• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.91-94
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• 2012

This study was conducted to develop an algorithm for determination of abnormal body temperature in piglets through skin and core temperature database at normal condition. 5 piglets (mean BW : 46 kg) were employed for the experiment. They were adapted in the individual metabolism cage set at $22.5{\pm}2.0^{\circ}C$ of room temperature for 2 weeks before the measurement of body temperature. Ear, neck, head and subcutaneous neck temperature (as core temperature) of piglets were measured for every 1 minute during 30 consecutive days through 1mm k-type thermocouple wire and NI-devices (National Instruments Corporation, Austin, Texas, USA). Body temperature data were accumulated and integrated into the 1 day unit. Change of daily mean skin and core body temperatures in piglets were lowest at around 06:00, highest at around 14:00 and gradually decreased until the day after 06:00. Each skin temperatures were varied with the measuring site and largely depended on the room temperature changes. Established database of skin and core body temperature in piglets through this study can be applied to develop an algorithm for monitoring and determining the abnormal condition of animal by using radio frequency identification.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.33-45
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• 1998

The aim of this study was to investigate what is the most accurate and quick temperature measurement among rectal, auxiliary and tympanic routes. The body temperatures of 86 preform infants in incubators, a controlled environment, were measured at three different sites. The measurements were taken to examine the accuracy of the temperatures, proper nursing time for measuring the temperatures and the validity of fever detection. The results were as follows : 1. The mean temperature was significantly lower in the auxiliary site($36.71^{\circ}C$) and higher in the tympanic site($37.27^{\circ}C$) than in the rectal site($37.03^{\circ}C$). 2. The mean nursing time for measuring body temperature was significantly longer in the auxiliary site(171.65 seconds) and shorter in the tympanic site(17.70 seconds) than in the rectal site(83.33 seconds). 3. The nursing time for measuring body temperature included the time needed for preparation, measuring, as well as the post-measuring time. It was found that the time required to prepare for measuring the temperature of the rectal site was significantly longer than for other sites. In addition, the time needed to measure the temperature of the auxiliary site was significantly longer than in the other sites. Finally, the nursing time needed for measuring the auxiliary temperature(171.65 seconds) was the longest among the three sites whereas the nursing time for the tympanic site was the shortest(17.70 seconds). 4. Rectal temperature was significantly correlated to the tympanic(r=0.67) and auxiliary temperatures(r=0.69). Tympanic temperature was also significantly correlated to the auxiliary temperature(r=0.74). 5. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of tympanic temperatures for detecting fever were 1.00, 0.80, 0.24, and 1.00, respectively. Those for the auxiliary temperatures were 0.00, 0.99, 0.00, and 0.94, respectively. Thus the level of fever detection was lower in the auxiliary temperatures than in tympanic temperatures. The above findings indicate that the tympanic method of temperature measurement offers a useful alternative to conventional methods.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.4-18
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• 2019

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of thermotherapy on gas pain, post-operative resilience, and body temperature discomfort among patients who received laparoscopic myomectomies. Methods: The experimental group consisted of 62 patients with thermotherapy and the control group consisted of 60 patients. Thermotherapy was applied individually to the experimental group four hours after surgery. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-tests, ${\chi}^2$-tests, and repeated measures of analysis of variance, using IBM SPSS Statistics version 18. Results: The results showed no significant interaction effect between the group and time of measurement in gas-related pain in the experimental group. For gas-related pain, there was significant difference in right shoulder pain at 24 hours (t=-4.222, p=.000), 48 hours (t=-3.688, p=.000), 72 hours (t=-2.250, p=.028), and left at 24 hours (t=-3.727, p=.000), 48 hours (t=-4.150, p=.000), and 72 hours (t=-2.482, p=.016) and both shoulders at 24 hours (t=-2.722, p=.009) and 48 hours (t=-2.525, p=.014). There was no significant difference in epigastric pain, excluding both epigastric pain at 48 hours (t=2.908, p=.005), 72 hours (t=3.010, p=.004), but there was a significant difference in objective body temperature discomfort (t=2.895, p=.008). Conclusion: Thermotherapy relieved shoulder gas-related pain and objective body temperature discomfort. It needs to be developed and applied to improve post-operative discomfort in patients with laparoscopic hysterectomies.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.466-473
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• 2016

In a shipbuilding process, thermal damage to the ship structure at the rear end results from an excessive heat input and conduction during welding process. To prevent such damage, appropriate control of the heat input, based on welding temperature measurement, is required. For temperature measurement, contact and non-contact methods are available; the thermography system is a popular non-contact temperature measurement. When the intensity of radiation from a high-temperature object is excessive, however, detecting the sensors of ordinary thermography systems leads to an inability in measuring the temperature due to saturation. Hence, this study suggests use of a neutral density filter that prevents an excessive amount of radiation from being accumulated in a thermography system, and thus makes it possible to quantitatively measure an object's temperature as high as $3000^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.255-265
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• 2014

