• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
• /
• v.23 no.3 s.59
• /
• pp.293-303
• /
• 2005

Japanese medaka, Oryzias latipes is widely distributed in the North East Asia including Korea, Japan and east China, and commonly used for freshwater toxicity tests and cytotoxicological studies worldwide. In this study, a series of experiments were conducted to identify the potential of the fish as a standard test species for saltwater toxicity evaluation such as marine receiving waters, ocean-dumped materials and sediment pore waters etc. Hatching, growth and mortality rates of the fish were estimated with the wide ranges of salinity from freshwater to seawater (35 psu). Direct exposure of the fertilized eggs in freshwater to the wide ranges of salinity (from 0 to 35 psu) without pre- acclimation to the saltwater revealed no significant differences in hatching rates by salinities (p =0.24). On the other hand, medaka larvae hatched in freshwater and exposed to saltwater directly showed high mortality at > 25 psu treatment groups (p < 0.0001). However, there was no significant difference in mortality of medaka larvae hatched in 13.8 and 14.2 psu at the wide ranges of salinities ($0\~35$ psu). Growth rates of medaka larvae hatched in the above two salinities showed no differences in body length either from 0 to 35 psu treatment groups (p =0.64 for 13.8 psu group and p=0.32 for 14.2 psu group). The number of gill chloride cell in medaka larvae sharply increased when the larvae were exposed to high salinity. Reference tests with zinc chloride revealed 96h $LC_{50}=8.84(7.19\~10.87)mg\;L^{-1}$ using 7~10 day old medaka larvae. These were comparable or better sensitivity in comparison with the other standard test species such as North American sheepshead minnow Cyprinodon variegatus. Based on the results of these experiments, hatching rates and larvalmortality of medaka must be good toxicity parameters for seawater bioassay and the species seems to be a good standard species for both the freshwater and seawater toxicity test.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.41 no.2
• /
• pp.147-155
• /
• 2008

Medical nutrition therapy (MNT) is considered a keystone of medical treatment of chronic diseases. However, only few studies have evaluated medical and economical outcome of MNT. The study was performed on the patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus to evaluate the effect of clinical and cost-effective outcomes of MNT. Subjects from two general hospitals were randomly assigned to two different groups; One receiving basic nutritional education (BE) (n = 35), and the other receiving intensive nutritional education (IE) (n = 32) for a 6-month clinical trial. The group which received BE had a single visit with a dietitian, while the other group which received IE had an initial visit with a dietitian addition to two visits during the first 4 weeks of the study periods. Anthropometric parameters, blood components, and dietary intake were measures at the beginning of study period and after 6 month. Cost-effective analysis included direct labor costs, educational materials and medication cost difference during 6 months. After 6 month, subjects from IE group showed significant reduction of body weight (p <0.05) and systolic blood pressure (p <0.05), whereas BE group did not show any significant changes. Result from biochemical indices showed glycated hemoglobin concentration was significantly reduced by 0.7% (p <0.05) only in the IE group. The ratio of energy intake to prescribed energy intake decreased significantly in both groups (p <0.05). Mean time taken for a dietitian to educate the subject was 67.9 ${\pm}$ 9.3 min/person for BE group, while 96.4 ${\pm}$ 12.2 min/person for IE group. Mean number of educational materials was 1.9 ${\pm}$ 0.7/person for BE group and 2.5 ${\pm}$ 0.7/person for IE group. Change in glycated hemoglobin level along the 6 month period of study can be achieved with an investment of \88,510/% by implementing BE and \53,691/% by implementing IE. Considering the net cost-effect of blood glucose control and HbA Ic, IE which provides MNT by dietitian had a cost efficiency advantage than that of BE. According to this study, MNT provided by dietitian had a significant improvements in medical and clinical outcomes compared to that of BE intervention. Therefore, MNT protocol should be performed by systemic intensive nutrition care by dietitian in clinical setting to achieve good therapeutic results of DM with lower cost.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.45 no.5
• /
• pp.767-776
• /
• 2003

