• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.141-146
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• 2005

Objectives: To investigate the effect of Ginseng herbal acupuncture at GB39 and ST36 on growth in mice. Methods: Mice were divided into four groups (n=10); G-ST36 group treated with Ginseng Radix herbal acupuncture at right ST36, G-GB39 group treated with the same at GB39, Control-ST36 group and Control-GB39 group injected with saline at right ST36 and GB39 respectively. The saline injection and herbal acupuncture were performed 3 times a week for 3 weeks. The length( total height, body length and tail length), weight and the protein efficiency ratio were measured as well as IGF-I level in serum Results: The weights of Ginseng herbal acupuncture groups were not significantly increased compared to the control groups but the protein efficiency ratios were significantly higher in Ginseng herbal acupuncture groups compared to the control groups. The increases of the total length, body length and tail length were significantly higher in Ginseng herbal acupuncture groups than the control groups. The serum IGF-I level of G-GB39 was significantly increased compared to control-GB39, not that of G-ST36 compared to control-ST36. Conclusions: Ginseng herbal acupuncture at GB39 and ST36 are both effective to promote growth in terms of height and weight. GB39 may be effective for growth by way of increasing IGF-I, and more closely related to growth in height than ST36.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.605-613
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• 2022

Objective: The objective was to evaluate the efficacy of increasing supplementation of Yarrowia lipolytica (YL) up to 3.0% replacing 1.6% poultry fat and 0.9% blood plasma for growth performance, intestinal health and nutrient digestibility of diets fed to nursery pigs. Methods: Twenty-four pigs weaned at 24 d of age (initial body weight at 7.2±0.6 kg) were allotted to three dietary treatments (n = 8) based on the randomized complete block. The diets with supplementation of YL (0.0%, 1.5%, and 3.0%, replacing poultry fat and blood plasma up to 1.6% and 0.9%, respectively) were fed for 21 d. Feed intake and body weight were recorded at d 0, 10, and 21. Fecal score was recorded at every odd day from d 3 to 19. Pigs were euthanized on d 21 to collect proximal and distal jejunal mucosa to measure intestinal health markers including tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-8, immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin G. Ileal digesta was collected for apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of nutrients in diets. Data were analyzed using Proc Mixed of SAS. Results: Supplementation of YL (1.5% and 3.0%) replacing poultry fat and blood plasma did not affect growth performance, fecal score and intestinal health. Supplementation of YL at 1.5% did not affect nutrient digestibility, whereas supplementation of YL at 3.0% reduced AID of dry matter (40.2% to 55.0%), gross energy (44.0% to 57.5%), crude protein (52.1% to 66.1%), and ether extract (50.8% to 66.9%) compared to diets without supplementation. Conclusion: Yarrowia lipolytica can be supplemented at 1.5% in nursery diets, replacing 0.8% poultry fat and 0.45% blood plasma without affecting growth performance, intestinal health and nutrient digestibility. Supplementation of YL at 3.0% replacing 1.6% poultry fat and 0.9% blood plasma did not affect growth performance and intestinal health, whereas nutrient digestibility was reduced.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.957-963
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• 2021

The study aimed to investigate the effects of supplemented sodium butyrate on the in vitro rumen fermentation and growth performance of Hanwoo calves. In total, four treatments were employed according to the sodium butyrate levels: no addition (control), an addition of 0.1% (treatment 1), an addition of 0.3% (treatment 2), and an addition of 0.5% (treatment 3). After 48 hours of fermentation, the ruminal pH was found to be higher in T1 than in C. Total volatile fatty acids were significantly higher in T2 and T3 than in C. The ratio of acetate and propionate was significantly lower in T1 and T3 than in C. In this study, the optimal concentration to promote rumen fermentation was found to be 0.3%, i.e., T2, and an experiment on Hanwoo calves at a farm was conducted. However, there were no significant differences between the treatment groups in terms of the daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and final body weight in the feeding experiment. Also, there were no significant differences in the body length, withers height, and height at hip cross between the control and the treatment groups. The addition of 0.3% sodium butyrate was most effective at promoting in vitro rumen fermentation, but it did not significantly affect the growth performance when fed to Hanwoo calves. This indicates that the addition of sodium butyrate improved rumen fermentation but did not have a growth-promoting effect. Future studies need to compare growth and carcass performance outcomes to confirm long-term effects.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.97-105
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• 2018

