• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.567-573
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• 2008

This experiment examined the effect of dietary spray-dried bovine colostrum on intestinal histology and organ weights in early-weaned pigs. In a randomised complete block design, twelve 14-day-old weaner pigs were offered a diet containing either 5% spray-dried bovine colostrum or no colostrum (control). Diets were formulated to contain 14.8 MJ/kg DE, 1.26% available lysine and to meet or exceed requirements for other nutrients. Piglets were offered the diets for a period of 14 days. No effect of diet on growth rate or feed intake was observed (p>0.10). Small intestine weight was reduced by 12% in piglets consuming dietary bovine colostrum (p< 0.05). Villous height and crypt depth were increased and decreased, respectively, in the proximal jejunum, mid jejunum and distal ileum of pigs consuming dietary bovine colostrum (p<0.05). Mid-jejunal lamina propria $CD4^+$ and $CD8^+$ T lymphocyte density was increased by 28 and 37%, respectively, in piglets consuming dietary bovine colostrum (p<0.05). Diet did not affect thickness of tunica muscularis externa or tunica submucosa (p>0.10). Collectively, these results suggest a positive effect of dietary bovine colostrum on intestinal morphology and immune status in early-weaned pigs.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.1267-1274
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• 2004

Colostrum contains various kinds of cytokines including TGF-$\beta$ that has potent regulatory effects on cells of the immune system. We compared the levels of TGF-$\beta$1 and TGF-$\beta$2 in bovine and human colostrum. Based on the isoform-specific ELISA, bovine colostrum collected on day 1 post-delivery retained $53.71{\pm}29.55\;ng/ml$ of TGF-$\beta$1 and $40.41{\pm}21.78\;{\mu}g/ml$ of TGF-$\beta$2 (n=4), while in human, $381.45{\pm}158.24\;ng/ml$ of TGF-$\beta$1 and $41.47{\pm}9.63\;ng/ml$ of TGF-$\beta$2 (n=5). Thus, dominant TGF-$\beta$ isoforms were completely opposite between human and bovine colostrum samples. The concentrations of both isoforms declined as lactation proceeded. Biological activities of the colostrum samples were determined using an MV1LU cell line. Consistent with the result from the immunoassay, TGF-$\beta$1 in human and TGF-$\beta$2 in bovine colostrum were responsible for the anti proliferative activity against MV1LU cells. Furthermore, bovine colostrum increased IgA secretion by LPS-stimulated mesenteric lymph node (MLN) cells, and this effect was abrogated by either anti­TGF-$\beta$2 antibody or combined anti-TGF-$\beta$1/$\beta$2 antibody, but not by anti- TGF-$\beta$1 antibody alone. Similarly, TGF-$\beta$2 in bovine colostrum enhanced the Ig germ line (GL) promoter activity, which is the earliest event toward IgA isotype switching. Taken together, these results suggest that TGF-$\beta$ isoforms, differentially expressed in human and bovine colostrum, may promote IgA isotype production in the neonatal intestine.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.159-168
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• 2018

Bovine colostrum is necessary for newborn calves to survive, grow and receive immunity from their mother. Cows in Korea produce about 35kg of colostrum, 4Kg of which is fed to the calf, and the rest is discarded. The bovine colostrum causes the harmful side effects to human, such as allergies and digestive problems; so, it is prohibited by law to consume colostrum itself as a food. However, many scientific research data have suggested that components in the colostrum can improve human health and has the ability to help treat diseases. In line with the trend of food and pharmacy industries using natural product materials, which attract positive attention, recently, some ingredients in colostrum have been used in the production of food supplements, and it has been used in its raw form in some cosmetics. This review introduces the active ingredients and physiologically active substances contained in bovine colostrum, summarizes the efficacy of physiological enhancement of the colostrum, which has been proven by scientific methods to date, and also suggests the possibility of industrial applications of colostrum as an animal-derived natural material.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권9호
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• pp.1323-1328
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• 2000

Bovine colostrum, which contains a large quantity of immunoglobulins, is indispensable for newborn animals. The establishment of a new procedure for preserving colostrum without losing the immunological activity is significant. We examined the effect of high hydrostatic pressure treatment (100~500 MPa) on the preservability and the immunochemical activity of bovine colostrum. When high hydrostatic pressure treatment was 300 MPa or more, the increase of the total viable count, coliforms and psychrotrophic gram-negative bacteria was suppressed effectively. In particular, the number of coliforms in colostrum treated at 300 MPa or more hardly increased for 35 days at $4{^{\circ}C}$. At 400 MPa or more, both gelling of the colostrum and denaturation of immunoglobulins were observed. However, if the pressure was 300 MPa, immunoglobulins were scarcely influenced and the neutralizing titers against the bovine coronavirus did not decrease. Therefore, it was suggested that 300 MPa was the best pressure for good preservability of colostrum without reducing the immunochemical response.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.272-278
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• 2011

