• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.15-26
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• 1992

To investigate the seasonal effects on physiological responses of human body, clothing micro-climate, and subjective sensation, selected the cloths the most frequently dressed by men in spring and fall, and completed wearing trials in the climatic chamber. The results are as follows: 1. Rectal temp. ranged 36.8-37.1$^{\circ}C$ in either spring or fall, and no seasonal effect was found. 2. In skin temp., there was no seasonal effect in forehead, abdomen, and forearm. Skin temp. of chest was higher in spring than in fall. On the contrary, reverse was true in high and leg. Average skin temp. ranged 32.2-33.2$^{\circ}C$ in spring and 32.9-34.$0^{\circ}C$ in fall. 3. Average total sweat rate of spring, 79.4g/hr, was smaller than that of fall, 110.9g/hr. 4. Clothing temp. ranged 28.1-32.8$^{\circ}C$ in spring and 27.6-31.$0^{\circ}C$ in fall. Clothing humidity ranged 36.9-48.9% in spring and 38.2-51.1% in fall. Therefore, clothing microclimate was higher during fall than during spring. As results, skin temp. of the body core except chest did not show seasonal variation, but there was obvious seasonal variation in skin temp. of the extremities. Therefore, seasonal variation should be take into consideration in the experiments related to the cloth. In addition, standard for each season and the degree of work performance should be re-established in clothing micro-climate.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.36 no.11
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• pp.1186-1196
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• 2012

This study investigated the garments of middle-aged women undergoing menopause and their satisfaction with them. Data were collected through a survey of 288 middle-aged women and analyzed using SPSS 17.0. As a result (in terms of degree of symptoms) backache, arthralgia, muscular pain and heat sensation were indicated as significantly more outstanding in the menopause group rather than the menopausal transition group. As a countermeasure to physiological symptoms, a change of temperature (warming or cooling) was applied for backache and arthralgia as well as taking medicine for stomachaches and muscular pain. Body parts suffering from heat sensations were the face, back neck, chest center, waist and hip. Body parts suffering from arthralgia and muscular pain were the shoulder and hip joints. The most significant purchasing factor for menopausal women was the fit of outerwear and antibiosis in underwear; however, women not undergoing menopause selected comfortableness when moving as the most important factor. In terms of body shaping and thermoregulation function, the satisfaction degree in underwear was significantly different between the two groups. Menopausal women wanted functional underwear that provided functions such as thermoregulation, absorption of secretions, and antibiosis.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.187-193
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• 2019

Many techniques have been developed for reconstruction of the hand; however, less attention has been paid to foot reconstruction techniques. In particular, reconstruction of the forefoot and big toe has been considered a minor procedure despite the importance of these body parts for standing and walking. Most of the weight load on the foot is concentrated on the forefoot and big toe, whereas the other toes have a minor role in weight bearing. Moreover, the forefoot and big toe are important for maintaining balance and supporting the body when changing directions. Recently, attention has been focused on the aesthetic appearance and functional aspects of the body, which are important considerations in the field of reconstructive surgery. In patients for whom flap reconstruction in the forefoot and big toe is planned, clinicians should pay close attention to flap survival as well as functional and cosmetic outcomes of surgery. In particular, it is important to assess the ability of the flap to withstand functional weight bearing and maintain sufficient durability under shearing force. Recovery of protective sensation in the forefoot area can reduce the risk of flap loss and promote rapid rehabilitation and functional recovery. Here, we report our experience with two cases of successful reconstruction of the forefoot and big toe with a sensate anterolateral thigh flap, with a review of the relevant literature.

• Archives of design research
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• v.19 no.4 s.66
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• pp.121-132
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• 2006

In the Western Philosophy that was centered on reason, sense has been belittled as a low level of conception under reason. However, the 21st century modern visual environment pushes away the epistemology centered on reason and puts 'sensuality' and 'sense' on its place. Especially, public films are one of the fields that rapidly reflect such changes and lead the changes. However, unfortunately, it is difficult to find such efforts that reflect the artistic and aesthetic significance of sense from the public films. It is because that sense is considered superficial and somewhat not real, while recognizing sense as the low level of conception under reason over the long history. Given the fact, this study reviews the by Gilles Deleuze, a modern philosopher who gives a new value on sense, and it would be meaningful to analyze the works of Chris Cunningham who makes films with the concept of Gilles Deleuze. After we analyzed three music videos of Aphex Twin directed by Chris Cunningham, we can ascertain that the films are based on body without Oranges, hysteric, and diagram that are suggested from by Gilles Deleuze. Analyzing recently released films centered on 'sense' in a superficial manner that includes production method or picture composition, including the films of Chris Cunningham, falls into the error of overlooking the director's aesthetics. Understanding the modern logic of sense that is newly developing, studying its substance, and analyzing the films will make a sacrifice of suggesting a new alternative.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.61-78
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• 2018

