• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.127-134
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• 1985

Battery trial with 240 broiler chicks of Hubbard strain was conducted for a period of 2 weeks in order to compare the anticoccidical efficacy of polyether ionophorous antibiotics ; Maduramicin ammonium, Monensin and Salinomyc in sodium. The criteria used in these anticoccidial efficacy studies were anticoccidial index, growth rate, feed efficiency, mortality, lesion score and the number of oocysts produced after artificial inoculation with 70,000 sporulated oocysts of Eimeria tenella(90%) and E.necatrix (10%) to each bird. The result obtained are summarized as follow: 1. All groups medicated anticoccidial feed additives improved body weight gain and feed efficiency. However, it was found that the group medicated with Maduramicin showed better body weight gain (352.5 and 648.8 g) and feed efficiency(1.603 and 1.680) during the first and the second week experiments, 2. The mortality rate(4.2%) and lesion scores (1.72) of Maduramicin medicated group, from artificial coccidiosis were comparatively lower than those of other two medicated groups, 3. It was also found that oocyst output (0.25 ${\times}$ 10$^4$) in Maduramicin medicated group were lower than those of other two groups. 4. Anticoccidial indexes during the first week were 177.9 in Maduramicin medica-group, 158.7 in Salinomycin medicated group, 141.6 in Monensin medicated group and 78.0 in infected, nonmedicated group as compared with 200.0 in noninfected, nonmedicated group (NNC) 5. Anticoccidial indexes during the second week were 201.1 in Maduramicin group 184.0 in infected, nonmedicated group as compared with 200.0 in noninfected, nonmedicated group (NNC).

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.105-111
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• 2009

In this study, we carried out an experiment for estimation the larval digestibility in aspects which digestive enzymatic activities and nutrition of the rotifers, Brachionus rotundiformis. Thus we enhanced the digestive enzymatic activity through the addition of starch for the increase of digestibility of rotifer (starch-rotifer), and compared with the feed efficiency through rearing of the olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus used rotifer lipid-enriched with Algamac $2000^{(R)}$ (CE-rotifer). The digestive enzyme activities (except for TG-lipase), total protein contents, total essential amino acid, essential amino acids (methionin and phenylalanine) of starch-rotifer (the rotifer used a starch as additive, and enriched not) was assayed significantly higher than CE-rotifer (P<0.05). And total lipid, lipid classes (except for sterol) and fatty acids as DHA and EPA showed higher in CE-rotifer than starch-rotifer (P<0.05). But, sterol contents and ST/TG ratio were shown significantly higher in starch-rotifer (P<0.05). The flounder larvae supplied the two rotifers showed standard length and body weight that not significantly differed with ranges $3.72{\sim}3.79\;mm$ and $32.9{\sim}37.8\;mg$/larva on 6 days after hatching (DAH), respectively (P>0.05). However, these of 12 DAH showed the values of significantly higher to $5.94{\pm}0.249\;mm$, $144.0{\pm}23.86\;mg$/larva and $26.2{\pm}12.13%$ in standard length, body weight and survival in CE-flounder than that of starch-flounder (P<0.05). The hydrolytic enzymatic activities of flounder larvae severally supplied the two rotifers showed the significantly higher activities in acidic -amylase, neutral -amylase, TG-lipase, lysozyme and acidic phosphatase in starch-flounder on 5 DAH (P<0.05). But neutral $\alpha$-amylase, three proteases and two phosphatases of CE-flounder on 11 DAH showed the significantly higher activities than that of starch-flounder (P<0.05). Therefore, for the flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus larvae just depleted yolk was more beneficial to supply the feed, rotifer, enhanced the digestibility than to supply the feed lipid-enriched for aspect of larval digestibility up to 6 DAH, thereafter nutrition of absorption due to the development of digestive organs suggested that enrichment effect appeared with larval somatic growth. Consequently, investigation more detailed about the larval digestive physiological and nutritional requirement variations after 6 DAH will be necessary, thereafter.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.111-130
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• 1993

