stimulating the release of gonadotropins. Using comparative animal models has led to the discovery that GnRH has a more ancient evolutionary origin. Durinq evolution GnRH peptide underwent gene duplication and structural changes to give rise to multiple molecular forms of GnRHs. Mammalian GnRH initially considered to be the sole molecular form, is now grouped as a family of peptides along with GnRH variants determined from representatives in all classes of vertebrates. Vertebrate species including primates and humanshave more than one GnRH variant in individual brains; a unique GnRH form in the forebrain and chicken IIGnRH in the midbrain. Furthermore, several species of bony fish have three molecular variants of GnRH: salmon GnRH sea-bream GnRH and chicken II GnRH. Also, it has been shown that in addition to the olfactory placodes and the midbrain, there is a third embryonic source of GnRH neurons from the basal diencephalon in birds and fish, which might be true for other vertebrates. Therefore, comparative animal models like fish with discrete sites of expression of three molecular variants of GnRH in individual brains, could provide insight into novel functions of GnRH variants, conservation of gene regulation, and mechanisms governing reproduction in vertebrates.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.417-424
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• 2017

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is neurodegenerative disease, characterized by the progressive decline of memory, cognitive functions, and changes in personality. The major pathological features in postmortem brains are neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid beta ($A{\beta}$) deposits. The majority of AD cases are sporadic and age-related. Although AD pathogenesis has not been established, aging and declining mitochondrial function has been associated. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been observed in AD patients' brains and AD mice models, and the mice with a genetic defect in mitochondrial complex I showed enhanced $A{\beta}$ level in vivo. To elucidate the role of mitochondrial complex I in AD, we used SH-SY5Y cells transfected with DNA constructs expressing human amyloid precursor protein (APP) or human Swedish APP mutant (APP-swe). The expression of APP-swe increased the level of $A{\beta}$ protein in comparison with control. When complex I was inhibited by rotenone, the increase of ROS level was remarkably higher in the cells overexpressing APP-swe compared to control. The number of dead cell was significantly increased in APP-swe-expressing cells by complex I inhibition. We suggest that complex I dysfunction accelerate amyloid toxicity and mitochondrial complex I dysfunction in aging may contribute to the pathogenesis of sporadic AD.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제65권1호
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• pp.23-31
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• 2022

Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation play important roles in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study investigated the protective effects of paeoniflorin (PF) against neuronal oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mice. The brains of LPS-injected control group showed significantly increased neuroinflammation by activating the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway and increasing inflammatory mediators. However, administration of PF significantly attenuated oxidative stress by inhibiting lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide levels, and reactive oxygen species production in the brain; PF at doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg/day downregulated the expression of NF-κB pathway-related proteins and significantly decreased inflammatory mediators including inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2. Moreover, the levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and its receptor, tropomycin receptor kinase B, were significantly increased in PF-treated mice. Furthermore, acetylcholinesterase activity and the ration of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)/Bcl-2 associated X were significantly reduced by PF in the brains of LPS-induced mice, resulting in the inhibition of cholinergic dysfunction and neuronal apoptosis. Thus, we can conclude that administration of PF to mice prevents the development of LPS-induced AD pathology through the inhibition of neuronal oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, suggesting that PF has a therapeutic potential for AD.

• Clinical Nutrition Research
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.121-129
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• 2024

The prevalence of metabolic syndrome caused by diets containing excessive fatty acids is increasing worldwide. Patients with metabolic syndrome exhibit abnormal lipid profiles, chronic inflammation, increased levels of saturated fatty acids, impaired insulin sensitivity, excessive fat accumulation, and neuropathological issues such as memory deficits. In particular, palmitic acid (PA) in saturated fatty acids aggravates inflammation, insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, and synaptic failure. Recently, adiponectin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and glucose-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) have been investigated to find therapeutic solutions for metabolic syndrome, with findings suggesting that they are involved in insulin sensitivity, enhanced lipid profiles, increased neuronal survival, and improved synaptic plasticity. We investigated the effects of adiponectin, BDNF, and GLP-1 on neurite outgrowth, length, and complexity in PA-treated primary cortical neurons using Sholl analysis. Our findings demonstrate the therapeutic potential of adiponectin, BDNF, and GLP-1 in enhancing synaptic plasticity within brains affected by metabolic imbalance. We underscore the need for additional research into the mechanisms by which adiponectin, BDNF, and GLP-1 influence neural complexity in brains with metabolic imbalances.

• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.270-287
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• 2015

