• 기본간호학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.19-30
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• 1997

This study was to investigate the method for shortening the body temperature (BT) because it takes a long time and is impractical to measure axillary or oral BT with mercury thermometer, The first approach was to identify BT change according to the measuring time and determine the clinically not statistically avaiable and optimal BT measuring time. The second was to test the accuracy of tympanic thermometer. It can measure BT within a few seconds, so if it is approved accurate, we can save BT measuring time by substitute tympanic thermometer for mercury thermometer. This study was conducted from 1, to 30 June, 1996. The subjects were 12men students of medicalk college and 29 women students of nursing school. The results were as follows ; 1) The 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13minute-measured axillary BT and 3, 5, 7, minute-measured BT showed somewhat linear relationship with time. It was difficult to find the optimum measuring time which were clinically significant. 2) For axillary tempeiature, the measuring time which were not statistically different was 11 and 13minute. But the real BT difference between 3 and 13minute, or between 5 and 13minute were very small and was within the range of daily variation. 3) For oral temperature, there was no intervals which showed the statistically insignificant. But like as axillary temperature, the difference between 3 and 7, or 5 and 7 minute were trivial by $0.3^{\circ}C$ and by $0.1^{\circ}C$ respectively. 4) Tympanic temperatures were lower than oral BTs which were measured with mercury thermometer by $0.26^{\circ}C$ (with ear tug) and $0.15^{\circ}C$(without ear tug). 5) The reliability of repeated measure tympanic temperature was better than without ear tug. With above results, we can't determine the optimal and cilically significant oral and axillary measuring time using mercury thermometer. However, because the real differences between measuring times were very small, so we recommend further study for the aged, the infants and the febrile patients. And we can't sure the accuracy of tympanic temperature but the reliability was better with ear tug than without ear tug.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.33-41
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• 2015

Objectives: The present study evaluated the effects of sa-am acupuncture (SAA) simpo-jeongkyeok (SPJK) treatment on the blood pressure (BP), pulse rate (PR), and body temperature (BT) of patients with hwa byung (HB). Methods: This patient assessor blind, randomized, placebo controlled trial included 50 volunteers, divided randomly into two groups. The treatment group underwent SPJK (PC9, LR1, PC3, KI10) while the control (sham) group received minimal needle insertion at non acupoints. The BP in both arms, PR, and BT at several acupoints were measured before and after treatment at the $1^{st}$, $2^{nd}$, $3^{rd}$, and $4^{th}$ visits and before treatment at the follow-up visit. We analyzed data by using the repeated measured analysis of variance (RM ANOVA), Mann-Whitney U, and wilcoxon signed rank tests; differences at P < 0.05 were considered significant. Results: No significant differences in the systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and PR between the treatment and control group were observed at each visit. However, the decrease in the SBP for the treatment group before and after each visit was significantly higher than it was in the control group. The SBP in both arms in the treatment group was decreased between visits 1 and 2, 1 and 3, 1 and 4, and 1 and follow-up. The DBP in both arms and in the right arm between visits 1 and 3 in the treatment group showed decreases. A minimal BT increase for treatment at CV06 and CV12 and a minimal BT decrease for treatment at CV17 and (Ex) Yintang were found. Patients in the treatment group who visited more frequently experienced a greater decrease in the PR, but that effect was not maintained. Conclusion: The results suggest that SAA SPJK treatment has instant positive effects on the BP, PR, and BT in patients with HB, but the effects on the BP and PR are not maintained.

• 임상간호연구
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.192-203
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the body temperature (BT), blood pressure (BP) and shivering in patients undergoing operation under general anesthesia between the heated humidification circuit tube (HHCT) group and the non-HHCT group. Methods: Data were extracted from the participants' medical records from September 1st to December 30th, 2009. The HHCT group consisted of 50 cases who were applied with heated and humidified gas via a specially designed circuit under general anesthesia. The HHCT which was adjusted at $41^{\circ}C$ was applied from induction of general anesthesia to extubation. In comparison, the non-HHCT group consisted of 50 cases who were applied with gas through standard breathing circuit without heat and humidification. Collected data were analyzed by $x^2$ test, t-test and repeated measures ANOVA. Results: The BT and shivering were significantly different between two groups (p<.001). But the BP was was not signigicantly different between the HHCT group and the non-HHCT group. Conclusion: The application of heated and humidified gases to patients under general anesthesia was effective in preserving the body temperature and reducing the shivering.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.299-306
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• 2016

