• 자동차안전학회지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.12-17
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• 2016

NHTSA (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration) has offered consumers the vehicle safety information on their car since 1978. NHTSA believes that they contribute auto makers to develop safer vehicle for customers, which will result in even lower numbers of deaths and injuries resulting from motor vehicle crashes. NHTSA has been studied why people are still dying in frontal test despite of the use of many restraints system and they understand that current test does not reflect real world crash data such as oblique and corner impact test. As a result, NHTSA announced that a new test method will be introduced to use of enhanced biofidelic dummy and new crash avoidance technology evaluation from 2019. New and refined injury criteria will be applied to Head / Neck / Chest / Lower Leg. BrIC(Brain Injury Criterion)value in NHTSA test results using THOR dummy from 2014 to 2015 was average 0.91 and 1.24 in driver and passenger dummies. IIHS 64kph SOF test is the most likely to new frontal oblique test in an aspect of offset impact which is being studied by NHTSA. In this paper, we focused on head injury, especially brain injury - BrIC and conducted IIHS 64kph SOF (Small Offset Front) test with Hybrid III dummy to evaluate the injury for BrIC. Based on the test results, these data can be predicted BrIC level and US NCAP rating with current vehicle.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.203-207
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• 2021

Penetrating brain injury caused by a nail gun is an uncommon clinical scenario reported in the literature. A 36-year-old male presented with a nail that had penetrated through the occipital bone. He was alert and neurologically intact except for visual disturbance. Computed tomography (CT) of the brain showed the nail lodged at the occipital lobe and the parietal lobe, with minimal intracerebral hemorrhage. The nail was placed in the occipital lobe close to the superior sagittal sinus. We removed the nail with craniotomy since the entrance of the nail was close to the superior sagittal sinus. There were no newly developed neurological deficits postoperatively. Immediate postoperative CT showed no newly developed lesions. The patient recovered well without any significant complications. Two weeks postoperatively, magnetic resonance imaging showed no remarkable lesions. The visual disturbance was followed up at the outpatient department. To summarize, we report a rare case of penetrating head injury by a nail gun and discuss relevant aspects of the clinical management.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.236-241
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• 2020

The goal of this study was to evaluate the hypothesis that not every patient with hydrocephalus after decompressive craniectomy needs cerebrospinal fluid diversion, and that cranioplasty should be performed before considering cerebrospinal fluid diversion. Methods: Data were collected from 67 individual traumatic brain injury patients who underwent cranioplasty between January 1, 2019 and December 31, 2019. Patients' clinical and radiographic progression was reviewed retrospectively based on their medical records. Results: Twenty-two of the 67 patients (32.8%) had ventriculomegaly on computed tomography scans before cranioplasty. Furthermore, 38 patients showed progressive ventriculomegaly after cranioplasty. Of these 38 patients, only six (15.7%) showed worsening neurologic symptoms, which were improved by the tap test; these patients eventually underwent ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement. Conclusions: Cerebrospinal fluid diversion is not always required for radiologically diagnosed ventriculomegaly in traumatic brain injury patients after decompressive craniectomy. A careful clinical and neurologic evaluation should be conducted before placing a shunt.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.181-185
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• 2023

We present a case report of a 52-year-old male patient who suffered head trauma in a car accident and subsequently experienced taste and smell disorders. Following the accident, the patient reported difficulty detecting salty and sour tastes and diminished olfactory perception. Neurosurgical evaluation revealed subarachnoid and subdural hemorrhages, while otolaryngology investigations revealed hyposmia-a decreased sense of smell. Upon referral to the Department of Oral Medicine, a comprehensive assessment revealed a general bilateral reduction in taste sensation, particularly ageusia for salty taste. Electric taste-detection thresholds significantly exceeded the normal ranges. Integrating our findings from neurosurgery, otolaryngology, and oral medicine resulted in a diagnosis of mixed chemosensory disorder attributed to head trauma. This case highlights the intricate interplay of alterations in taste and smell following head injury, emphasizing the significance of multidisciplinary evaluations in diagnosing mixed chemosensory disorders resulting from traumatic brain injury.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제56권10호
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• pp.446-450
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• 2013

