• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
• /
• v.27 no.1
• /
• pp.81-88
• /
• 1991

The bilateral castration of male mice was operated under light ether anesthesia, and the sham operated mice were considered as the uncastrated. The treatments of mice with the following steroids were started one hour after operation. Hydrocortisone 50 mg/kg (HC), dehydroepiandrosterone 250 mg/kg (DHEA), ${\beta}-estradiol$ 5 mg/kg (E2), and testosterone 20mg/kg (TS) were subcutaneously injected into male ICR mice at noon for four days. Animals were sacrificed in the next-morning (at 10-12 A.M.) after the last injection. The intestinal putrescine(PT) content was lower and the liver and intestinal spermine(SM) contents were higher in castrated mice(CM), comparing with those of uncastrated mice (UCM). The intestinal PT content of UCM was markedly increased HC. But all brain polyamines of CM were significantly decreased by it. And HC also increased the spermidine(SD) content of kidney and liver and the intestinal PT content in CM. E2 induced the marked increase of liver PT content with the moderate increase of renal SD in UCM. And E2 significantly increased the brain and liver PT contents and the all renal polyamine contents in CM. Both of DHEA and TS induced the increase of renal PT content in UCM, and they also induced the marked increases of all renal polyamines of CM. In addition, TS increased the brain SM of CM. These results suggest that the steroidal regulation mechanism of brain, kidney, liver, and intestine seems to be different from one another, and the renal activity of polyamine synthesis can be markedly enhanced by sex steroids.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.40 no.1
• /
• pp.1-16
• /
• 2000

Nowadays, mongolian gerbil is notably utilized for the research of brain and water deprivation because of a congenital incomplete willis circle structure in the brain, audiogenic seizure in low noise, and special cholesterol metabolism without water absorption for a long time. In this study, we are intend to identify the morphological changes of the catecholaminergic neuron of brain according to the time lapse in the condition of long term water deprivation. 55 mongolian gerbil were divided 10 groups(control, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 42th day water deprivation group), of which each group include 5 mongolian gerbils and 5 normal mongolian gerbils in control group were also used for brain atlas as a control. The brains were observed by the immunohistochemical stain using the TH, DBH and PMNT antibody. The results were as followings; 1. The nerve fibers of the TH-immunoreactive neuron were observed only in the and corpus striatum of the telencephalon. 2. Intensity of the immunostain of the nerve fiber in the cerebral cortex and corpus striatum was decreased gradually day by day after water deprivation. 3. The TH-immunoreactive nerve cells were observed in the paraventricular and periventricular nucleus of the 3rd ventricular in the hypothalamus of mongolian gerbil but the number of nerve cells were decreased from the first day of the water deprivation to the 10th day and increased until the 20th day, after than redecreased from the 20th day by the continuous water deprivation. The number of nerve fibers in this area were increased in the first day, but decreased from the 2nd day of water deprivation. The shape and density of the dopamine secreting cells in the brain of mongolian gerbil by the immunoreactive stain were changed in the continuous water deprivation. In this results, we can conclude that dopamine concerned in the water metabolism of mongolian gerbil, and mongolian gerbil could be used as an animal model for the research of water deprivation.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
• /
• 2003.04a
• /
• pp.162.2-163
• /
• 2003

Fumonisins are specific inhibitors of ceramide synthase in sphingolipid metabolism. The objective of this study was to investigate whether the elevation of free sphingoid bases 1-phosphate (S1P) are related to the fumonisin exposure. Sprague Dawley rats were injected i.p. with 10mg/kg fumonisin B1 (FB1), and kidney, liver, heart, lung, brain and serum were collected for sphingolipid analysis. (omitted)

• Journal of Lipid and Atherosclerosis
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.1-7
• /
• 2019

Vascular dementia is the most common neuropsychiatric syndrome and is characterized by synaptic dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and cognitive dysfunction. Vascular dementia is associated with various environmental, genetic, and lifestyle risk factors. Recent research has focused on the association between vascular dementia and dietary patterns, suggesting that dietary regulation leads to better control of energy metabolism, improvements in brain insulin resistance, and the suppression of neuroinflammation. Intermittent fasting is a calorie-restriction method known to be more effective in promoting fat loss and regulating the impairment of glucose metabolism as compared with other dietary restriction regimens. Herein, the authors review the effects of intermittent fasting with regard to vascular dementia based on recent evidence and propose that intermittent fasting could be a therapeutic approach for ameliorating vascular dementia pathology and preventing its onset.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.35-42
• /
• 2014

The purpose of this study is to know the differences of metabolism in abnormal brain disease using a single-voxel proton MR spectroscopy(1H MRS) Together with five normal volunteers and each five patients with brain diseases, pathologically proved, underwent MRI and 1H MRS. The quantitative results of 1H MRS in adrenoleukodystrophy(ALD), hepatic encephalopathy(HE), and infarction gave unique information on the metabolite changes related with the white matter: the concentration of NAA decreased in all diseases; Cho, mI and Lac increased in ALD; Cho decreased in HE; and ${\beta}{\cdot}{\gamma}$-Glx and Lac increased in infarction. It is concluded that 1H MRS is capable of diagnosing brain diseases by monitoring metabolite changes in vivo that subsequently develope into abnormalities. 1H MRS may be a useful clinical tool for in both diagnosis and prognosis of brain diseases.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.11 no.1
• /
• pp.59-63
• /
• 1971