Body temperature (BT) monitoring in cattle could be used to early detect fever from infectious disease or physiological events. Various ways to measure BT have been applied at different locations on cattle including rectum, reticulum, milk, subcutis and ear canal. In other to evaluate the temperature stability and reliability of subcutaneous temperature (ST) in highly fluctuating field conditions for continuous BT monitoring, long term ST profiles were collected and analyzed from cattle in autumn/winter and summer season by surgically implanted thermo-logger devices. Purposes of this study were to assess ST in the field condition as a reference BT and to determine any location effect of implantation on ST profile. In results, ST profile in cattle showed a clear circadian rhythm with daily lowest at 05:00 to 07:00 AM and highest around midnight and rather stable temperature readings (mean${\pm}$standard deviation [SD], $37.1^{\circ}C$ to $37.36^{\circ}C{\pm}0.91^{\circ}C$ to $1.02^{\circ}C$). STs are $1.39^{\circ}C$ to $1.65^{\circ}C$ lower than the rectal temperature and sometimes showed an irregular temperature drop below the normal physiologic one: 19.4% or 36.4% of 54,192 readings were below $36.5^{\circ}C$ or $37^{\circ}C$, respectively. Thus, for BT monitoring purposes in a fever-alarming-system, a correction algorithm is necessary to remove the influences of ambient temperature and animal resting behavior especially in winter time. One way to do this is simply discard outlier readings below $36.5^{\circ}C$ or $37^{\circ}C$ resulting in a much improved mean${\pm}$SD of $37.6^{\circ}C{\pm}0.64^{\circ}C$ or $37.8^{\circ}C{\pm}0.55^{\circ}C$, respectively. For location the upper scapula region seems the most reliable and convenient site for implantation of a thermo-sensor tag in terms of relatively low influence by ambient temperature and easy insertion compared to lower scapula or lateral neck.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.137-155
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• 1989

In order investigate the effect of Boyanghwanotang (BT) on thrombosis, Sprague-Dawley rats injected endotoxin into the caudal vein were oral administrated solid extract of BT-182. 4mg/200g (Sample A) and 364.8mg/200g (Sample B), and then observed Platelet, fibrinogen, prothrombin time and FDP. Another group injected hydrocortisone acetate into the muscular rump were adopted to observe the effect of BT on elevated blood Viscosity, administrated Sample A and Sample B, thereafter measured body weight, body temperature, whole blood viscosity, plasma viscosity, hematocrit, RBC, WBC, hemoglobin, glucose, albumin, total protein, triglyceride, cholesterol and prothrombin time. 1. Platelet was increased significantly in Sample B compared with the control group. 2. Fibrinogen of the trial groups compared with the control group was increased, and revealed a significance in Sample B. 3. Prothrombin time was decreased significantly in the trial groups compared with the control group. 4. FDP was decreased in the trial groups compared with the control group. 5. Body weight was increased significantly in Sample B after 7 days, body temperature revealed a significance in the trial groups after 5 days. 6. Whole blood viscosity and plasma viscosity of lower shear rates, both were highly decreased in the trial groupn than the control group. 7. The increase of WBC and decrease of hematocrit, RBC and hemoglobin was showed in the trial groups, and Sample B revealed a significance on the increase of WBC and decrease of RBC. 8. The increase of prothrombin time and decrease of glucose, albumin, total protein, triglyceride and cholesterol was showed in the trial group, and Sample B revealed a Significance on the increase of prothrombin time and decrease of albumin, total protein and triglyceride. 9. As compare with Sample A and Sample B, generally Sample B was highly Significant. According to the above results, it was considered that Boyanghwanotang may be the curative effects for thrombosis and elevated blood viscosity.

• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한약학회 2003년도 Proceedings of the Convention of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea Vol.1
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• pp.317.2-318
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• 2003

The current study was performed to observe the effect of Sun Ginseng (SG) on hemodynamics such as blood flow rate (BF), blood flow velocity (BV), heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and body temperature (BT) in healthy young men. This is a randomized, single-blind study observed during 6 hrs after orally single administration of SG. (omitted)

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.164-169
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness for infants of antifebrile therapy using a hypothermia blanket or rectal antipyretics following open heart surgery. Methods: This was a retrospective study and 174 infants who had open heart surgery at P University Hospital, and whose body temperature body temperature exceeded $37.2^{\circ}C$ were included in the study. The assessment tool was composed of 32 items was used for assessment of fever therapy, physiological indexes and antifebrile duration. Physiological indexes included systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, pH, $PaCO_2$, $PaO_2$, $HCO_3{^-}$, $SaO_2$, and $K^+$ and the antifebrile duration was minutes from having a fever until BT returned to normal levels. Results: The antifebrile duration with the hypothermia blanket was shorter than with rectal antipyretics. There were significant differences in the physiological indexes with either type of antifebrile therapy, but drop in BT was greater with the hypothermia blanket than rectal antipyretics. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that a hypothermia blanket is a non-invasive, non-drug and safe antifebrile therapy. Therefore, a hypothermia blanket can be applied to infants with a fever following open heart surgery.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.597-602
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• 2001

