• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.49-52
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• 2007

The authors report a unique case of unilateral Moyamoya disease with a rare combination of arteriovenous malformation (AVM) who presented with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). A 50-year-old man suffered from sudden onset of mental deterioration and right hemiparesis. Brain computed tomography (CT) showed intracerebral hemorrhage on left thalamus. Brain CT angiography and cerebral digital subtraction angiography (DSA) revealed AVM combined with unilateral moyamoya disease involving left middle cerebral artery (MCA) and choroid plexus in left lateral ventricle. Intraventricular hemorrhage and hydrocephalus were managed conservatively. A rare case of unilateral Moyamoya disease accompanied by a cerebral arteriovenous malformation is described and discussed with review of pertinent literature.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.426-432
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• 2000

After surgical operation in patients with arteriovenous malformation (AVM), normal pressure perfusion breakthrough (NPPB) is one of the major complications. Brain perfusion SPECT with acetazolamide stress was known to be useful to evaluate the vascular reserve in several neurological and neurosurgical conditions. The authors performed acetazolamide brain perfusion SPECT in patients with AVM and compared the brain perfusion in the post-operative clinical courses. The acetazolamide brain perfusion SPECT was helpful in defining the prognosis of the patients with AVM. We describe 4 patients with AVM who had acetazolamide brain perfusion SPECT to examine the prognosis.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.67 no.3
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• pp.280-288
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• 2024

Brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVMs) are aberrant arteriovenous shunts through a vascular nidus with no intervening capillary beds. They are one of the commonest causes of spontaneous intracranial haemorrhage in children and may be associated with significant morbidity and mortality in cases of rupture. Treatment strategies include microsurgical resection, endovascular embolisation, stereotactic radiosurgery, multimodality treatment with a combination thereof, and particularly in high-grade bAVMs, conservative management. Clinicians involved in treating bAVMs need to have familiarity with the natural history pertaining to bAVMs in terms of risk of rupture, risk factors elevating rupture risk as well as understanding the clinical manifestations of bAVMs. This invited review serves to provide a synthesis on natural history and clinical presentation of bAVMs with particular focus in children to inform decision-making pertaining to management.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.269-272
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• 2005

Objective : The object of this study is to present the treatment experience of the 6cases of scalp arteriovenous malformations[AVMs] focus on treatment strategy. Methods : Six patients with scalp AVM were treated during past 12years. We analysis the clinical characteristics of the lesions, treatment methods and management outcomes. Results : The lesions were located on temporal in 2patients, parietal in 2patients, frontal and occipital area in each one. Four of six patients had a trauma history on scalp. The presenting symptoms were progressive enlarged pulsating mass with or without bruit. Four of the six lesions had the large fistula in the lesion. Two patients were treated with surgical resection alone, three patients with proximal feeding artery balloon[s] occlusion followed by surgical resection, and one patient with coil embolization through trans-venous route alone. We obtained good results in all patients. Conclusion : Most of scalp AVM can be completely cured by Judicious selection and a combination of treatment modalities, i.e., surgery only, or embolization only, or embolization plus surgical therapy. Although embolization became a primary therapy for this sort of scalp AVM recently, the selection of treatment modality should be chose based on the size, angioarchitecture, and clinical presentations of the lesion.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.30 no.12
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• pp.1406-1416
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• 2001

Objective : The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of Gamma Knife radiosurgery(GKS) on cerebral arteriovenous malformation(AVM) and the factors associated with complete occlusion. Patients and Methods : A total of 369 radiosurgical procedures for 336 patients with cerebral AVMs were performed between December 1988 and June 2001. Three hundreds and twenty-four cases of 293 patients who were treated with GKS procedures from May 1992 to December 2000 were analyzed. Various clinical and radiologic parameters were evaluated. Results : The total obliteration rate for the cases with satisfactory radiological follow-up(more than 2 years) after GKS was 79.3%. In multivariate analysis, maximal diameter, angiographic form of AVM nidus, and number of draining veins significantly influenced the result of radiosurgery. In addition, marginal radiation dose, Spetzler-Martin grade, and flow pattern of AVM nidi also partly influenced the radiosurgical outcome. Conclusion : GKS on cerebral AVM is considered as an effective treatment modality. The risk of hemorrhage seems to decrease within the latency interval between GKS and complete occlusion of nidus. Along with the size, topography, or radiosurgical parameters of AVMs, it is necessary to consider the angioarchitectural and hemodynamic aspects to select proper candidates for radiosurgery.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.58 no.1
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• pp.83-88
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• 2015

