• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.85-100
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• 2015

This study aimed at examining if the original memory remains after a misinformation is presented, using Event-Related Potential based Concealed Information Test (ERP-based CIT). In the first stage of the study, the participant was presented with either the original information or a misleading information after experiencing an event (Post-information). The second stage was to measure brain wave and reaction time on the original, misleading, and irrelevant information (CIT-Stimulus). P300 amplitude, P300 area, P300 latency, and reaction time were used as dependant variables. In the result, a significant Post-information ${\times}$ CIT-Stimulus interaction effect was found on the P300 area measured at Cz, Pz, and Oz area. This interaction effect implied the possibility that the original information could be partially impaired in memory by misleading information presented afterward. P300 amplitude at Pz area did not differ between the accurate and the misleading stimuli in the condition in which a misleading information was presented. This result can be explained by source monitoring error. In discussion, the limitations of this study and directions of future studies were discussed.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.101-110
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• 2014

High-frequency is sound produced in non-audible area, which couldn't be heard in daily life. The frequency range above 22Khz is called 'high-frequency' and its components are called 'HFC(High-Frequency Components)'. It is known that ocean wave sound is rich in HFC, because it brings serenity and causes ${\alpha}$-waves in human mind. When this natural sound is combined with high-frequency, it seems to give a pleasurable feeling, indicated by an ${\alpha}$-wave increase and a ${\beta}$-wave decrease. We call this phenomena "the hypersonic effects". In this experiment, subjects listened to the ocean wave sound simultaneously with corresponding frequencies similar to ocean wave frequency components created artificially in a electric circuit. Brain waves were measured by an EEG system with 8 channels using 8 electrodes on Fp1, Fp2, F3, F4, T3, T4, O1, and O2. The results showed that ${\alpha}$-wave increase and ${\beta}$-wave decrease were statistically significant while subjects were listening to the ocean wave sound along with the high frequency components, reflecting the hypersonic effect.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.363-367
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• 2013

The prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in birds has epidemiological significance because birds are indeed considered as a good indicator of environmental contamination by T. gondii oocysts. In this study, the prevalence of T. gondii in 313 house sparrows in Lanzhou, northwestern China was assayed by the modified agglutination test (MAT). Antibodies to T. gondii were positive in 39 (12.46%) of 313 samples (MAT titer ${\geq}$ 1:5). Tissues of heart, brain, and lung from the 39 seropositive house sparrows were tested for T. gondii DNA, 11 of which were found to be positive for the T. gondii B1 gene by PCR amplification. These positive DNA samples were typed at 9 genetic markers, including 8 nuclear loci, i.e., SAG1, 5'- and 3'-SAG2, alternative SAG2, SAG3, GRA6, L358, PK1, c22-8 and an apicoplast locus Apico. Of them, 4 isolates were genotyped with complete data for all loci, and 2 genotypes (Type II variants; ToxoDB #3 and a new genotype) were identified. These results showed that there is a potential risk for human infection with T. gondii in this region. To our knowledge, this is the first report of T. gondii seroprevalence in house sparrows in China.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.49-54
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• 2017

As the Radiofrequency(RF) increases with the magnetic field strength, the wavelength of the RF excitation field becomes smaller, which leads to more the thermal effect in the human-body placed in the electric field. MRI scanner used was GE signa 1.5T, HDx 3.0T and Philips 3.0T with same routine clinical sequence protocol. Therefore temperature was measured before and after each scan. Taken the temperatures in the ear with ear infra-red type thermometer(Braun co). 3.0T were temperature increases more than $0.15^{\circ}C$ and GE 3.0T MRI equipment about $0.14^{\circ}C$ higher than the Philips 3.0T MRI(p<0.012). Psychogenic status was investigated by the survey respondents about their status can not just answer therefore, a little different from the expected. In our study of Thermal effect of clinical MRI with clinical protocol sequence, we found that the 3.0T in the body-temperature rise was greater than the 1.5T. Therefore, in clinical 3.0T examine the dangerous situation caused by the temperature rise occurred (burns, impaired thermoregulatory mechanism in patients with high-temperature damage, exhaustion occurs due to excessive sweating), not to appear the more watched the patient's condition with procedure.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.207-215
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• 2004