Current interest in ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has arisen from the convergence of several independent line of investigation leading to the demonstration that this and related substances are normal products of brain metabolism and that GABA has an important physiological action upon brain function as well as upon certain peripheral nervous structures. The interest for neurophysiologists has been enhanced by the importance of the discovery for the role of humoral mediator of synaptic transmission or regulator of neuronal activity in the central nervous system, particularly if it may shed some elight upon the nature of central inhibitory processes. In accordance with such an interest and importance, this work was performed in order to standardize the normal content as a preliminary investigation of so-called night active and daytime active animals GABA content in their brains when they are exposed to light and darkness. The method, through which the estimation has made in this work, was paper chromatographic method developed by Maynert and Klingman for the estimation of GABA content in animal tissues. The results obtained are summerized as follows: 1) GABA content in the cerebral cortex of house rat ranged from 90 to $310{\mu}g/gm$ of wet weight. 2) The content of GAGA ranging from 130 to $510{\mu}g/gm$ of wet weight was occurred from midbrain of the rat. 3) GABA content was ranged from 30 to $150 {\mu}g/gm$ of wet weight of the rat cerebellum. 4) The contents of fowl cerebral cortex, midbrain, and cerebellum are estimated as ranging 230-590, 250-620, $50-280{\mu}g/gm$ of wet weight, respectively. As a result, it may be concluded that among three brain tissues of both animals the midbrain is the highest region in GABA content. Fowl brain, on the other side, contains more higher GABA content than the house rat brain does.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• v.52 no.1
• /
• pp.105-110
• /
• 2009

Purpose : Perinatal asphyxia is an important cause of neonatal mortality and subsequent lifelong neurodevelopmental handicaps. Although many treatment strategies have been tested, there is currently no clinically effective treatment to prevent or reduce the harmful effects of hypoxia and ischemia in humans. Erythropoietin (Epo) has been shown to exert neuroprotective effects in various brain injury models although the exact mechanisms through which Epo functions are not completely understood. This study investigates the effect of Epo on hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury and the possibility that its neuroprotective actions may be associated with iron-mediated metabolism. Methods : HI brain injury was produced in 7-day-old rats by unilateral carotid artery ligation followed by hypoxia with 8% oxygen for 2 h. At the end of HI brain injury, the rats received an intraperitoneal injection of 5,000 units/kg erythropoietin. Random premedication with iron, deferoxamine, iron-deferoxamine, or saline were performed 23 d before HI brain injury. The severity of the brain injury was assessed at 7 d after HI. Results : Single Epo treatment post-HI brain injury reduced the gross and histopathological findings of brain injury. Iron premedication did not increase the incidence or severity of the injury as measured by the damage score. Deferoxamine administration before HI brain injury improved the brain injury as compared to no treatment or Epo treatment. Conclusion : These findings indicate that Epo provides neuroprotective benefits after HI in the developing brain. These findings suggest that Epos neuroprotective actions may involve reducing iron in tissues that mediate the formation of free radicals.

• Journal of Interdisciplinary Genomics
• /
• v.2 no.2
• /
• pp.20-25
• /
• 2020

Mucopolysaccharidosis type III (MPS III or Sanfilippo syndrome) is a multisystem lysosomal storage disease that is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. It consists of four subtypes (MPS IIIA, B, C, and D), each characterized by the deficiency of different enzymes that catalyze the metabolism of the glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate at the lysosomal level. The typical clinical manifestation of MPS III includes progressive central nervous system (CNS) degeneration with accompanying systemic manifestations. Disease onset is typically before the age of ten years and death usually occurs in the second or third decade due to neurological regression or respiratory tract infections. However, there is currently no treatment for CNS symptoms in patients with MPS III. Invasive and non-invasive techniques that allow drugs to pass through the blood brain barrier and reach the CNS are being tested and have proven effective. In addition, the application of genistein treatment as a substrate reduction therapy is in progress.

• BMB Reports
• /
• v.43 no.5
• /
• pp.344-348
• /
• 2010

Messenger ribonucleoprotein particles (mRNPs) are used to transport mRNAs along neuronal dendrites to their site of translation. Staufen2 is an mRNA-binding protein expressed in the cell bodies and cellular processes of different brain cells. It is notably involved in the transport of dendritic mRNAs along microtubules. Its knockdown expression was shown to change spine morphology and impair synaptic functions. However, the identity of Staufen2-bound mRNAs in brain cells is still completely unknown. As a mean to identify these mRNAs, we immunoprecipitated Staufen2-containing mRNPs from embryonic rat brains and used a genome wide approach to identify Staufen2-associated mRNAs. The genome wide approach identified 1780 mRNAs in Staufen2-containing mRNPs that code for proteins involved in cellular processes such as post-translational protein modifications, RNA metabolism, intracellular transport and translation. These results represent an additional and important step in the characterization of Staufen2- mediated neuronal functions in rat brains.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• v.3 no.1
• /
• pp.51-55
• /
• 1980

Thiamine, in the form of its diphosphate (TDP), is well known to act as a coenzyme, and during the early stage in the study of thiamine it had been believed that the symptoms of thiamine-deficiency were resulted secondarily from the disturbance of metabolic processes in which TDP participated as a coenzyme. However, the neurological symptoms in thiamine deficiency are now separated from the metabolic disturbances in thiamine deficiency. On the other hand, the specific involvement of phosphorylated thiamine in nerve conduction has been suggested by von Muralt, but nature of this involvement has not been elucidated at a molecular level. Recently the possible significance of thiamine triphosphate (TTP) in nervous tissue was suggested by the demonstration that TTP is not present in the brain of patients with subacute necrotizing encephalomyelitis, a fatal disease associated with an abnormality in thiamine metabolism. Furthermore, the studies using membrane fragments of rat brain strongly indicated that ion movement across the nerve membrane is associated with dephosphorylation of phosphorylated thiamine.