This study was carried out to investigate the effectiveness of active biotelemetry to monitor stress response, and the effects of acute stressor (raising a hind foot of a standing animal) on body temperature (BT) and heart rate (HR) in comparison heifer group (n=4) with cow group (n=3). Both parameters were recorded by active telemetry. Cortisol assay was used to compare the result of active biotelemetry. The stressor consisted in restraining the cows for hoof treatments. Body temperature and heart rate were measured at 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 90, 120, 180 and 360 minutes during the experiments, and also cortisol assay at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 12 and 24 hours. Base line for these animals was set in there accustomed environment at -24hrs and -30 mins before the beginning of experiments. The results obtained in this study were as follows: 1. In the BT, heifer group showed no significant difference from cow group, but were observed slightly higher BT than cow group during restraint stress for 30 minutes. 2. The both groups showed directly significant increase of HR immediately after the beginning of the restraint stress (P<0.01), but in the required time for the recovery of HR after finishing the stress, heifer group was 40 minutes and cow group 60 minutes. 3. In the cortisol assay, the both groups increased from 30 to 120 minutes after the beginning of experiment (i.e, from 0 to 90 minutes after finishing the restraint stress), showing significant difference from before the beginning of the stress (P<0.01), but heifer group showed great increase of the cortisol level from 30 to 60 minutes after the beginning of the stress, while cow group was observed at 60 minutes. In conclusion, we suppose that care is required to decrease psychological stress in cattle when they suffer from a series of procedures for diagnosis and treatment, especially in heifers rather than in cows. Also BT and HR obtained by active biotelemetry are reliable indicators of stress in cattle.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.39-50
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• 2005

In order to study comparatively the effects of "Palmisoyo-San gamibang(八味消遙散加味方)"(AP), "Gyebu-Tang(桂附湯)"(GT) and "Boganyangje(補肝陽劑)" (BG) on the thyrotoxicosis rats, we have made thyrotoxicosis rat model by administration sodium levothyroxine p.o. during 4 days(Control group), and have administered solid extract of AP(236.8mg/200g/day : Sample I group), GT(80mg/200g/day : Sample II group) and BG(70.4mg/200g/day : Sample III group) p.o. to thyrotoxicosis rats during 3 days from 3rd day. We measured the body weight(BW), body temperature(BT), levels of Serum $T_3{\cdot}T_4{\cdot}free\;T_3{\cdot}free\;T_4$ and TSH after administrating solid extract of AP, GT and BG. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Sample I group showed significantly high increasing rate compared with Control, Sample II and Sample III group, but it showed significantly lower levels of BT, $T_4$ and free $T_4$ than those of Control, Sample II and Sample III. group. 2. We could know that AP suppress the alteration of $T_4$ to $T_3$. 3. Sample II and Sample III group showed opposite results to Sample I group in the BW., BT, $T_4$ and free $T_4$ Especially Sample III was significantly higher than Control, Sample I and Sample II, so we could guess that BG stimulates the formation of thyroid hormones. According to the above experimental results, "Palmisoyo-San\;gamibang(八味消遙散加味方)" is assumed to have a curative effect against the thyrotoxicosis rat induced by sodium levothyroxine, and to suppress the alteration of $T_4$ to $T_3$. And we can suppose that "Boganyangje(補肝陽劑)" has a curative effect against the hypothyroidism.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.53-66
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• 2021

Objective The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether herbal bath shortens the duration of pediatric fever. Methods Databases, such as Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane library, OASIS, KISS, KMBASE, CNKI, Wanfang Med Online were used to search randomized controlled trials. Those trials that included children younger than 18-year-old were evaluated for the clinical efficacy of herbal bath in fever by analyzing 'body temperature (BT) drop start time' and 'time to return to normal BT'. Results 12 studies or 1306 participants were analyzed in the study. When applying herbal bath in combination with the controlled treatment, 'BT drop start time' was decreased by 0.11 hours, and 'time to return to normal BT' was decreased by 10.94 hours compared to the controlled group. When comparing herbal bath with tepid bath, 'time to return to normal BT' was reduced by 8.19 hours in herbal bath group. In regards to safety, 3 studies out of 12 studies mentioned about its adverse events: 2 studies did not have any adverse events, and a minor needle-shaped bleeding had occurred in one of the studies. Conclusion Use of herbal bath as a treatment of fever in children was associated with shortened duration of fever. However, cautious interpretation is necessary due to its limited safety data.