It is well known that the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis is under the negative feedback control of adrenal corticosteroids. Previous studies have suggested that glucocorticoids can regulate neuroendocrine cells in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) by modulating catecholaminergic transmission, a major excitatory modulator of the HPA axis at the hypothalamic level. But, the effects of corticosteroids on the expression of adrenoceptor subtypes are not fully understood. In this work, we examined mRNA levels of six adrenoceptor subtypes (${\alpha}_{1A}$, ${\alpha}_{1B}$, ${\alpha}_{2A}$, ${\alpha}_{2B}$, ${\beta}_1$ and ${\beta}_2$) in the PVN of normal and adrenalectomized (ADX) rats. Total RNA ($2.5{\mu}g$) was extracted from PVN micropunches of brain slices ($500{\mu}m$) and analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The levels of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) mRNA were increased in the ADX rats relative to normal rats, indicating that the PVN had been liberated from the negative feedback of corticosteroids. Among the six adrenoceptor subtypes examined, mRNA levels for ${\alpha}_{1B}$- and ${\beta}_1$-adrenoceptors were increased, but the level for ${\beta}_2$-adrenoceptors was decreased in the ADX rats. The mRNA levels for the other three subtypes and for the general and neuronal specific housekeeping genes, glyceroaldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and N-enolase, respectively, were not changed in the ADX rats. In conclusion, the results indicate that adrenal steroids selectively regulate the gene expression of adrenoceptor subtypes in the PVN.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.175-185
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• 2007

This study was carried out to investigate the pathogenesis and pathogenicity of the porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) Korean isolate from weaned pigs. Twenty four weaned pigs, PCV2, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and porcine parvovirus (PPV) antibodies free, were allocated to 4 groups (n = 6). Six pigs were inoculated intranasally with PCV2 alone, 6 with PCV2 and PRRSV, 6 with the combined PCV2/PRRSV/PPV inoculum, and 6 were remained as a uninoculated negative control. Pigs were killed 3 and 6 weeks after inoculation and tissue samples examined for gross and microscopic lesions and for the presence of PCV2 antigens and nucleic acids. Experimentally inoculated pigs were evaluated for 3 considerations: 1. development of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), 2. distribution of viral antigens by immunohistochemistry and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and 3. cytokine mRNA levels in lymph nodes. Pigs inoculated with PCV2/PRRSV/PPV showed typical clinical signs, gross findings, and histopathologic characteristics of PMWS. In the PCV2/PRRSV/PPV inoculated group, the PCV2 antigen was widely distributed in various parenchymal organs such as brain, spinal cord, tonsil, lymph nodes, lung, heart, liver, kidney, spleen, and peyer's patch. Lymph node mRNA expression of IL-$1{\alpha}$, IL-2R and IL-8 was determined by real-time PCR. The pigs of PCV2/PRRSV and PCV2/PRRSV/PPV inoculation group, the mRNA expression was characterized by a decrease of IL-$1{\alpha}$, IL-2R and IL-8. The decrease of cytokine mRNA represent the state of T cell immuno-suppression in pig, and nicely support the evidence for the impairment of immune system in pigs with PMWS. In conclusion, PCV2 infection and some additional infectious causes such as PRRSV and/or PPV are warranted for the presence of PMWS in weaned pigs in Korea.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.59-65
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• 2016

The result of analyzing the cognitive reaction due to the color environment has been applied to various filed especially in medical field. Moreover, the study about the identification of patient's condition and examination the brain activity by collecting the bio-signal based on the color environment is being actively conducted. Even though, there were a variety of experiments by convention the color environment using a light or LED color, it still has a problem that affects the psychological information. Therefore, our proposed system using a HMD (Head Mounting display) to provide a completed color environment condition. This system uses the BMS(Biomedical System) to collect the biometric information which responds to the specific color condition and the human body response information can be measured by the development the Memory and Attention test on Mobile phone. The collection of Biometric information includes electro cardiogram(ECG), respiration, oxygen saturation (Sp02), Bio-impedance, blood pressure will store in the database. In addition, we can verify the result of the human body reaction in the color environment by Memory and Attention application. By utilizing the reaction of the human body information that is collected thought the proposed system, we can analyze the correlation between the physiological information and the color environment. And we also expect that this system can apply to the medical diagnosis and treatment. For future work, we will expand the system for prediction and treatment of Alzheimer disease by analyzing the visualization data through the proposed system. We will also do evaluation on the effectiveness of the system for using in the rehabilitation program.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.211-219
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• 1982