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary herbal product(Miracle$^{\circledR}$) supplementation on the performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal microflora and blood parameters in pigs. Forty eight cross bred(Y${\times}$L${\times}$D) weanling pigs (average initial body weight 7.84kg${\pm}$0.17, 28 d old) were used in 35 d feeding trial. Pigs were allotted to 16 raised floor cages(W 35.5cm${\times}$L45cm${\times}$H 55cm). Each treatment had four replications of 3 pigs each. Treatments were: control (T1), CTC 100ppm (T2), Miracle$^{\circledR}$ 0.15% (T3) and CTC 100ppm + Miracle$^{\circledR}$ 0.15% (T4). The herbal product supplementation(T3) tended to improve the weight gain, feed intake, feed/gain but there were no significant differences among treatments. Nutrient digestibility was significantly(P〈0.05) affected by dietary treatments. The pigs fed T3 diet showed the lowest digestibility of DM, crude protein, NFE, P, and amino acids among treatments. Serum cholesterol level of pigs fed T3 diet was lowest and significantly(P〈0.05) lower than those fed antibiotic supplemented diet(T2). Triglyceride and HDL level of the pigs fed T3 diet were also lower than those of others but the differences were not significant. The level of serum IgG was significantly(P〈0.05) different among treatments. The level of serum IgG was highest in T4, followed by T1, T2 and T3. Serum AST(Aspartate aminotransferase) level of the control(T1) was lower than other treatments. Levels of serum total protein, albumin and ALT(Alanine aminotransferase) were not significantly different among treatments. The colony forming units (CFU) of Lactobacillus, Cl. perfringens and E.coli in feces were not significantly different among treatments but those of Cl. perfringens of T2 (CTC 100ppm) showed the lowest count at both 3rd and 5th wk. It is concluded that herbal product Miracle$^{\circledR}$ does not significantly affect growth performance of weanling pigs but it influenced the digestibility, serum IgG, cholesterol and AST level. The combination of the herbal product Miracle$^{\circledR}$ with antibiotic(CTC) showed no synergistic effects.

• Applied Microscopy
• /
• v.34 no.1
• /
• pp.31-42
• /
• 2004

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a kind of acute lung injury characterized by inflammatory disruption of alveolar-capillary barrier and notorious for its high mortality. Neutrophils cause cell damage through the production of free radicals, inflammatory mediators, and proteases in ARDS. $PLA_2$ might serve a primary regulatory role in the activation of neutrophils. This present study was performed to elucidate the effect of rutin known as $PLA_2$ inhibitor on ARDS induced by endotoxin. Endotoxin had increased lung myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, BAL (bronchoalveolar lavage) protein content, numbers of neutrophils in BALF (bronchoalveolar lavage fluid) compared with those of control rat (p<0.001). In addition, histological evidence of lung injury was correlated with neutrophil influx into alveolar space and cerrous perhydroxide granules were found in lining of endothelial cell, alveolar type I, II cells. In contrast, pretreated group of rutin had significantly decreased all of the parameters (p<0.001). These data suggest that inhibition of $PLA_2$ is one step approach that block the process of ARDS. Accordingly, we conclude that rutin can be used as the prophylactic agent for ARDS on the bases of these experimental results.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
• /
• v.19 no.6
• /
• pp.967-974
• /
• 2009

The effects of Opuntia ficus-indica var. saboten powder on the growth of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were investigated in order to explore the possibility of manufacturing fermented milk containing the powder. Differences in pH, acidity, LAB counts, viscosity, and sensory evaluation were measured. Also the effects of dietary supplementation on the growth of piglets were evaluated by feeding fermented milks containing 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.5%, and 1.0% Opuntia ficus-indica var. saboten powder. Levels of pH, titratable acidity, viable LAB counts and viscosity were significantly different by the addition of the powder. When fermented milks containg 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.5% and 1.0% Opuntia ficus-indica var. saboten powder were kept at $4^{\circ}C$ for 30 days, viable LAB counts remained high after 30 days of storage. The effects of dietary supplementation of 0.2% Opuntia ficus-indica var. saboten fermented milk were investigated by examining piglet growth rate and fecal ammonia gas release. The piglets were fed 100g/herd of the fermented milk for 14 days. Average daily body weight gain was significantly (p<0.05) improved (110%) with dietary supplementation of the fermented milk, compared to a control group. More over, fecal ammonia gas emissions were reduced by dietary supplementation of the Opuntia ficus-indica var. saboten fermented milk. Sensory evaluation results showed that the samples containing 0.1% and 0.2% Opuntia ficus-indica var. saboten powder had the most parameters similar to those of the control.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
• /
• v.29 no.2
• /
• pp.185-192
• /
• 2013

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Agarum cribrosum on weight change and defecation states in rats with constipation induced by loperamide. Food intake and body weight both decreased in the 5% Agarum cribrosum and loperamide-treated group (SD5) and 10% Agarum cribrosum and loperamide-treated group (SD10), whereas fecal water contents increased by 1.6 and 2.1-fold in the SD5 and SD10 groups, respectively. The concentrations of total-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and triglyceride in the sera of the SD5 and SD10 groups were lower than those in the control (C) group. However, the biochemical parameters, GOT (glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase), GPT (glutamic pyruvic transaminase), and glucose levels, were not affected by the level of Agarum cribrosum. In addition, the concentrations of total-cholesterol and triglyceride in the livers of the SD5 and SD10 groups were also lower than those in the control group. The results of the present study demonstrated that Agarum cribrosum might ameliorate constipation symptoms, and lower lipid concentrations in the blood and liver.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
• /
• v.32 no.2
• /
• pp.234-240
• /
• 2012