Lead toxicity was evaluated in forty-five cats on a balanced diet, Treated with 0(control), 10, 100(low), 1, 000, 2, 000, and 4, 000(high) ppm of lead acetate orally on a body weight basis. The objectives were to establish toxic dosage level of leaf in cats, to characterize changes in behavior and clinical pathology, and to demonstrate what blood lead concentrations correlate with the known dosages of lead. Some high dose cats showed projectile vomiting, hyperactivity, and seizures. The growth rates did not appear to be altered in any of the dosed groups. Normal blood lead concentration in cats were lower than that of humans, dogs, and cattle. Blood lead concentrations of 3 to 20$\mu\textrm{g}$/100$m\ell$ could be termed a 'subclinical' range in the cat. Clinical lead toxicity in cats may have blood lead concentrations ranging 20 to 120$\mu\textrm{g}$/100$m\ell$. Zinc protoporphyrin concentrations were proportional to lead dosages and a significant ZPP elevation, greater than 50$\mu\textrm{g}$/100$m\ell$, may be indicative of clinical lead toxicity. The enzyme aminolevulinic acid dehydratase showed an inverss dose response relationship for all lead dosages and a significant ZPP elevation, greater than 50$\mu\textrm{g}$/100$m\ell$, may be indicative of clinical lead toxicity. The enzyme aminolevulinic acid dehydratase showed an inverse dose response relationship for all lead dosages and appears to be a good indicator of lead exposure in cats. Urinary aminolevuliruc acid concentrations generally increased with lead dosage, but individual values varied. Hair lead concentrations rose proportionately to lead dosages. Lead at least in high doses appears to inhibit chemotactic activity of polymorphonuclear cells and monocytes. No consistent dose response relationships were observed in hemoglobin, RBC, WBC, neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, and eosinophil counts. There were no consistent dose related changes in total protein, plasma protein, BUN, and ALT values. Reticulocyte counts did not increase significantly in most lead dosage levels, and are probably of little value in diagnosing lead toxicity in cats. The fact that no significant changes were found in nerve conduction velocities may support that there was no segmental demyelination resulting from lead ingestion. The lethal dose in cats appear to range from 60 to 150mg/kg body weight. A reliable diagnosis of lead poisoning can be made utilizing blood lead, ZPP, and ALAD, and hair lead.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.228-240
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• 2015

This study was conducted to investigate the dietary and other factors affecting bone mineral density (BMD) in older Korean women. A total of 340 women aged 65 to 74 were recruited from the Kugoksoondam area (Kurye, Goksung, Soonchang and Damyang counties), known as the longevity-belt region in Jeonla province, Korea. They were categorized into two groups according to bone status by T-score : a nonosteoporotic group and an osteoporotic group. Demographic characteristics were collected, as well as information on physical measurements, blood tests for biochemical indicators, health status health-related life style, dietary behavior, favorite food groups, nutrient intake and mini nutrition assessment (MNA). The results are as follows: The mean age of 185 nonosteoporotic women was 69.6 years and that of 155 osteoporotic women was 70.9 years (p<0.001). The mean T-score of the nonosteoporotic group was $-1.5mg/cm^3$ and that of theosteoporotic group was $-3.2mg/cm^3$ (p<0.001). Height and body weight in the nonosteoporotic group were significantly higher than in the osteoporotic group (p<0.001, respectively). There was no significant difference in BMI, although the BMI in the nonosteoporotic group was slightly higher. Waist and hip circumferences in the nonosteoporotic group were significantly higher than in the osteoporotic group (p<0.01, respectively), and the mid upper arm and calf circumferences were also significantly higher than in the osteoporotic group (p<0.001, p<0.01, respectively). The 5 m walking ability was significantly superior compared to the osteoporotic group. Serum levels did not show any significant differences between the groups and were within normal range. The serum total protein, albumin and Insulin-like growth factor (IGFs) levels of the nonosteoporotic group were significantly higher than those of the osteoporotic group (p<0.05, p<0.05, p<0.001, respectively). IGF was 104.7 ng/mL for the nonosteoporotic group and 88.1 ng/mL for the osteoporotic group. Physical activity and appetite in the nonosteoporotic group were significantly higher (p<0.01, p<0.05, respectively). The favorite food groups of the nonosteoporotic group comprised more meats and fish than those of the osteoporotic group (p<0.05, respectively). Nutrient intake was not significantly different, with the exception of niacin intake (p<0.05), but the nutrient intake of the nonosteoporotic group was slightly higher than that of the osteoporotic group. The niacin intake of the nonosteoporotic group and the osteoporotic group were 11.4 mgNE and 10.0 mgNE, corresponding to 103.6% and 90.9% of the Korean EAR, respectively. The MNA score of the nonosteoporotic group was significantly more favorable than for the osteoporotic group. In conclusion, it is necessary to maintain adequate body weight and muscle mass. Habitual physical activity may have a beneficial effect on BMD for older women. Dietary factors, such as meat and fish, higher intake of niacin rich foods and nutrient status for older women also appear to have favorable effects on bone mineral density.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.101-108
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• 2023