We assessed the effects of population density on the growth and survival rate of sea cucumber(Stichopus japonicus) in indoor tank Growth of S. japonicus in high density breeding was slow overall, and body weight on 250, 350 and 500 individual/m² group were 31.9g, 26.8g and 21.5g, respectively. The growth rate of body weight was 3.5~5.1 times according to the density of water, and the survival rate was 44.2~50.1%. The growth and survival rate were increased as decreasing the storage density. During the breeding season, small individuals tend not to be large and constantly culled, so it is necessary to set up the sorting period (etc.), and divide S. japonicus into groups of similar size.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.447-453
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• 2006

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of $Megazone^{(R)}$ (a mineral mix) supplementation on growth performance, nutrients digestibility, blood characteristics, meat quality and carcass traits in weaning-to-finishing pigs. A total of 48 crossbred $(Landrace{\times}Yorkshire{\times}Duroc)$ pigs with initial body weight (BW) of $4.46{\pm}0.18kg$ were used in a 21 wks trial. Pigs were blocked by weight and allotted to two dietary treatments in a completly randomized design. There were 6 pens per treatment. Dietary treatments included: 1) Control (CON: basal diet) and 2) MT (basal diet+0.8% $Megazone^{(R)}$). Through the entire experimental period, there were no effects of dietary $Megazone^{(R)}$ supplementation on growth performance nutrients digestibility, blood characteristics and meat quality traits (p>0.05). Market weight and backfat thickness also had no differences between the two treatments (p>0.05). However, carcass weight and carcass ratio in MT treatment were improved significantly compared with CON treatment (p<0.05). In conclusion, supplmentation of $Megazone^{(R)}$ can increase carcass weight and carcass ratio in weaning-to-finishing pigs, however, it has no effects on growth performance, nutrients digestibility, blood characteristics and meat quality traits.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.59-66
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• 2004

This study was conducted for a period for 5 weeks in order to evaluate effects of brewer's yeast slurry(BYS) on the growth performance, organ development and blood composition of broiler chicks. A total number of 84 one day old broiler chicks were allocated to one of three supplemented diets: 0%(control), 2% and 4% BYS. Body weight gain and feed efficiency of chicks fed the diet supplemented with 4% BYS significantly was increased by 9% and 8%, respectively, compared to the control diet(P<0.05). The BYS supplements did not affect weights of liver, heart and abdominal fat, and their ratios per body weight. However, in 4% BYS supplement group, ratio of liver to body weight significantly decreased(P<0.05) by 12%, compared to the control. The supplement of 4% BYS decreased the concentration of triglyceride by 31%, and increased the concentration of high density lipoprotein(HDL) by 26%, compared to the control(P<0.05). These results indicated that the supplementation of 4% BYS in diet can improve body weight gain as well as feed efficiency, and increased the concentration of blood HDL, and ratio of HDL to total-cholesterol of broiler chicks.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.262-267
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• 2009

Two 15-week feeding trials were conducted to investigate feeding rate and feeding frequency for growth of sub-adult flounder in suboptimal water temperature ($12^{\circ}C$). In the first experiment, duplicated groups of fish (initial mean weight of 279 g) were fed a extruded pellet once a day at the different feeding rates of 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.3% body weight per day (BW/d), and satiation (0.32% BW/d). Weight gain and feed efficiency were increased significantly (P<0.05) with increase in feeding rates from 0.1 to 0.3% BW/d, but there were no significant differences in weight gain and feed efficiency of fish fed the diet between 0.3% BW/d and to satiation. Crude protein content of dorsal muscle of fish fed the 0.1% BW/d diet was significantly (P<0.05) lower than that of the other groups. In the second experiment, duplicated groups of fish (initial mean weight of 281 g) were fed to apparent satiation with a extruded pellet at three different feeding frequencies (one meal every two days, one meal a day and two meals a day). Weight gain, feed efficiency and condition factor of fish fed one meal every two days were significantly (P<0.05) lower than those of fish fed one meal and two meals a day, but there were no significant differences in weight gain, feed efficiency and condition factor of fish fed between one meal and two meals a day. Based on the results of this study, optimum feeding frequency is one meal a day with satiation feeding for growth and feed efficiency of sub-adult flounder (270-350 g) in suboptimal water temperature ($12^{\circ}C$).

