• Perspectives in Nursing Science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.81-87
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• 2016

Purpose: The aim of this study is to review the nurse demand forecasting methods in empirical studies published during 1991~2014 and suggest ideas to improve the validity in nurse demand forecasting. Methods: Previous studies on nurse demand forecasting methodology were categorized into four groups: time series analysis, top-down approach of workforce requirement, bottom-up approach of workforce requirement, and labor market analysis. Major methodological properties of each group were summarized and compared. Results: Time series analysis and top-down approach were the most frequently used forecasting methodologies. Conclusion: To improve decision-making in nursing workforce planning, stakeholders should consider a variety of demand forecasting methods and appraise the validity of forecasting nurse demand.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2007.06a
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• pp.234-235
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• 2007

• Proceedings of the Korean Nuclear Society Conference
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• 1996.05b
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• pp.505-510
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• 1996

A simple model for RAM (Reliability, Availability and Maintainability) analysis and its computer code are developed for application to DUPIC fuel fabrication system. The approach is obtained by linking the allocation model (top-down method) to bottom-up method for RAM analysis. As a result, the availability requirement of subsystem, as well as the buffer storage requirement between processes, are evaluated for the DUPIC facility..

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.53-57
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• 2007

Tsurumi River Basin successfully started to prepare a Water Master Plan though a series of discussions by gathering all stakeholders in a hall. It began with setting five management targets namely, flood, low flow, natural environment, emergency use, and recreational use, followed by setting management goals by target as well as a one-sentence catchphrase for the Water Master Plan using a bottom-up approach. The author reviews this process and discusses the background of the success.

• Proceedings of the KAIS Fall Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.280-283
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• 2009

Web 2.0 is changing the paradigm of using the Internet which is affecting the e-learning paradigm. E-learning 2.0 based on the Web 2.0 has a bottom-up approach which learners work on content with social networking and collaboration in their own cyberspace. Second Life is presented as a new e-learning environment. - Flexibility, - Strong social networking, - Residents’ creative activities of Second Life ⇨ Unlimited potential to educators Second Life is a classroom built in 3D cyber space.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2022.06a
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• pp.1114-1121
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• 2022

Construction laborers and crews play a critical role in achieving a safe and productive construction site. Many past research studies used top-down approaches/perspectives for studying the impact of laborers' performance on overall construction site outputs with limited flexibility in accounting for laborers' various characteristics. However, the recent reap in computational advances allowed applications of bottom-up architectures, which can potentially incorporate heterogeneous characteristics of laborers' individual behavioral and decision-making features effectively. Accordingly, agent-based modeling (ABM), as a tool to leverage a bottom-up methodological approach, has been widely adopted by recent research. Existing literature investigated the influence of changes in laborers' behaviors and interactions on either construction sites' safety performance or productivity performance individually, leaving the tradeoff between safety and productivity in this context relatively unexplored. Accordingly, this study aims to develop an agent-based framework to study the tradeoff between project safety and productivity performances resulting from changes in laborers' behaviors after attending safety trainings. Our findings via simulations indicate that proper safety trainings can improve safety performance without negatively impacting productivity performance.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.156-168
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• 2023

The semiconductor industry faces physical limitations due to its top-down manufacturing processes. High cost of EUV equipment, time loss during tens or hundreds of photolithography steps, overlay, etch process errors, and contamination issues owing to photolithography still exist and may become more serious with the miniaturization of semiconductor devices. Therefore, a bottom-up approach is required to overcome these issues. The key technology that enables bottom-up semiconductor manufacturing is area-selective atomic layer deposition (ASALD). Here, various ASALD processes for elemental metals, such as Co, Cu, Ir, Ni, Pt, and Ru, are reviewed. Surface treatments using chemical species, such as self-assembled monolayers and small-molecule inhibitors, to control the hydrophilicity of the surface have been introduced. Finally, we discuss the future applications of metal ASALD processes.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.48-58
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• 2014

Energy efficiency is vital to improve energy security, environmental and social sustainability, and economic performance. Improved energy efficiency also mitigates climate change by lowering greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Buildings are the single largest industrial consumer of energy and are therefore key to understanding and analyzing energy consumption patterns and the opportunities for saving energy at the district level in urban environments. This study focused on two representative boroughs in the major metropolitan area of Seoul, South Korea as a case study: Gandong-gu, a typical residential district, and Jung-gu, a typical commercial district. The sources of the energy supplied to the boroughs were determined and consumption patterns in different industry sectors in Seoul used to identify current patterns of energy consumption. The study analyzed the energy consumption patterns for five different building categories and four different sectors in the building using a bottom-up energy modeling approach. Electricity and gas consumption patterns were recorded for different building categories and monthly ambient temperatures in the two boroughs. Finally, a logarithmic equation was developed to describe the correlation between commercial activity and cooling energy intensity in Jung-gu, the commercial district. Based on these results, recommendations are made regarding the current energy consumption patterns at the district level and government energy policies are suggested to reduce energy consumption and, hence, greenhouse gas emissions, in both commercial and residential buildings.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.149-162
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• 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to conduct a cost accounting of implant prosthesis according to the fabrication activities. Methods: In this study, the cost price of implant prosthesis fabrication activities was calculated by the bottom-up costing approach for material and labor cost and the top-down costing approach for expenses and other. Results: The total cost price was estimated to 220,000 ~ 310,000 won per one implant prosthesis. By product, the screw type was estimated to 220,000 ~ 230,000 won, and when the stent and tray were included, it was 260,000 ~ 270,000 won, which increased about 40,000 won. And, the cement type with more material and labor time was estimated to 250,000 ~ 260,000 won, and when the stent and tray were included, it was about 300,000 won. Conclusion: In terms of the fabrication cost ratio by items, it was shown that material cost and labor cost accounted for about 40% and 30% of the total cost structure for resin case, respectively, which was the opposite for porcelain. It was shown that expenses and general administrative expenses accounted for about 15%, and profits were about 11% ~ 14% in both cases.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.55-62
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• 2003

This study was an exploratory approach to the cognitive model of textile designers on the stage of motif development in textile design process. Prior to the main research, several previous studies adopting methods of video/audio protocol analysis were reviewed. On the basis of the review, the categories of design action were derived as an analysis frame by application of top-down access method, meanwhile the sub-groups of each category of design action were identified through a bottom-up access method. To summarize the research result, total three categories of textile design action appeared based on the theory of ‘Human processor’ model : ‘motor action’, ‘perceptual action’ and 'cognitive action'. In next, a new coding scheme suitably explaining these three categories of fertile design action was developed. Finally, a cognitive model of textile designer on the stage of motif development, employing the new coding scheme, was suggested in this study.