This study was conducted to investigate the appropriate levels of crude protein (CP) and phytase in the diet of broiler chicks in order to reduce nitrogen and phosphorus contents in feces while maintaining performance of broilers. Six hundred forty-eight 1-day-old male broilers (41.9±0.91 g) had a total of 3 × 3 complex factor of 3 levels of CP (22%, 21%, 20%) and 3 levels of phytase (1,000, 800, 500 FTU/kg) in the diet. Divided into 9 treatments, 4 replications per treatment, 18 birds per replication, were completely randomly assigned and reared in a metabolic cage for 7 days. Seven-day-old body weight (BW) and body weight gain (BWG) of broilers were significantly lower at CP 20% treatment (P<0.05), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly lower at CP 21% and phytase 800 FTU/kg treatment (P<0.05). Nitrogen and phosphorus contents in chicken excreta were significantly lower in CP 20% and phytase 500 FTU/kg treatment, respectively (P<0.05). Interactions between CP and phytase in the feed were shown for nitrogen and phosphorus in feces (P<0.05). In conclusion, considering the broiler performance and excretion contents of nitrogen and phosphorus, it is thought that CP and phytase levels of broiler chicks diet can be reduced by 21% and 800 FTU/kg, respectively.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.241-248
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• 2009

Metabolic trial with 3 fistulated sheep was conducted in a 3 $\times$ 3 Latin square design and feeding trial with 24 Hanwoo steers in 12 month of age for 20 months was conducted to investigate the replacing effect of rice straw with fermented spent mushroom (Flammuliua velutipes) compost (FSMC) on fermentation characteristics, ruminal effective degradabilty and whole tract digestibility of nutrients in sheep, and to examine the growth performance of Hanwoo steers. Experimental diets for the metabolic trial with sheep were commercial concentrates and rice straw in the ratio of 70 : 30 (CON, DM basis). Same concentrate with 30% FSMC and 70% rice straw (FSMC-30) and 60% FSMC and 40% rice straw(FSMC-60). Diets for Hanwoo steers in three treatments were same as for metabolic trial in replacing ratio of rice straw with FSMC. pH of rumen fluid in sheep was not affected by FSMC. Ammonia-N content in the rumen fluid was highest in the sheep fed FSMC-60 at 3h (P<0.045). The CON diet increased (P<0.001) acetate proportion at 1h and 3h post feeding compared to FSMC-60 diet while propionate proportion was highest in the sheep fed FSMC-60 diet for all the sampling times (P<0.027~P<0.002). Increased proportion of butyrate was observed at 30 min prior to feeding (P<0.031), and 1h (P<0.011) and 6h(P<0.039) post feeding from sheep fed FSMC-30 diet compared to those from sheep fed other diets. Effective degradability in the rumen was not influenced by experimental diets. Whole tract digestibility of crude protein (P<0.031) and neutral detergent fiber (P<0.006) tended to be increased in the sheep fed CON diet while corresponding values were lowest in the sheep fed FSMC-60 diet. Total body weight gain of Hanwoo steers for 8 months was not different among diets, thus daily body gain was not influenced by the experimental diets.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.43-50
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• 2001

Purpose : The urinary tract infection associated with vesicoureteral reflux(VUR) in children may result in serious complications such as renal scarring, hypertension, proteinuria and end stage renal disease. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the factors affecting renal scar such as age, gender, grade of VUR, and ACE gene polymorphism, and body growth in the patients with and those without renal scar associated with VUR Methods : During the period from January 1994 to July 2000, We had 93 children with urinary tract infection associated with VUR who were admitted to the Department of pediatrics of Chonbuk National University Hospital. The patients were divided into two groups according to follow up 99mTc-DMSA renal scan; patients with renal scar group and those with non-scar group. We analyzed and compared the factors associated with renal scarring between the two groups. Results : There were no significant difference in gender, causative organism, ACE gene polymorphism, height and weight at diagnosis between renal scar group and non-scar group. Fifty four patients were in renal scar group and forty seven of them had VUR. The age at diagnosis was significantly higher in renal scar group (2.48${\pm}$2.64yr) than in non renal scar group (1.26${\pm}$1.83yr). Especially, the infants who were less than 1 year of age with VUR developed relatively more renal scar compared with infants older than 1 tear of age. The incidence of renal scarring showed a direct correlation with the severity of VUR. Conclusion : The factors affecting renal scar formation were age at diagnosis, presence and grade of VUR, but the other factors such as gender, causative organism, ACE gene polymorphism were not associated with renal scarring. Therefore, further evaluation about uropathogenic E coli and foflow up study about body growth associated with severity of renal scar would be necessary. (J. Korean Soc Pediatr Nephrol 5 : 43- 50, 2001)