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.88-93
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• 2003

Diets containing 3000 kcal/kg at the crude protein (CP) level of 40% (Diet 1) and 4000 kcal/kg at the CP level of 50% (Diet 2) were fed to the juvenile rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli (35.6 g) at 3-4% body weight for a period of 28 days. Diet 2 promoted significantly higher growth and feed efficiency than Diet 1. Oxygen uptake increased with increasing body weight. The oxygen uptake-body weight relationship of diets 1 and 2 were best expressed by y=0.3218 $e^{0.0592x}$ (R=0.8494) and y=0.3612 $e^{0.0532x}$ ($R^2$=0.8805), respectively. Assimilation efficiency (AE), gross growth efficiency ( $K_1$) and net growth efficiency ( $K_2$) of the fish fed on Diet 2 were 73.8, 16.0 and 22.6%, respec- tively. Fish fed on Diet 2 showed significantly higher AE, $K_1$ and $K_2$ than those fed on Diet 1. Hence Diet 2 con- taining 4000 kcal/ kg with crude protein of 50% is recommended for the Korean rockfish.kfish.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.7
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• pp.979-986
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• 2016

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dried mealworm (Tenebrio molitor larva) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and blood profiles in weaning pigs. A total of 120 weaning pigs ($28{\pm}3days$ and $8.04{\pm}0.08kg$ of body weight) were allotted to one of five treatments, based on sex and body weight, in 6 replicates with 4 pigs per pen by a randomized complete block design. Supplementation level of dried mealworm was 0%, 1.5%, 3.0%, 4.5%, or 6.0% in experimental diet as treatment. Two phase feeding programs (phase I from 0 day to 14 day, phase II from 14 day to 35 day) were used in this experiment. All animals were allowed to access diet and water ad libitum. During phase I, increasing level of dried mealworm in diet linearly improved the body weight (p<0.01), average daily gain (ADG) (p<0.01) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) (p<0.01). During phase II, ADG also tended to increase linearly when pigs were fed higher level of dried mealworm (p = 0.08). In addition, increasing level of dried mealworm improved the ADG (p<0.01), ADFI (p<0.05) and tended to increase gain to feed ratio (p = 0.07) during the whole experimental period. As dried mealworm level was increased, nitrogen retention and digestibility of dry matter as well as crude protein were linearly increased (p = 0.05). In the results of blood profiles, decrease of blood urea nitrogen (linear, p = 0.05) and increase of insulin-like growth factor (linear, p = 0.03) were observed as dried mealworm was increased in diet during phase II. However, there were no significant differences in immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgG concentration by addition of dried mealworm in the growth trial. Consequently, supplementation of dried mealworm up to 6% in weaning pigs' diet improves growth performance and nutrient digestibility without any detrimental effect on immune responses.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.11
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• pp.1629-1634
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• 2008

A trial was conducted to determine the effect of low crude protein (CP) diets with constant metabolizable energy to crude protein (ME:CP) ratio on growth, body composition and nutrient utilization of broiler chicks from 1 to 26 days of age. Four dietary treatments having four levels of CP and ME as 23, 22, 21 and 20% and 3,036, 2,904, 2,772 and 2,640 kcal/kg, respectively, were formulated and a ME:CP ratio of 132 was maintained in all the diets. Digestible lysine was maintained at 1.10 of the diet. A total of 1,760 day-old Hubbard broiler chicks were randomly divided into 16 experimental units and each diet was offered to four experimental units at random. Feed intake was increased (p<0.05) while weight gain and feed conversion ratio were adversely affected (p<0.05) when the diets with low CP and ME were fed to broilers. Total protein intake and total ME intake were linearly decreased (p<0.05) and protein efficiency ratio and energy efficiency ratio were lower (p<0.05) than in the chicks fed dietary regimen with 22% CP and 2,904 kcal/kg ME. The whole body analysis of the birds revealed that chicks fed the lowest dietary regimens retained less (p<0.05) nitrogen and more ether extract than chicks fed the control diet, however, body dry matter, total body ash and fat free body protein were not affected. Similarly, protein and energy utilization were also unaffected by the dietary treatments. In summary, chicks fed low CP diets with constant ME:CP ratio grew slower, used feed less efficiently and retained less protein and more body fat than chicks fed the control diet.