• Applied Microscopy
• /
• v.46 no.4
• /
• pp.179-183
• /
• 2016

Mapping brain structural and functional connections through the whole brain is essential for understanding brain mechanisms and the physiological bases of brain diseases. Although region specific structural or functional deficits cause brain diseases, the changes of interregional connections could also be important factors of brain diseases. This review will introduce common neuroimaging modalities, including structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional MRI (fMRI), diffusion tensor imaging, and other recent neuroimaging analyses methods, such as voxel-based morphometry, cortical thickness analysis, local gyrification index, and shape analysis for structural imaging. Tract-Based Spatial Statistics, TRActs Constrained by UnderLying Anatomy for diffusion MRI, and independent component analysis for fMRI also will also be introduced.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
• /
• v.23 no.2
• /
• pp.69-81
• /
• 2021

Cortico-cortical evoked potential (CCEP) mapping is a rapidly developing method for visualizing the brain network and estimating cortical excitability. The CCEP comprises the early N1 component the occurs at 10-30 ms poststimulation, indicating anatomic connectivity, and the late N2 component that appears at < 200 ms poststimulation, suggesting long-lasting effective connectivity. A later component at 200-1,000 ms poststimulation can also appear as a delayed response in some studied areas. Such delayed responses occur in areas with changed excitability, such as an epileptogenic zone. CCEP mapping has been used to examine the brain connections causally in functional systems such as the language, auditory, and visual systems as well as in anatomic regions including the frontoparietal neocortices and hippocampal limbic areas. Task-based CCEPs can be used to measure behavior. In addition to evaluations of the brain connectome, single-pulse electrical stimulation (SPES) can reflect cortical excitability, and so it could be used to predict a seizure onset zone. CCEP brain mapping and SPES investigations could be applied both extraoperatively and intraoperatively. These underused electrophysiologic tools in basic and clinical neuroscience might be powerful methods for providing insight into measures of brain connectivity and dynamics. Analyses of CCEPs might enable us to identify causal relationships between brain areas during cortical processing, and to develop a new paradigm of effective therapeutic neuromodulation in the future.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.31-36
• /
• 1988

A personal computer-based brain map is described which will display a gray scale maps showing the distribution of signals derived from the electrical activity of the brain such as EEG or EP This topographic brain mapping system has a flexibility which describe the electrode number and placement mapping onto any shaped space and generate a brain maps by incoorporated the data acquisition and processing software with conventional EEG machine.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
• /
• v.27 no.3
• /
• pp.135-139
• /
• 2015

Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare EEG topographical maps in patients with chronic stroke after action observation physical training. Methods: Ten subjects were recruited from a medical hospital. Participants observed the action of transferring a small block from one box to another for 6 sessions of 1 minute each, and then performed the observed action for 3 minutes, 6 times. An EEG-based brain mapping system with 32 scalp sites was used to determine cortical reorganization in the regions of interest (ROIs) during observation of movement. The EEG-based brain mapping was comparison in within-group before and after training. ROIs included the primary sensorimotor cortex, premotor cortex, superior parietal lobule, inferior parietal lobule, superior temporal lobe, and visual cortex. EEG data were analyzed with an average log ratio in order to control the variability of the absolute mu power. The mu power log ratio was in within-group comparison with paired t-tests. Results: Participants showed activation prior to the intervention in all of the cerebral cortex, whereas the inferior frontal gyrus, superior frontal gyrus, precentral gyrus, and inferior parietal cortex were selectively activated after the training. There were no differences in mu power between each session. Conclusion: These findings suggest that action observation physical training contributes to attaining brain reorganization and improving brain functionality, as part of rehabilitation and intervention programs.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.247-258
• /
• 2023

Objective: To localize the neuroanatomical substrate of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) and to investigate the neuroanatomical locational relationship between RBD and α-synucleinopathy neurodegenerative diseases. Materials and Methods: Using a systematic PubMed search, we identified 19 patients with lesions in different brain regions that caused RBD. First, lesion network mapping was applied to confirm whether the lesion locations causing RBD corresponded to a common brain network. Second, the literature-based RBD lesion network map was validated using neuroimaging findings and locations of brain pathologies at post-mortem in patients with idiopathic RBD (iRBD) who were identified by independent systematic literature search using PubMed. Finally, we assessed the locational relationship between the sites of pathological alterations at the preclinical stage in α-synucleinopathy neurodegenerative diseases and the brain network for RBD. Results: The lesion network mapping showed lesions causing RBD to be localized to a common brain network defined by connectivity to the pons (including the locus coeruleus, dorsal raphe nucleus, central superior nucleus, and ventrolateral periaqueductal gray), regardless of the lesion location. The positive regions in the pons were replicated by the neuroimaging findings in an independent group of patients with iRBD and it coincided with the reported pathological alterations at post-mortem in patients with iRBD. Furthermore, all brain pathological sites at preclinical stages (Braak stages 1-2) in Parkinson's disease (PD) and at brainstem Lewy body disease in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) were involved in the brain network identified for RBD. Conclusion: The brain network defined by connectivity to positive pons regions might be the regulatory network loop inducing RBD in humans. In addition, our results suggested that the underlying cause of high phenoconversion rate from iRBD to neurodegenerative α-synucleinopathy might be pathological changes in the preclinical stage of α-synucleinopathy located at the regulatory network loop of RBD.