Bovine whey protein expression patterns of colostrum are much different from that of milk. Moreover, bovine colostrum is an important source of protective, nutritional and developmental factors for the newborn. However, to our knowledge, no research has been performed to date using a comparative proteomic method on the changes in the bovine whey proteome during the transition from colostrum to milk. This study therefore separated whey protein of days 1, 3, 7 and 21 after calving using two dimension electrophoresis. Differentially expressed proteins at different collection times were identified using high-performance liquid chromatography in tandem with mass spectrometry (LC/MS) and validated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in order to understand the developmental changes in the bovine whey proteome during the transition from colostrum to milk. The expression patterns of whey protein of days 1 and 3 post-partum were similar except that immunoglobulin G was down-regulated on day 3, and four proteins were found to be down-regulated on days 7 and 21 compared with day 1 after delivering, including immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M, albumin, and lactotransferrin, which are involved in immunity and molecule transport. The results of this study confirm the comparative proteomic method has the advantage over other methods such as ELISA and immunoassays in that it can simultaneously detect more differentially expressed proteins. In addition, the difference in composition of milk indicates a need for adjustment of the colostrum feeding regimen to ensure a protective immunological status for newborn calves.

• 한국축산식품학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국축산식품학회 2001년도 임시총회 및 제28차 추계학술발표회
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• pp.43-56
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• 2001

Colostrum contains various kinds of cytokines including TGF-${\beta}$ which is known to be multifunctional in immune response and act as an anti-inflammatory agent. First, we measured the amount of TGF-${\beta}$ in bovine and human colostrum. Expression pattern of TGF-${\beta}$ isotypes was dramatically different between human and bovine colostrial samples. Bovine colostrum collected on day 1 post-delivery retained $41.79{\pm}16.96ng/ml$ of TGF-${\beta}$ 1 and $108.4{\pm}78.65ng/ml$ of TGF-${\beta}$ 2 while in human, $284{\pm}124.75ng/ml$ of TGF-${\beta}$ 1 and $29.75{\pm}6.73ng/ml$ of TGF-${\beta}$ 2. Thus, TGF-${\beta}$ is the predominant TGF-${\beta}$ isotype in bovine colostrum and vice versa in human colostrum. Both TGF-${\beta}$ isotypes diminished significantly in human and bovine colostrum with time. Next, biological activity of colostrial samples was examined in vitro. Both human and bovine colostrum increased IgA synthesis by LPS-activated mouse spleen B cells, which is a typical effect of TGF-${\beta}$ on the mouse B cell differentiation. Futhermore, we found that anti-proliferative activity in MV1LU cells by colostrum samples disappeared by addition of anti-TGF-${\beta}$ 1 and anti-TGF-${\beta}$ 2 antibody. In conclusion, there are substantial amounts of biologically active TGF-${\beta}$ 1 and TGF-${\beta}$ 2 in bovine and human colostrum. The results that the colostrum can increase IgA expression has important implications since IgA is the major Ig class produced in the gastrointestinal tract. We have previously shown that the stimulatory effect of Bifidobacteria bifidum on spllen B cells was quite similar to that of LPS which is a well-known polyclonal activator for murine B cells. In the present study, we further asked whether B. bifidum regulate the synthesis of IgA by mucosal lymphoid cells present in Peyers patches (PP) and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN). B. bifidum alone, but not C. perfringens, significantly induced overall IgA and IgM synthesis by both MLN and PP cells. This observation indicates that B. bifidum possesses a modulatory effect on the mucosal antibody production in vivo. We, therefore, investigated the mucosal antibody prodduction following peroral administration of B. bifidum to mice. Ingested B. bifidum significantly increased the numbers of Ig (IgM, IgG, and IgA) secreting cells in the culture of both MLN and spleen cells, indicating that peroally introduced B. bifidum enhances mucosal and systemic antibody response. Importantly, however, B. bifidum itself does not induce the own specific antibody responses, implying that B. bifidum do not incite any unwanted immune reaction. Subsequently, it was found that excapsulation of B. bifidum further augments the total IgA production by increasing the number of IgA-secreting cells in the culture of both MLN and spleen cells. Finally, we found that the immuno-stimulating activity of B. bifidum is due to its cell wall components but not due to any actively secreting component(s) from bacteria. Thus our data reveal that peroral administration of B. bifidum can enhance intestinal IgA production and that encapsulation of B. bifidum further reinforces the IgA production.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.223-229
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• 2013