Purpose: This study evaluated the extent of damage due to hypothermia in the mature and immature brain. Methods: Hippocampal tissue cultures at 7 and 14 days in vitro (DIV) were used to represent the immature and mature brain, respectively. The cultures were exposed at $25^{\circ}C$ for 0, 10, 30, and 60 minutes (n=30 in each subgroup). Propidium iodide fluorescent images were captured 24 and 48 hours after hypothermic injury. Damaged areas of the cornu ammonis 1 (CA1), CA3, and dentate gyrus (DG) were measured using image analysis. Results: At 7 DIV, the tissues exposed to cold injury for 60 minutes showed increased damage in CA1 (P<0.001) and CA3 (P=0.005) compared to the control group at 48 hours. Increased damage to DG was observed at 24 (P=0.008) and 48 hours (P=0.011). The 14 DIV tissues did not demonstrate any significant differences compared with the control group, except for the tissues exposed for 30 minutes in which DG showed less damage at 48 hours than the control group (P=0.048). In tissues at 7 DIV, CA1 (P=0.040) and DG (P=0.013) showed differences in the duration of cold exposure. Conclusion: The immature brain is more vulnerable to hypothermic injury than the mature brain.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.79-82
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• 2024

The potential for traumatic brain injury resulting from falling coconuts is frequently overlooked. These incidents can cause focal lesions in the form of brain hemorrhage. Corpus callosum hemorrhage due to blunt trauma from a falling object is rare and typically associated with poor prognosis. The purpose of this report is to detail a case of corpus callosum hemorrhage caused by a coconut fall and to discuss the conservative management approach employed. We report the case of a 54-year-old woman who was admitted to the hospital with symptoms of unconsciousness, headache, and expressive aphasia after being struck by a falling coconut. Notably, hemorrhage was detected within the body of the corpus callosum, as revealed by imaging findings. The patient received intensive monitoring and treatment in the intensive care unit, including oxygen therapy, saline infusion, an osmotic diuretic, analgesics, and medication to prevent stress ulcers. The patient demonstrated marked clinical improvement while undergoing conservative treatment. Despite the typically unfavorable prognosis of these rare injuries, our patient exhibited meaningful clinical improvement with conservative treatment. Timely diagnosis and appropriate interventions were crucial in managing the patient's condition. This report emphasizes the importance of considering traumatic brain injury caused by falling coconuts and highlights the need for further research and awareness in this area.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제18권8호
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• pp.171-180
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• 2017

본 연구의 목적은 외상성 뇌손상 후유증이 삶의 질을 결정할 수 있는 주요한 요인이기 때문에, 후유증을 호전시킬 수 있는 효과적인 훈련 방법을 찾는데 있다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 어린 시절 외상성 뇌손상을 경험하고 인지 학습과정서적인 부분에 어려움이 있는 청소년을 대상으로 하여 뉴로피드백 훈련을 실시하였다. 환아 평가는 K-WAIS-IV 지능검사와 QEEG 뇌파 분석을 사용하였다. 뉴로 피드백 훈련은 T3 알파파 보상, T4의 알파파 억제 훈련을 주 3회 30분씩, 총 36회를 훈련하였다. 또한 뉴로피드백 훈련과 함께 호흡 명상도 환아 스스로 실시할 수 있도록 하였다. 그 결과 숙면을 취하고 시험불안의 감소, 기말고사 성적의 만족 등의 안정적인 상태를 보였다. 본 연구는 유년기 두뇌 외상으로 인하여 가시적으로 드러나지 않는 기질적, 심인성 문제들이 존재할 가능성과 이를 발견할 수 있는 다양한 도구의 활용에 대해 발견했다. 또한 유년기 외상성 뇌손상의 경우 뇌 훈련과 명상을 통하여 호전될 수 있다는 결과를 나타냈다. 이는 뇌과학의 측면에서 심신 치료에 도움이 되는 융합적 방법을 제시하였다는데 그 의의가 있다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.405-411
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• 2012

