• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.19-28
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• 1969

Skin temperatures on 10 sites and rectal temperature at every 10 minutes, oxygen consumption at every 20 minutes were measured on 18 male subjects (ages between 14 and 47 years) after exposure to cold air at $15^{\circ}C$ for two hours in a climatic room. Total body fat measured by means of a skinfold method and ratio of body surface area (S) to body volume (V), S/V, were utilized as basis of observations. Surface area was calculated after DuBois equation and body volume was calculated by our original formula. In influencing on the heat loss from the body core to the cold environment, % fat showed inverse relations, whereas, S/V ratio showed direct relations. Thus these two factors acted antagonistically on the body heat loss. Local skin temperatures showed negative correlations with skinfold thickness on the same site, nemaly, on chest, r=-.567; on back, r=-.507; and on upper arm, r=-.353. The other 7 skin sites showed low correlations with % fat. Minimum mean weighted skin temperature (MWST) showed a negative correlation (r=-.443) with % fat, and showed no correlation with S/V ratio. Oxygen consumption in the cold air at $15^{\circ}C$ increased from the first measurement at 20 minutes after exposure and maintained the same increasing trend up to 120 minutes. ${\Delta}T_R$ was greater in tile lean subjects who showed a greater % change in oxygen consumption. The antagonistic actions of % fat and S/V ratio on the heat loss were manifested by observations as follows: minimum rectal temperature was higher In fat subjects (r=.600) and lower in subjects with a greater S/V ratio (=-.582), ${\Delta}T_R$ was smaller in fat subjects (r=-.738) and greater in subjects with a greater S/V ratio (r=.618). Temperature difference between body core and skin surface (minimum rectal temperature minus minimum MWST) showed a positive correlation with % fat (r=.600) and a negative correlation with S/V ratio (r=-.881). Decrease in the mean body temperature and heat debt, respectively, showed negative correlations with % fat and positive correlations with S/V ratio.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.51-60
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• 2014

A 'circadian rhythm' is a self-sustained biological rhythm (cycle) that repeats itself approximately every 24 hours. Circadian rhythms are generated by an internal clock, or pacemaker, and persist even in the absence of environmental time cues, collectively termed 'zeitgebers.' Although organisms generate circadian rhythms internally, they are entrained by environmental stimuli, particularly the light-dark cycle. Measurement of the endogenous melatonin rhythm provides relatively reliable surrogate way of assessing the timing of the internal circadian clock. Also, core body temperature and cortisol can be used as markers of circadian rhythms. The sleep-wake cycle, body temperature, and melatonin rhythm have a stable internal phase relationship in humans and other diurnal species. They play an important role in controlling daily behavioral rhythms including task performance, blood pressure, and synthesis and secretion of several hormones. In this review, we address not only the properties, methods of measurement, and markers of circadian rhythms, but also the physiological and psychological importance of human circadian rhythms.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.109-120
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• 2013

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to report the effects of oriental medicine on 2 patients with premature ovarian failure. Methods: The patients who had amenorrhea caused by premature ovarian failure were treated by oriental medicine such as herb medication, acupuncture and moxibustion. We evaluated the results of treatments by change of symptoms, serum hormone assay, basal body temperature and Kupperman's Index. Results: After oriental medicine, the patients could have their normal menstrual cycle. Also serum hormone assay, basal body temperature and Kupperman's Index were improved. Conclusions: This study shows that oriental medicine has effects on patients with premature ovarian failure. And serum hormone assay, basal body temperature and Kupperman's Index would be valid measurement to evaluate the effect of treatments for premature ovarian failure.

• The Journal of the Society of Korean Medicine Diagnostics
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.110-122
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• 2005

Background: The basic concept of thermographic interpretation is the thermologic equality of both side in normal person. But both sides diseases were limited diagnostic values by thermographic interpretation, and this interpretation does not apply to the case in thermal temperature of each part of body. Nevertheless, the measurement conditions are not standardized. So, for its clinical applications are extended, we think that the measurement conditions are considered the individual variations. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to examine the optimum conditions thermal temperature of the time period and region are not effected by internal and external variables. Methods: After the subjects took off their clothes, the filming were repeatedly five times made on duration of 5minutes during 20minutes. We selected nine regions around acupoints including Yin dang[印堂, HN1], Sugu[水溝, GV26], Ch’ondol[天突, CV22], Chonjung[CV17], Chung-wan[中脘, CV12], Ch’onch'u[天樞 S25], No-gung[勞宮, P8], and calculated based on the utility of R.O.I.(Region of Integer) in our system these points temperature. We measured the optimal time period and region that has little variation of thermal temperature. Results: The results shows that the optimal time period is 20minutes after undressed, and the optimal region is the region around acupoints including Sugu[水溝, GV26]. Conclusions: we obtained the measurement conditions were considered the individual variations. And also, this study offers basic sources for that the measurement conditions would be standardized. Furthermore, based on this results, we expect that clinical applications using thermography would be extended.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SC
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• v.42 no.2 s.302
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• pp.27-32
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• 2005

This paper presents a modified microwave radio-thermometer (MRTM) with material characteristic estimator and multiple temperature conversion tables to measure subcutaneous temperature of a living body This estimator provides a temperature retrieval unit with the data of material characteristics such as permittivity, conductivity, thickness and geometry of the living body. The temperature retrieval unit with multiple temperature conversion tables can select one of the tables and computes temperature value corresponding to measured radiation power. In the experiments, it was shown that the MRTM could reduce measurement errors of about $0.82^{\circ}C\;to\;7.68^{\circ}C$ for the cases of distilled water and mixed liquid at the temperature of $37^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.113-122
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• 2008