송아지는 초유를 통해서만 모체항체를 받을 수 있기 때문에 신생우가 분만초기에 초유를 섭취하는 것은 질병에 대한 저항성을 갖추기 위해 필수적이다. 따라서 분만 후 잉여 초유를 저장하였다가 초유섭취가 부족한 신생우에 공급하여 충분한 항체를 갖도록 하는 것이 일반적인 사양법이다. 본 연구에서는 국내 3곳의 지역에서 운영되는 초유은행에서 저장된 35개의 초유를 무작위로 수거하여 일반세균오염과 주요 병원체들을 검사하였고 면역글로불린의 농도와 BVDV 특이 항체가를 측정하여 초유의 면역학적 품질을 평가하였다. 초유은행에서 수거된 대부분의 초유에서 중등도에서 고도의 세균오염이 관찰되었다. 또한 대부분의 초유가 좋은 품질의 초유라고 판단되는 50 g/L의 IgG 농도에 미치지 못하는 IgG를 포함하고 있었다. 따라서 초유은행 보관용 초유는 청결한 채취법에 따라 분만 후 2-3회 이하로 착유한 초유를 사용하여 안전성과 품질을 보장하여야 할 것이다. 또한 $63^{\circ}C$에서 30분간 실시하는 저온살균이 면역글로불린의 파괴를 최소화하는 동시에 초유에 의한 질병전파를 확연히 줄여주는 것으로 관찰되었으므로 냉동보관 전에 초유의 저온살균 과정을 반드시 실시하는 것이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.179-184
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• 2009

본 연구는 젖소 초유를 마우스에 급여후 성장과 사료섭취에 관하여 연구한 것이다. 초유구, 시유구, 대조구로 나누어 각 시험구당 10마리씩 나누어 실험하였다. 마우스의 사료섭취는 시험기간 2주 동안 대조구는 4.73 g, 시유구는 3.95 g, 초유구는 3.4.1g 이었다. 마우스의 시유 및 초유섭취는 시험기간 2주 동안 대조구는 0 g, 시유구는 9.93 g 섭취, 초유구는 10.17 g을 섭취하였다. 물 섭취는 2주간 대조구가 6.28 g, 시유구가 4.74 g, 초유구가 4.67 g을 섭취하였다. 마우스의 증체율은 초유구가 대조구에 비해서 16.73%(P<0.05) 높았다. 마우스 혈액으로부터 조사한 엘러지와 관련된 사이토카인 IL-4는 초유에서 낮게 나타났다. 따라서 젖소 초유가 마우스의 증체율 및 사료 섭취에 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제63권5호
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• pp.1114-1125
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• 2021

Supplying a sufficient amount of high-quality colostrum is a prevailing challenge in Hanwoo calf production systems. This study aimed to describe the efficiency of a lacteal-derived colostrum replacer versus natural bovine colostrum (from Holstein) fed to Hanwoo calves. Forty newborn Hanwoo calves (25 males and 15 females; 30.7 ± 3.15 kg body weight [mean ± standard deviation]) were blocked by sex and birth weight and fed either natural colostrum or a commercial colostrum replacer. Calves displayed a narrow difference in the evolution of body weight and structural body dimensions when they received a commercial versus natural colostrum. Minor differences existed in the starter and total dry matter consumption between calves fed natural or commercial colostrum. Although the colostrum source had no significant effects on days to first diarrhea (average of 7.6 days; p = 0.17), the duration of diarrhea was longer in natural colostrum-fed calves (3.2 vs. 4.5 days; p = 0.04). Consumption of natural colostrum resulted in greater mean serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) on day 2 (14.7 vs. 10.8 ± 0.92 mg/mL) and day 7 (8.21 vs. 5.12 ± 0.82 mg/mL) of calf life, resulting in a greater proportion of commercial colostrum-fed calves (50% vs. 15%; day 2) to experience failure of passive transfer of immunity (serum IgG < cutoff point of 10 mg/mL). Overall, growth rate, body frame development, and incidence of diarrheal disease were not different in both groups. These results suggested that the colostrum replacer product tested in this study could be an alternative to natural colostrum derived from Holstein cow in securing calf growth and health in Hanwoo calf-rearing operations.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제63권3호
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• pp.593-602
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• 2021

Mammalian milk including microRNAs (miRNAs) as a novel class of noncoding RNAs, that can be transferred to infants and it plays on a critical role in biological functions such as immune regulation and development. However, the origin and functional importance of milk-derived miRNAs are still undetermined. This study applied RNA sequencing to explore the featured profiles of miRNA expression in colostrum and mature milk-originated exosomes from human, bovine, and caprine milk. These dietary exosome-derived miRNAs are highly conserved in human, bovine and caprine milk. Interestingly, abundant miRNAs expressed in human milk are similarly conserved across species. In addition, we confirmed that immune-related miRNAs (miR-30a-5p, miR-22-3p, and miR-26a) are commonly observed in the colostrum and mature milk of cows and caprines as well as humans. Our results provide new insights and resources for investigating the functionality of immune-associated miRNAs and evaluating physiological and biological condition in human, bovine and caprine milk as biomarkers.