• 전기의세계
• /
• v.53 no.10
• /
• pp.44-47
• /
• 2004

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.16 no.11
• /
• pp.7508-7512
• /
• 2015

We propose a brain-machine interface(BMI) based human-robot interaction(HRI) platform which operates machines by interfacing intentions by capturing brain waves. Platform consists of capture, processing/mapping, and action parts. A noninvasive brain wave sensor, PC, and robot-avatar/LED/motor are selected as capture, processing/mapping, and action part(s), respectively. Various investigations to ensure the relations between intentions and brainwave sensing have been explored. Case studies-an interactive game, on-off controls of LED(s), and motor control(s) are presented to show the design and implementation process of new BMI based HRI platform.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
• /
• 2008.07a
• /
• pp.1983-1984
• /
• 2008

뇌 활동의 전기적 신호인 뇌파(EEG)와 외부 자극에 대한 유발 전위(EP)를 측정하여 실시간으로 뇌지형도를 생성하는 real-time brain mapping system을 개발하였다. 측정 전극은 32채널을 사용하였고, EEG를 실시간 및 누적 주파수 분석을 통한 뇌파의 활성도 진단, EP를 측정하여 시각적/청각적 자극에 의한 유발 전위 분석을 할 수 있다. 본 시스템은 측정 대상군의 통계적 분석을 위한 Database를 구축하였고, 신뢰성 높은 뇌파 및 유발 전위 신호를 위하여 실시간 측정과정 및 측정 후 Data 검토과정에서 다양한 Artifact 제거 알고리즘이 도입되었다. 또한, 32 채널 Brain map을 구성하여 뇌파를 공간적으로 분석 가능하며, 시간 및 주파수의 증가에 따라 Brain map을 동영상화하여 시간적/주파수적 변화에 따른 분석이 가능하다.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
• /
• v.4 no.2
• /
• pp.214-234
• /
• 2000

This study was carried to identify whether acupuncture of several acupuncture points can affect the brain and to observe which aspects appear in EEG mapping, using electroencephalography. Those results are as follows ; 1. The pattern of resting computerized EEG map in intact human is appered normal 2. Each Acupuncture in Kwan Weon or Jog Sam Ri meridian points bring about the increase in $\theta,\;\alpha-wave$ activity and at various area of the cerebrium and the decrease in $\delta,\;\beta-wave$ activity. It strands to reason that brain function is elevated On the other hand , synchronous acupuncture bring about the decrease of brain function in view of the decrease of $\delta,\;\theta-wave$ activity at frontal area, and the unstable brain state in view of the increase of $\beta-wave$ activity. 3. Acupuncture in Hyeon Jong meridian point bring about the increase of $\delta,\;\theta-wave$ activity at frontal area and $\beta-wave$ activity at temporal area. From these we deduce that brain function is declined and brain is unstable. Synchronous acupuncture with other meridian points reversly showed that brain function is elevated. 4. Synchronous acupuncture in Kwan Weon , Jog Sam Ri, Hyeon Jong bring about the decrease of the brain function and the unstable brain state, showing the pattern of increased $\delta,\;\theta-wave$ activity at frontal, parietal area, and increased $\beta-wave$ activity at temporal area.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
• /
• v.24 no.4
• /
• pp.262-267
• /
• 2012

Purpose: This study was designed to analyze the differences in cerebral cortex activity of the elderly after extracting the movement related cortical potentials (MRCPs) from electroencephalogram (EEG) during a concentric and eccentric contraction of the elbow joint flexors, and entering them into the brain-mapping program to make the images. Methods: Right-dominant normal elderly people were divided into an eccentric contraction group and a concentric contraction group. Then, their MRCPs were measured using EEG and sEMG, during an eccentric and concentric contraction. Then, they were converted into images using the brain-mapping program. Results: Eccentric contraction group's $C_3$ and Cz showed statistically higher mean values of MRCP positive potential than the concentric contraction group. Conclusion: Researching a cerebral cortex activity, using MRCP, would provide basic data for clinical neuro-physiological researches on aging or neural plasticity of patients with a central nervous system injury.