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate comfort levels of functional and non-functional chairs using subjective comfort rating, interface pressure measurement, muscle activity measurement, and skin temperature measurement. Background: Chairs are used for a prolonged period of time for sitting in many places such as the office, at university, at school, in industry, and so on. Almost all people use chairs in their everyday life. The functional properties of the chair are associated with comfort. Method: The subjective evaluation contains questions regarding chair comfort which can be rated with five point scale. The body-seat interface pressure was measured using a pressure mat system. The symmetry of sitting was measured using electromyography. The change in body part (thigh and buttock) temperature before and after sitting on a chair was measured with an infrared camera. Results: Participants rated significantly (p < 0.05) higher comfort scores for the functional chair in relation to the buttock and thigh region. Also, the participants felt a better cushion effect in the functional chair. When using the functional chair, lower interface pressure, better thermal comfort, and better symmetry of erector spinae muscle activity were observed. Conclusion: Overall, interface pressure measurement, muscle activity measurement, thermal imaging and subjective comfort score results showed that the functional chair was more comfortable than the non-functional chair. Application: The adopted methodologies could be used to measure the seating comfort of train seats.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.227-234
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• 2018

Purpose: This study compared the temporal artery temperature (TAT) measured by infrared temporal artery thermometers to the axillary temperature (AT) measured by standard mercury-in-glass thermometers, and evaluated accuracy of the TAT measurement for clinical practice. Methods: A total of 247 adult inpatients in general wards in a tertiary medical center located in Seoul participated in the study. The TAT was measured within one minute after the AT measurement. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, paired t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient, linear regression, and the Bland-Altman plot. Results: There was a significant difference in mean temperature between AT and TAT, $36.89^{\circ}C$ (SD=0.70) versus $37.35^{\circ}C$ (SD=0.72). The Bland-Altman plots demonstrated the difference between the AT and TAT as -1.29 to +0.33. The specificity and sensitivity of the TAT in detecting fever were high. The positive predictive values were 57.5% and 71.0% when the AT were higher than $38.0^{\circ}C$ and the TAT fever cutoff levels were $38.0^{\circ}C$ and $38.3^{\circ}C$ respectively. Conclusion: TAT and AT were highly correlated and agreeable, indicating that TAT is as accurate as AT. The findings suggested that TAT measurement can be used in clinical practice. For accurate communication between medical personnel, medical institutions need to provide guidelines for temperature measurement, especially for the use of thermometer and measurement sites.

• Journal of ILASS-Korea
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.1-8
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• 2004

This work was performed to investigate the distribution of the fuel droplet size around the bluff-body and the combustion characteristics. The geometry of the bluff-body influenced the spray shape and the combustion characteristics. Diameters of the bluff-body in this experiment are 6, 8, and 10 mm and the impingement $angles({\theta})\;are\;30^{\circ},\;60^{\circ},\;and\;90^{\circ}$. The measurement points were at the distances of 20 and 30 mm axially from the nozzle. The SMD and Rosin-Rammler distribution was acquired by image processing technique (PMAS), and the mean temperatures were measured by thermocouple. The results obtained are as follows; In the condition of ${\theta}=60^{\circ}$, the values of SMD are not greatly varied compared to the other conditions. As the impingement angle of bluff-body was increased, the high temperature region was wider along radial direction. When the air-fuel ratio was increased, the CO concentration was decreased.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.22 no.12
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• pp.1611-1617
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• 2018

The body temperature of livestock is directly related to the health of livestock such that it changes immediately when there exists health problem. Accordingly, the monitoring of livestock's temperature is one of most important tasks in farm management. However, the temperature of livestock is usually measured using skin-attached sensor which is significantly affected by the outside temperature and the condition of attachment which results in the inaccurate measurement of temperature. Herein we have proposed new scheme which estimates the body core temperature of cow based on measured data from neck-attached smart sensor. Especially, we have considered both schemes which estimate the exact temperature and which detect the unusually high temperature based on machine learning. We have found that the occurrence of high temperature can be detected accurately. The proposed scheme can be used in monitoring of health condition of cow and improving the efficiency of farm management.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.273-282
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• 1993

This study is concerned with the temperature dependence characteristics of ultrasound parameters in biological tissues, which are basic on the noninvasive deep body temperature estimation. Used parameters are ultrasonic attenuation coefficient and sound velocity In order to accomplishment our purpose, several signal processing methods were used. Attenua4iorl coefficient was estimated by spectral difference method and sound velocity was estimated by P-P method. And we also examined these methods through a series of IN VITRO experi mentis that used tissue-mimicking phantom samples and biological tissue samples. In order to imitate the biological soft tissue two kinds of phantom samples are used, one is agar phantom sample which is composed of agar, graphite, N-propyl alcohol and distilled water, and the other is fat phantom sample which is composed of pure animal fat. And the ultrasound transmission mode and reflection mode experiments are performed on the pig's spleen, kidney and fat. As a result, it is found that the temperature characteristics are uniform in case of phan- tom samples but not in biological tissues because of complicate wave propagation within them. Consequently, the possibility of temperature measurement using ultrasound on biological tissue is confirmed and its results may contribute to the establishment of reference values of internal temperature measurement of biological tissues.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.27
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• pp.145-163
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• 2006

This study is to be investigated through firing experiment in studio in order to reveal a physical properties of celadon according to change firing temperature. The results can be briefly summarized as below; Firstly, in measurement of color chromaticity, samples of first firing in body were effective in differentiating of changed color in samples from each other but there of second firing were not. The color of the glaze was more effective change than that of the body. Secondly, bulk density of body was increased with temperature and it was attained highest point in $1200^{\circ}C$ Additionally, water absorption ratio was most rapidly changed between $1000^{\circ}C$ and $1200^{\circ}C$Thirdly, in the microstructural analysis, body of samples in first firing have not specific characteristics in the changed patterns of microstructure. body and glaze of samples in second firing have many that. Consequently, we knew that this experiment can be provided researcher with physical properties and firing mechanisms of celadon.