Organized hematoma is a rare complication that can develop following gamma knife radiosurgery (GKS) for cerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVM). Here, we describe 5 patients with growing organized hematomas that developed from completely obliterated AVMs several years after GKS. The patients were 15, 16, 30, 36, and 38 years old at the time of GKS, respectively, and 3 patients were female. Four AVMs were located in the lobe of the brain, and the remaining AVM were in the thalamus. Between 2-12 years after GKS, patients developed progressive symptoms such intractable headache or hemiparesis and enhancing mass lesions were identified. Follow-up visits revealed the slow expansion of the hematomas and surrounding edema. Steroids were ineffective, and thus surgery was performed. Histology revealed organized hematomas with a capsule, but there was no evidence of residual AVMs or vascular malformation. After surgery, the neurological symptoms of all patients improved and the surrounding edema resolved. However, the hematoma continued to expand and intraventricular hemorrhage developed in 1 patient whose hematoma was only partially removed. GKS for cerebral AVM can be complicated by growing, organized hematomas that develop after complete obliteration. Growing hematomas should be surgically evacuated if they are symptomatic. Radical resection of the hematoma capsule is also strongly recommended.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.58 no.6
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• pp.547-549
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• 2015

Acute subdural hematoma (SDH) of arterial origin is rare, especially SDH associated with an arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is extremely rare. The authors report a case of acute spontaneous SDH due to rupture of a tiny cortical AVM. A 51-year-old male presented with sudden onset headache and mentality deterioration without a history of trauma. Brain CT revealed a large volume acute SDH compressing the right cerebral hemisphere with subfalcine and tentorial herniation. Emergency decompressive craniectomy was performed to remove the hematoma and during surgery a small (5 mm sized) conglomerated aciniform mass with two surrounding enlarged vessels was identified on the parietal cortex. After warm saline irrigation of the mass, active bleeding developed from a one of the vessel. The bleeding was stopped by coagulation and the vessels were removed. Histopathological examination confirmed the lesion as an AVM. We concluded that a small cortical AVM existed at this area, and that the cortical AVM had caused the acute SDH. Follow up conventional angiography confirmed the absence of remnant AVM or any other vascular abnormality. This report demonstrates rupture of a cortical AVM is worth considering when a patient presents with non-traumatic SDH without intracerebral hemorrhage or subarachnoid hemorrhage.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.89-91
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• 2014

Chronic encapsulated intracerebral hematoma (CEIH) is a rare cerebrovascular disease that behaves as a slowly expanding lesion with a gradual onset. It is well established that CEIH is associated with arteriovenous malformations; however, CEIH associated with cavernous malformation (CM) is extremely rare. We herein report a case of CEIH associated with CM, and discuss its pathogenesis. A 12-year-old female was admitted to our hospital because of a one week history of progressive headache and nausea. Brain computed tomography scan and magnetic resonance imaging showed an intracerebral hematoma surrounded by edema in the right frontal lobe. One week later, her headache and nausea worsened, and a brain computed tomography scan revealed the enlargement of hematoma. A right frontal craniotomy was performed. The capsule, mass, and hematoma were totally removed. Histological examination confirmed the diagnosis of CEIH associated with CM. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and the VEGF receptor-1 in the endothelium and fibroblasts. Our findings suggest that the activated VEGF pathway might have positively contributed to development of CEIH in the present patient.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.395-398
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• 1996

A retrospective analysis of 175 patients who were suffering from trigeminal neuralgia was done. We found 21 cases (12.0%) of abnormal findings including brain tumors and cerebrovascular disease on brain MRI. All patients were transferred to department of neurosurgery for operation. Among them, 7 patients refused or gave up operation and received nerve blocks with pure alcohol. Their MRI findings were meningioma, arachnoid cyst, arteriovenous malformation, venous angioma, and frontal sinus cancer This study demonstrates that peripheral nerve block or trigeminal nerve block with pure alcohol would be possible in case of elderly patients, patients who have poor general condition, patients who refuse operation, and brain tumor or cerebrovascular disease which located in dangerous area to be operated.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.815-821
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• 2000

Parasplenial arteriovenous malformations(AVMs) are rare vascular malformations which have distinct clinical and anatomical features. They are situated at the confluence of the hippocampus, isthmus of the cingulate gyrus and the gyrus occipitotemporalis medialis. These lesions are anterior to the calcarine sulcus and their apex extends towards the medial surface of the trigonum. Posterolaterally, these lesions are in close proximity to the visual cortex and optic radiation. The objectives in the surgery of parasplenial AVMs are complete resection of the lesions and preservation of vision. These objectives must be achieved with comprehensive understanding of the following anatomical features :1) the deep central location of the lesions within eloquent brain tissue ; 2) the lack of cortical representation of the AVMs that requires retraction of visual cortex ; 3) deep arterial supply ; 4) deep venous drainage ; 5) juxtaposition to the choroid plexus with which arterial supply and venous drainage are shared. A 16-year-old female student presented with intraventricular hemorrhage from a right parasplenial-subtrigonal AVM. The lesion, fed by posterior cerebral artery and drained into the vein of Galen, was successfully treated by the inter-hemispheric parietooccipital approach. To avoid visual field defect a small incision was made on precuneus anterior to the calcarine sulcus. In this report, the authors describe a surgical approach with special consideration on preservation of visual field.