Objectives To evaluate the neuroprotective effects of modified Yuldahanso-tang (MYH) in a Parkinson's disease mouse model. Methods 1) Four groups (each of 8 rats per group) were used in this study. 2) The neuroprotective effect of MYH was examined in a Parkinson's disease mouse model. C57BL/6 mice treated with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP, 30 mg/kg/day), intraperitoneal (i.p.) for 5 days. 3) The brains of 2 mice per group were removed and frozen at $-20^{\circ}C$, and the striatum-substantia nigra part was seperated. The protein volume was measured by Bradford method following Bio-Rad protein analyzing kit. Using mouse/Rat Dopamine ELISA Assay Kit. 4) The brains of 2 mice per group were separated and removed. TH-immunohistochemical was examined in the MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease mice to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of MYH on ST and SNpc. 5) Two mice out of each group were anesthetized and skulls were opened from occipital to frontal direction to take out the brains. The brains added TTC solution for 20 minutes for staining. 6) The water tank used for morris water maze test was filled with $28^{\circ}C$ water, and a round platform of 10cm in diameter was installed for mice to step on. The study was carried out once a day within 30 seconds, keep exercising to step on the platform in the pool. 7) The brains of two mice out of each group were fixed in 10% formaldehyde solution and paraphillin substance was infiltrated. They were fragmented by microtome, and observed under an optical microscope after Hematoxylin & Eosin staining. 8) A round acrylic cylinder with its upper side open was filled with clean water and depressive mouse models were forced to swim for 15 minutes. After 24 hours the animals were put in the same equipment for 5 minutes and were forced to swim. 9) The convenient, simple, and accurate high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was established for simultaneous determination of Neurotransmitters in MPTP-MYH group. Results 1) MYH possess Dopamine cell protective effect on MPTP-induced injury in striatum and substantia nigra pars compacta. 2) MYH inhibits the loss of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreacitive (TH-IR) cells in the striatum and substantia nigra pars compacta on MPTP-induced injury in C57BL/6 mice. 3) MYH possesses improvement effect on MPTP-induced memory deterioration in C57BL/6 mice through the reduction of prolongated Sort of lost time by MPTP injection using the Morris water maze test. 4) MYH possesses hippocampal neuron protective effect on MPTP-induced injury in C57BL/6 mice. 5) MYH possesses improvement effect on MPTP-induced motor behaviour deficits and depression in C57BL/6 mice through the reduction of prolongated losing motion by MPTP injection using the Forced swimming test. 6) MYH increases serotonin product amount on MPTP-induced injury in C57BL/6 mice. Conclusions This experiment suggests that the neuroprotective effect of MYH is mediated by the increase in Dopamin, TH-ir cell, Hippocampus and Serotonin. Furthermore, MYH essential oil may serve as a potential preventive or therapeutic agent regarding Parkinson's disease.

• 한국초등과학교육학회지:초등과학교육
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.567-580
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• 2013

This study is to activate gifted students' brains for creativity ability and also an integrated science and art teaching program. The learning programs integrating science and art, which have 30 periods and 10 topics on art and the knowledge of science, were developed dependant on five steps - observing, having interests and curiosity, experimental designing and performing, internalizing, and expressing in an arts-based manner. This programs were applied to 20 senior gifted students in Y Elementary School in Gyeonggi province, by one group pretest-posttest design. The results from these integrated programs of science and art are as follows: First, in the performance of science tasks, prefrontal lobe(F7, FT7) of left brain increase the relative power of theta wave, whereas in the performance of drawing tasks increase the relative power of beta wave in prefrontal lobe(FP1) of left brain, bilateral frontal(F7, F3, Fz, F4, F8, FT7, FC3, FCz), bilateral temporal(T7, TP7, TP8, P7), parietal lobe of left brain(CP3, CPz, P3, Pz), bilateral occipital(O1, Oz, O2). Second, in the performance of science tasks, the relative power of beta wave activity in the left temporal lobe(T7) of the brains of talented students in science significantly decreased whereas it was greatly activated in another part, the left frontal lobe(F3) of the brain (p<.05). Third, in the performance of drawing tasks, the relative power of theta wave activity in five areas of the brain, namely the left temporal lobe(T7), the left frontal lobe(F3), the right frontal lobe(F4), and the left and right parietal lobes of gifted students in science who took the course of the integrated programs, was considerably increased statistically(p<.05). On top of that, these programs were especially effective in balancing the symmetrical development of both cerebral hemispheres by multiplying theta wave activity in the frontal lobes(F3, F4) and the parietal lobes(CP3, P3, P4), which are particularly related to creative thinking. According to the results of this study of brain-based teaching strategies combining science and art, it is an effective program to develop overall activate gifted students' brains for creativity ability. This is expected to be utilized to activate the brain areas for creativity of gifted students in science.

• 한국한의학연구원논문집
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.205-225
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• 1996

This study has been carried out to investigate the effects of Youngyanggaksan (YGS) extract on the anticonvulsive, antipyretic, anlgesic, sedative and GABAergic system of experimental animals. The results of this study were as follows : 1. YGS extract prolonged significantly the beginning time to convulsion and time to death induced by strychnine. 2. YGS extract prolonged significantly the time to death induced by electrical shock of ECT unit (3sec, 200F, 25mA). 3. On the experiment of hypothermic effects of YGS extract on the rectal temperature of rats, YGS extract decreased significantly the rectal temperature of rats. 4. On the experiment of antipyretic effects of YGS extract on the febrile induced by the subcutaneous injection of $150{\mu}g/kg$ endotoxin in rats, YGS extract decreased significantly the rectal temperature of rats. 5. On the experiment of analgesic effects of YGS extract on the writhing syndrome induced by intraperitoneal injection 0.7% acetic acid 1ml/100g in rats, the writhing syndrome was reduced significantly by administration of YGS extract. 6. On the experiment of sedative effects of YGS extract on spontaneous motor activity measured by wheel cage method in mice, the spontaneous motor activity was reduced significantly by administration of YGS extract. 7. On the experiment of effects of YGS extract on the activity of GABA-transaminase(GABA-T) in rat brains after 21 days of oral administration of YGS extract, the activity of GABA-T was reduced significantly by administration of YGS extract. 8. On the experiment of effects of YGS extract on the activity concentration of GABA in rat brains after 21 days of oral administration of YGS extract the activity concentration of GABA was reduced significantly by administration of YGS extract. 9. On the experiment of effects of YGS extract on the activity of GAD in rat brains after 21 days of oral adminstration of YGS extract, the activity of GAD was reduced significantly by administration of YGS extract. According to the those results, Youngyanggaksan extract reveals the effects on the anticonvulsive, antipyretic, anlgesic, sedative and GABAergic system.