Chickens from 10 to 32 weeks of age were inoculated with P. multocida via seven routs(intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, into ear, intranasal, per oral). The development or distribution of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in multiple organs and the role of P. multocida endotoxins in disease process of fowl cholera were studied. The histological diagnosis of DIC was made by demonstration of fibrinous in arterioles, capillaries, venules and medium-sized blood vessels. The presence of fibrinous thrombi in blood vessels of multiple organs was observed in chickens which died within approximately 3 days post inoculation. Fibrinous thrombi were observed most frequently in the lung(90% of all cases with DIC) followed by liver (70%), kidney (60%), heart(20%), spleen, brain, pancreas, thymus and thyroid gland. The density of fibrinous thrombi (i.e. the number of thrombi per section) was greatest in the lung, followed by spleen, kidney, liver and heart. It is thought that the widespread hemorrhage of acute fowl cholera is also caused by P. multocida endotoxin which initiates DIC in variety of organs. The cause of death for the chickens after infection with acute fowl cholera is probably due to an endotoxin (septic) shock accompanied with DIC in multiple organs.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.34-44
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• 1999

Ischemic damage in the selectively vulnerable populations of neurons is thought to be caused by an abnormal accumulation of intracellular calcium. It has been reported that the neurons, expressing specific calcium binding proteins, might effectively control intracellular calcium concentrations because of a high capacity to buffer intracellular calcium in the brain ischemic condition. It is uncertain that parvalbumin, one of the calcium binding proteins, can protect the neurons from the cerebral ischemic damage. Recently, treatment of kappa opioid agonists increased survival rate, improved neurological function, and decreased tissue damage under the cerebral ischemic condition. Many evidences indicate that these therapeutic effects might result from regulation of calcium concentration. This study was designed to analyze the changes of number in parvalbumin-positive neurons after cerebral ischemic damage according to timepoints after cerebral ischemic induction. In addition, we evaluated the effect of GR89696 (kappa opioid agonist) or naltrexone(non selective opioid antagonist) on the changes of number in parvalbumin expressing neurons under ischemic condition. Cerebral ischemia was induced by occluding the common carotid artery of experimental animals. The hippocampal areas were morphometrically analyzed at different time point after ischemic induction(1, 3, 5 days) by using immuno-histochemical technique and imaging analysis system. The number of parvalbumin-positive neurons in hippocampus was significantly reduced at 1 day after ischemia(p<0.05). Furthermore, the number of parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons was dramatically reduced at 3 and 5 days after cerebral ischemic induction(p<0.05) as compared to 1 day group after ischemia, as well as sham control group. Significant reduction of parvalbumin positive neurons in CA1 region of hippocampus was observed at 1 day after cerebral ischemic induction. However, significant loss of MAP2 immunoreactivity was observed at 3 day after cerebral ischemia. The loss of parvalbumin-positive neurons and MAP2 immunoreactivity in CA1 region was prevented by pre-administration of GR89696 compared to that of saline-treated ischemic group. Furthermore, protective effect of GR89696 partially reversed by pre-treatment of naltrexone. These data indicate that parvalbumin-positive neurons more sensitively responded to cerebral ischemic damage than MAP2 protein. Moreover, this loss of parvalbumin-positive neurons was effectively prevented by the pretreatment of kappa opioid agonist. It was also suggested that the changes of number in parvalbumin-positive neurons could be used as the specific marker to analyze the degree of ischemic neuronal damage.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.605-608
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• 1992

This paper dealt with the clinical and pathological observations on the experimental rabbit viral hepatitis. Rabbits with 2-14 months of ages were intramuscularly inoculated with virus suspension. The results were summarized as follows. Ninety percents of experimental rabbits inoculated with virus died within 96 hours postinoculation. Common clinical signs were inappetence, increase in body temperature, depression, mild diarrhea and in three cases, bloody foam from nostrils was recognized. At necropsy, in most of the experimental cases, there were hyperemia or haemorrhages in many organs and pale liver. Intestinal catarrh and retention of turbid urine in urinary bladder were seen in some cases. Histopathologically, liver necrosis was found in all the cases died of this disease. However, there was a difference in the severity of hepatic necrosis. Haemorrhages were Iecognized in lungs, heart, liver, spleen, kidneys and thymus, in order. Liver necrosis was marked even in the cases with no haemorrhage. Perivascular cuffing in brain and catarrhal enteritis in small intestine were seen in many cases. From these results, consistent and primary lesion in this viral disease is hepatitis in susceptible rabbits. It was concluded that rabbit hepatitis virus might have the properties of hepatotropism and consequently induce peripheral necrosis in the liver leading to acute viremia with haemorrhages.