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.67-78
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• 2007

This study was carried out to monitor feed-nutritional components, toxic heavy metals (Cd, Pb and As) and pesticide residues through three cultivation stages (1st initial culture stage, 2nd mycelial growth stage, and 3rd fruit body-harvested stage) of king oyster mushroom (Pleurotus eryngii) produced by bottle type cultivation and oyster mushroom (Pleurotus osteratus) produced by vinyl bag type cultivation. For both cultivation types, compared with the initial culture, the weight reduction rate in spent mushroom substrates (SMS) after fruit body harvest was 29% for total wet mass, 21～25% for dry and organic matters and 19 ～22% for neutral detergent fiber. Two thirds to 3/4 of organic matter degraded and utilized by mycelia and fruit bodies was originated from fiber, of which the primary source (50～70%) was hemicellulose. The effect of mycelial growth stage on chemical compositional change in culture was little (P>0.05) for bottle type cultivation of king oyster mushroom but considerable (P<0.05) for vinyl type cultivation of oyster mushroom. Culture nutrients uptake by fruit bodies was very active for the bottle type cultivation. Compared with SMS, harvested fruit bodies (mushrooms) contained higher (P<0.05) crude protein, non-fibrous carbohydrate, and crude ash and lower (P<0.05) neutral detergent fiber. Regardless of stages, no culture samples were contaminated with toxic heavy metals and pesticide residues. In conclusion, the increase of fiber (neutral and acid detergent fibers) and indigestible protein contents and the decrease of true protein content in SMS indicated that the feed-nutritional value of SMS was significantly reduced compared with that of the initial culture and they were safe from toxic heavy metals and pesticide residues.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.8-15
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• 2007

The morphology of gonad and reproductive cycle of ribbed gunnel (Dictyosoma burgeri) were investigated on the basis of histological observation. The specimens were monthly sampled in the coastal waters of Jeju from November 2001 to February 2003. The ovaries and testis of this species are categorized as cystovarian and lobule type, respectively. The gonadosomatic index (GSI) of female increased in November and maintained high values from December to February. The GSI of male was similar to that of female although it was decreased in February. The reproductive cycle can be grouped into the following successive stage in the ovary: growth (October to November), mature (November to February), spawning (January to February), and degenerating and recovery (March to September). And in the testis, the stage observed were: multiplication (August to November), growth (November to January), mature and spawning (November to February), and degenerating and recovery (January to September). The minimum maturation size of D. burgeri was over 15.0 cm and fecundity ranged from 2,194 to 6,581 eggs. The relationship between the fecundity and fish body was calculated in the fecundity (F) equation as: $F=0.4057TL^{3.1425}$ ($R^2=0.7621$) for total length (TL); $F=149.88BW^{0.9579}$ ($R^2=0.7982$) for body weight (BW), respectively. The fecundity was correlated positively with TL and BW. The histological observations of the gonads suggested that major spawning of this species probably occurs between January to February, when low water temperature ($13{\pm}0.3^{\circ}C$) period.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.93-100
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• 2004

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of organic iron supplemented to feed for broilers. One hundred forty four Ross broiler chicks were assigned to 6 treatments: control containing 80mg Fe from iron sulfate per kg diet(FE-80), FE-160 (control multiplied two times), YM-80 containing 80mg Fe from yeast mutant, YM-160 (YM-80 multiplied two times), YF-80 containing 80mg Fe from ferritin containing yeast, YF-160 (YF-80 multiplied two times) in the experiment. Each treatment had four replications of 6 birds each. The weight gain of the YM-160 was significantly higher (P＜0.05) than that of the control (FE-80). The YM and YF in the serum cholesterol level were significantly higher (P＜0.05) than the control. In the cholesterol level of carcass, although the control (FE-80) was highest and the YM and YF were very low; however, there were no significant differences among treatments. In the iron level of carcass, the control (FE-80) showed the lowest level among treatments; the YM and YF were significantly higher (P＜0.05) than the control. In conclusion, the supplementation with organic iron to broiler chicks improve productivity. We also expect the possibility on chicken meat with reinforcing iron.