The spontaneous axon regeneration of damaged neurons is limited after spinal cord injury (SCI). Recently, mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation was proposed as a potential approach for enhancing nerve regeneration that avoids the ethical issues associated with embryonic stem cell transplantation. As SCI is a complex pathological entity, the treatment of SCI requires a multipronged approach. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the functional recovery and therapeutic potential of human MSCs (hMSCs) and polymer in a spinal cord hemisection injury model. Rats were subjected to hemisection injuries and then divided into three groups. Two groups of rats underwent partial thoracic hemisection injury followed by implantation of either polymer only or polymer with hMSCs. Another hemisection-only group was used as a control. Behavioral, electrophysiological and immunohistochemical studies were performed on all rats. The functional recovery was significantly improved in the polymer with hMSC-transplanted group as compared with control at five weeks after transplantation. The results of electrophysiologic study demonstrated that the latency of somatosensory-evoked potentials (SSEPs) in the polymer with hMSC-transplanted group was significantly shorter than in the hemisection-only control group. In the results of immunohistochemical study, ${\beta}$-gal-positive cells were observed in the injured and adjacent sites after hMSC transplantation. Surviving hMSCs differentiated into various cell types such as neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. These data suggest that hMSC transplantation with polymer may play an important role in functional recovery and axonal regeneration after SCI, and may be a potential therapeutic strategy for SCI.

• 대한지역사회작업치료학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.13-23
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• 2012

목적 : 외상성 뇌손상 환자의 지역사회 재활치료의 중재방법 및 중재효과를 알아보기 위하여 체계적 고찰을 하였다. 연구방법 : 자료는 데이터베이스인 Ovid와 PubMed를 통해 검색하였다. 사용된 검색어는 "community-based rehabilitation"와 "traumatic brain injury rehabilitation"이었다. 그 중 외상성 뇌손상 환자를 대상으로 지역사회 재활치료를 실시한 7편의 연구결과를 가지고 대상자, 평가도구, 중재방법과 중재결과를 분석하였다. 결과 : 연구 대상자의 수, 연령, 손상정도, 손상기간은 다양하였다. 연구 설계는 모두 실험연구의 형태로, 평가도구는 작업수행을 평가하는 영역이 5개(27.7%)로 가장 많았다. 중재방법은 작업치료사가 참여하는 전반적 재활프로그램, 인지치료, 인지행동치료, 가정방문 작업치료를 시행하였다. 중재효과는 결과측정 방법에 따라 작업수행, 참여, 예방, 그리고 작업 정의 영역에서 효과적이었고 적응, 건강과 안녕 영역에서 부분적으로 효과를 보였으며, 역할능력에서는 효과가 없었다. 결론 : 지역사회를 기초로 한 재활치료는 작업수행, 참여, 예방, 작업 정의에서 효과적이었으나 역할능력에서는 효과적이지 않았다. 앞으로 지역사회 재활에서 각 영역별 중재 프로그램 및 평가도구에 대한 연구가 지속적으로 필요하다.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.83-91
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• 2007

Background: Cerebral blood vessels are innervated by sympathetic nerves that originate in the superior cervical ganglia (SCG). This study was conducted to determine the effect of an SCG block on brain injury caused by focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in a rat model. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats (270-320 g) were randomly assigned to one of three groups (lidocaine, ropivacaine, and control). After brain injury induced by middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion/reperfusion, the animals were administered an SCG bloc that consisted of $30{\mu}l$ of 2% lidocaine or 0.75% ropivacaine, with the exception of animals in the control group, which received no treatment. Twenty four hours after brain injury was induced, neurologic scores were assessed and brain samples were collected. The infarct and edema ratios were measured, and DNA fragmented cells were counted in the frontoparietal cortex and the caudoputamen. Results: No significant differences in neurologic scores or edema ratios were observed among the three groups. However, the infarct ratio was significantly lower in the ropivacaine group than in the control group (P < 0.05), and the number of necrotic cells in the caudoputamen of the ropivacaine group was significantly lower than in the control group (P < 0.01). Additionally, the number of necrotic and apoptotic cells in theropivacaine group were significantly lower than inthe control group in both the caudoputamen and the frontoparietal cortex (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Brain injury induced by focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion was reduced by an SCG block using local anesthetics. This finding suggests that a cervical sympathetic block could be considered as another treatment option for the treatment of cerebral vascular diseases.