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to analyze the current characteristics of outpatients with postpartum disease and provide a treatment instruction in the clinical field. Methods: To analyze characteristics of outpatients with postpartum disease, We searched medical records from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2017 using Z34 (Supervision of normal pregnancy), O94 (Sequelae of complication of pregnancy), U327 (産後風) and 388 postpartum patients were analyzed. Results: 1. The general characteristics of the subjects are as follows. The average age was $33.73{\pm}3.62$ years old, 356 (91.75%) patients are full term pregnancy, 201 (51.81%) patients are first delivery, 79 (20.36%) patients had past history of abortion and 63 (16.24%) patients had past history of gynecologic disease. 2. The most subjects visited in April (10.31%). The mean duration from delivery date to visiting date was $131.5{\pm}214.6$ days. The mean number of visits after the initial visit was $1.91{\pm}1.7$. 3. The characteristics related with pregnancy and delivery are as follows. The number of subjects taken assisted reproductive technology was 19 (4.9%) and suffering from gestational disease was 28 (7.22%). The mean body weight difference between full term pregnancy and visiting date was $-8.24{\pm}3.57kg$. The number of subjects discharging lochia on visiting date was 167 (43.04%) and breastfeeding was 262 (67.53%). 4. The most chief complaint was arthralgia in 217 (55.93%) followed by general weakness, cold sensation, edema, sweating disorder, dizziness, lower abdominal pain, digestion disorder, heat sensation, defecation disorder and urination disorder. 5. The most accompanied symptom was arthralgia in 322 (82.99%), followed by sleep disorder, cold sensation, general weakness, sweating disorder, defecation disorder, edema, dizziness, digestion disorder, urination disorder, lower abdominal pain and heat sensation. 6. A total of 356 subjects were taken herbal medicine. The most prescribed herbal medicine to subjects was Gungguijohyeol-eum-gamibang (29.59%). Conclusions: These results could be helpful to diagnose and treat postpartum patients in Korean gynecologic clinical fields.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.112 no.4
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• pp.544-553
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• 2023

The purpose of this study was to reveal the thermal comfort and physiological and psychological effects of spending time in broad-leaved forests in suumer. Thirty-one university students (with an average age of 21.4 ± 2.1 years) participated in the study, and a within-subjects experimental design methodology was used. The participants moved to an experimental site (with a crown closure of 76.6%) or a control site (25.9%), sat on a chair to eliminate the impact of movement, and rested for 5 minutes with closed eyes. At this time, thermal comfort, heart rate variability, heart rate, and forehead temperature were continuously measured. After that, blood pressure and pulse rate were measured, and a subjective evaluation was conducted. As a result, spending time at an experimental site showed a statistically significant decrease in the predicted mean vote and the percentage of dissatisfied values, enhancement of parasympathetic nerve activity, decrease of forehead temperature, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, pulse rate, and improvement of personal thermal sensation (thermal sensation vote and comfort sensation vote). In conclusion, it was found that a forest with high crown closure reduces thermal stress and induces physiological and psychological relaxation.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.23-40
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to explore the aesthetic characteristics of outerization phenomenon of contemporary fashion. Outerization, transforming underwear as outerwear, is one of the most dominant and widespread fashion trends in the dawning of new millenium. Fashion always exists for living body and tributes to express idealized beauty of human body and aesthetics of the era. If so, exploring the formative expressions and aesthetic characteristics of outerization would be an meaningful guideline to deduce changed relationship between fashion and body of the 21st century. The methodology of this study is to research of fashion collections such as Paris, Milan and New York which were held the first decade of new millenium, from 2000 Spring/Summer to 2009 Spring/Summer. The styles expressing outerization were selected and assorted based on the main formative expression. Then the aesthetic characteristics were classified. The way of expression of outerization is categorized into 4 parts ; Transition, Exposure, Transparency, and Deconstruction. Aesthetic Characters of outerization is classified 4 assortments as well ; Eroticism, Fun with parody and kitch, cyber culture, Gender politics, and Power fetish. Eroticism is the most clearly identified one. Coming out of underwear imply naked body itself, so it has erotic appeal. Fun is the second character. A pleasant sensation from the outerization of undergarments maximizes a disposition of play from parody, kitch, and cyber culture. The third is Gender Politics and it introspects how the society consumes woman body in history and modern times. Power Fetish, the last one, speaks for the female body with changed vision for femininity underneath the sphere of influence of feminism and post modernism, then emphasizes the subjectivity and independence of woman. From the research above, this study will help to understand the overwhelming outerization phenomenon and contribute to expansion of the horizon of the study of fashion aesthetics. It will serve fashion creative source through various outerization cases as well.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.16 no.4 s.44
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• pp.405-416
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• 1992