Objective: The purpose of this study was to invigorate the use of infrared thermal imaging apparatus as a diagnostic tool in Oriental medicine by providing standard temperature on specific acupoints. Methods: Subjects for the study was recruited through an advertisement in the school homepage(www.sangji.ac.kr) explaining the objectives and methods. 100 volunteers agreeing to terms were selected and measured the full body thermal image. Common acupoints used in the clinical surrounding were chosen and final 63 acupoints were selected for the measurement. Male/female and right/left readings were obtained for the analysis. Results: Following results were obtained from analyzing the body temperature of 50 male subjects and 50 female subjects 1. Subjects participating in the study ranged from 19 years of age to 44 years. Median male age at $26.86{\pm}6.02$ and female age at $22.88{\pm}2.74$, respectively. 2. For all acupoints, no significant differences were witnessed between the gender and right, left side of the body. 3. 10 acupoints from the facial region(18 bilateral), 8 acupoints from the chest/abdomen region(10 bilateral), 6 acupoints from the back region(11 bilateral), 17 acupoints from the upper extremity(34 bilateral), and 22 acupoints from the lower extremity(44 bilateral) were chosen. 4. In the facial region, BL2 showed the highest temperature and GV26 showed the lowest. 5. In the chest/abdomen region, CV22 showed the highest temperature and CV6 showed the lowest. 6. In the back region, GV14 showed the highest temperature and BL23 showed the lowest. 7. In the upper extremity region, jianqian(extra point) showed the highest temperature and baxie(extra point) showed the lowest. 8. In the lower extremity region, KI1 and bafeng(extra point) shoed the highest temperature and BL40 showed the lowest. Conclusions: Based on the standard body temperature measured on specific acupoints throughout the body, we hope these findings can trigger further studies on applications of infrared thermal imaging and clinical usage in the field of oriental medicine.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.62-69
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• 2022

Purpose: This study explored the validity of a new type of thermometer and parent satisfaction with the new device. This 24-hour continuous monitoring smart wearable wireless thermometer (TempTraq^®) uses a very small semiconductor sensor with a thin patch-like shape. Methods: We obtained 397 sets of TempTraq^® axillary temperatures and tympanic temperatures from 44 pediatric patients. Agreement between the axillary and tympanic measurements, as well as the validity of the TempTraq^® axillary temperatures, were evaluated. Satisfaction surveys were completed by 41 caregivers after the measurements. Results: The TempTraq^® axillary temperatures demonstrated a strong positive correlation with the tympanic temperatures. The Bland-Altman plot and analysis of TempTraq^® axillary temperatures and tympanic temperatures showed that the mean difference was +0.45 ℃, the 95% limits of agreement were -0.57 to +1.46 ℃. Based on a tympanic temperature of 38 ℃, the results of validity of fever detection were sensitivity 0.85 and specificity 0.86. Satisfaction scores for TempTraq^® temperature measurement were all > 4 points (satisfactory). Conclusion: TempTraq^® smart axillary temperature measurement is an appropriate method for measuring children's temperatures since it was highly correlated to tympanic temperatures, had a reliable level of sensitivity and specificity, and could be used safely and conveniently.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.20 no.8
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• pp.2555-2560
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• 1996

Inspecting the dimensional accuracy of a car-body in assembly line is a very important process to assure high productivity. Now there exist two common inspecting methods in practice. One is to measure a sampled car-body with three dimensional measuring machine, and the other is to measure car-body with three dimensional measuring machine, and the other is to measure car-body in assembly line using many sensors fixed to a large jig frame. The formal method takes too long to inspect a sampled car-body of a same sort, and cannot therefore give an useful error trend for the whole production. On the other hand, the latter lacks flexibility and is very cost-intensive. By using industrial robots and sensors, an in-line Car-Body Measuring(CBM) system which ensured high flexiblity and sufficient accuracy was developed. This CBM cell operates in real production line and measures the check points by the non-contact type using camera and laser displacement sensor(LDS). This system can handle about 15 Measuring points within a cycle time of 40 seconds. A process computer controls whole process such as data acquisition file handling and data analysis. Robot arms changes in length due to ambient temperature fluctuation affecting the measuring accuracy. To compensate this error, a robot arm calibration process was developed.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.357-364
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• 2006

Microwave Radiometry is the spectral measurement of eleclromagnetic radiation at frequency bands in the microwave region. One particular application of Microwave Radiometry is for analyzing temperature difffrentials of inside of human body to detect and diagnose pathologic conditions in which the temperature differentials are related with the symptoms of certain diseases. To accomplish this aim, we propose a new calibration method for estimating subcutaneous temperature by Microwave Radiometer and we also suggest a tumor-imitator phantom structure for simulating heat diffusion propagated by tissues around tumors to evaluate the discernment of brighuless temperature difffrentials.

• Korea-Australia Rheology Journal
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.213-220
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• 2008

The effects of temperature on the rheological properties of the solutions of poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluopropylene) (PVDF-HFP) in dimethyl acetamide (DMAc) were investigated in terms of frequency and concentration. The effects of temperature on the intrinsic viscosity of the solutions were discussed. In dynamic rheological measurement, the concentrated solutions showed a little unexpected rheological response; as temperature was increased dynamic viscosity was increased and the solutions exhibited more noticeable Bingham body character over the temperature range, 30 to $70^{\circ}C$. In addition, the solution gave longer relaxation time, lower value of loss tangent and higher value of yield stress at higher temperature and at higher concentration. On the other hand, the dilute solutions revealed that intrinsic viscosity was decreased and its Huggins constant was increased with increasing temperature. These physical parameters suggested that the increase of viscosity with increasing temperature resulted from the localized gelation of PVDF-HFP due to reduced solubility to the solvent.