This study was performed to investigate correlation between total body weight loss and local sweat rate and to find out any possible method that can estimate total body weight loss judging from local sweat rate. Twelve adult females were kept at 44 $\pm1^{\circ}C$, 50 ${\pm}5\%$ R.H. (1) Physiological responses such as total body weight loss, local sweat rate, rectal temperature, skin temperature, blood pressure and pulse, (2) micro climate inside garment and (3) subjective sensation were examined. Two types of garment such as long-sleeves with long pants (Type I) and half·sleeves with short pants (Type II) were used to observe the effect of garment types on sweating response. Both clothing weight was equal (132$\pm$3 g/$m^{2}$). The results were as follows: 1. Regardless of the different types, total body weight loss was more interrelated with the sweat rate on forehead than any other parts of the body. Except the forehead, different parts of body with different types of garment influenced on body weight loss quite differently. 2. Total body weight loss was more interrelated with the weight gain of garment than the local sweat rate. 3. Under the environment of 44$\pm1^{\circ}C,\;50{\pm}5\%$R.H., body weight loss during 1 hour of subject clothed and silted was 275.2 g/hr and weight loss per body surface area was 178.9 g/$m^{2}/hr$ Garment types have no influences on total body weight loss. 4. Local sweat rate (mg/7.07 $cm^{2}/hr$) was 208.0,191.0, 133.0, 115.0,81 0, 75.1 and 66.3 on scruff, breast, forehead, forearm, thigh, upper arm, leg respectively No evidence has been found that garment types influenced on local sweat rate (p<0.1). 5. No interrelationships between rectal temperature and total body weight loss, local skin temperature and total body weight loss, and local skin temperature and local sweat rate were found. From this study, some possible method that we can estimate total body' weight loss judging from weight loss of garment. But considering the fact that clothing design factor, the physical characteristics of fabric and environmental factor such as humidity and wind velocity should be concerned in weight loss of garment, it should be studied further whether the total body weight loss can be estimated properly from the weight loss of garment. This experiment suggest that different parts of body with different types of garment can influence on body weight loss quite differently. Therefore, in order to get more precise results, more studies under the diversity of garment types should be done in the near future.

• 한국HCI학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.02a
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• pp.163-167
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• 2008

This paper presents the analysis of tactile effects on different body parts according to the various vibration patterns. The experiments use a vibration pad made of 16 vibration elements in the form of $4{\times}4$ array. The vibration elements are controlled by a 8-bit microprocessor. The sound of gunshot initiates a vibration pattern on different body parts and its sensitivity is measured. The analysis of the experiments lead us to conclude that the vibration pad is the most realistic interface for shooting games and the shoulder part is the most sensitive part in the body. In addition, the most effective vibration pattern is the for the pattern which gives the sensation of spreading out from the center to the outside. This study analyzes the relationship between the human body parts and the tactile sensations by the various vibration patterns. The result of this study will be a good reference for user studies in the field of haptics based on the vibration.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.36 no.8
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• pp.791-801
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• 2012

We performed an assessment of wearing, purchasing, satisfaction, and the fit of brassieres according to body and breast type for college women to provide basic data on the manufacture of an ergonomic brassiere. The classifications of domed and conical breast type or projecting and conical breast type were unclear. Flat breast were dissatisfied with the shape of small and flat, and drooping breast were dissatisfied with the shape of big, projected, and drooping. In purchasing a brassiere, the majority of subjects were ignorant of their brassiere size, and over 80% of the subjects bought a brassiere without trying it on. Over 50% of those surveyed said they found it difficult to buy a well-fitted brassiere, particularly for the flat and drooping breast type. Over 70% of those surveyed wore a brassiere of 3/4 cup size, the slim body type wore a brassiere of 1/2 cup size; however, the obese body type wore a brassiere of full-cup size. The flat-breast or slim-body wore a brassiere of a thick pad type but projecting-breast or drooping breast wore brassiere of a thin pad type. Many of the subjects wore an unfitted brassiere in cup size and under bust size. In the classification of breast type, there were slight differences between the breast type that they recognized and the breast type that they were shown. There were distinctions in function, satisfaction, and fitness based on breast type. Therefore, the development of an ergonomic brassiere should considered the characteristics of breast type for fitness and comfort.