This study was conducted to examine the effects of low molecular weight gelatin hydrolysates (GH, less than 3kDa), extracted from pig skin collagen on the bone metabolism of ovariectomized (OVX) rats. The rats in the experimental groups were randomly segregated into six different treatment groups such as 1) NC, the normal rat fed AIN 93 diet (basal diet) only; 2) OC, the OVX rat fed the basal diet only; 3) GH 0.1, the OVX rat fed the basal diet with 0.1% GH; 4) GH 0.8, the OVX rat fed the basal diet with 0.8% GH; 5) G 0.1, the OVX rat fed the basal diet with 0.1% gelatin; 6) G 0.8, the OVX rat fed the basal diet with 0.8% gelatin. Body weight gain in the GH 0.1, GH 0.8, and G 0.8 was significantly higher than those in the NC and OC. Feed intake of the GH 0.1 and GH 0.8 was higher than that of the NC and OC, while no significant difference was found in feed efficiency ratio (FER). BMD of the GH 0.8 was higher than that of the OC. However, gelatin hydrolysates and gelatin resulted in higher BMC level compare to the OC. Serum HDL-cholesterol of rat fed GH and gelatin was higher than that of OC (p<0.05). LDL-C of the GH 0.1 and the GH 0.8 tended to be less than that of OC. Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) of the GH 0.1 was lower than that of the OC. The serum of GH 0.8 showed lower osteocalcin value than the OC (p<0.05). In addition, GOT and GPT levels significantly decreased in all treatment groups. These results indicated that gelatin hydrolysates from pig skin gelatin hydrolysates enhanced BMD and serum biochemical parameters related to bone metabolism. Therefore, the gelatin hydrolysates could be used as a beneficial material to improve bone health.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• v.53 no.3
• /
• pp.420-427
• /
• 2010

Purpose : Several complications can occur in patients who received bone marrow transplantation (BMT) during childhood and adolescence. This study aims to investigate endocrine dysfunctions after BMT so that better care can be provided to care for long-term survivors of BMT. Methods : One hundred patients (61 males, 39 females) were included in this study. Clinical parameters such as initial diagnosis, age at BMT, conditioning regimen, presence of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), growth pattern, thyroid function, and pubertal status were retrospectively reviewed to evaluate risk factors associated with endocrine dysfunction. Results : Height standard deviation score (SDS) at BMT, after 1 year of BMT, and at the last visit were $0.08{\pm}1.04$, $-0.09{\pm}1.02$, and $-0.27{\pm}1.18$, respectively (P =0.001). Height SDS significantly decreased in patients who received total body irradiation (TBI) (P =0.017). One of the patients who received TBI demonstrated growth hormone deficiency. Thirty (31.9%) of 94 patients had compensated hypothyroidism. Incidence of compensated hypothyroidism was higher among those who had GVHD (odds ratio 2.82, P =0.025). Of the 32 patients (17 males, 15 females) who were over 14 years in male and 13 years in female at the last visit, 16 (3 males, 13 females) had increased luteinizing hormone (LH) or follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Abnormal elevation of LH or FSH was more common in females (odds ratio 30.3, P =0.001). Conclusion : The most common endocrine dysfunction was ovarian insufficiency. Regular check-up for endocrine function needs to be required due to high incidence of endocrine dysfunction in patients with BMT.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
• /
• v.29 no.1
• /
• pp.97-105
• /
• 1993

Adenosine receptors in rat adipose tissues have been reported to be of $A_{1}$ subclass, and their stimulation leads to inhibition of adenylyl cyclase, resulting in inhibition of lipolysis. In the present study we investigated changes in $A_{1}$ adenosine receptor-adenylyl cyclase system of adipocytes following induction of experimental diabetes in rats. One week following experimental diabetes were induced by intravenous injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg body wt.), adipocytes from rats $(170{\sim}230g)$ fed ad libitum were isolated using collagenase. When adipocytes were incubated for 1 h with 1 unit/ml adenosine deaminase and $1\;{\mu}M$ isoproterenol, and assayed for glycerol formation, it was found that the inhibition of lipolysis in diabetic adipocytes by $(-)-N^{6}-(R-phenylisopropyl)adenosine$ (PIA), an $A_{1}$, adenosine receptor agonist, was twice that of control adipocytes. In an effort to delineate the mechanism(s), $[^{3}H]PIA$ binding to adipocytic membranes from diabetic and control rats were determined. Neither the affinities nor numbers of $A_{1}$ adenosine receptor were significantly different from each other (Best fit parameters for the one-site model are: $K_{d}=0.51{\pm}0.09nM$ and $B_{max}=1.60{\pm}0.12\;pmoles/mg$ protein for control membranes; $K_{d}=0.54{\pm}0.21\;nM$ and $B_{max}=1.72{\pm}0.31\;pmoles/mg$ protein for diabetic membranes). However, the inhibiton by PIA of the isoproterenol-stimulated adenylyl cyclase activities was found to be 1.9 times higher in adipocytic membranes from diabetic rats than those from controls. These results suggest that the increased sensitivity of inhibition of lipolysis to PIA in adipocytic membranes from diabetic rats is due to changes in signal transduction pathways, rather than alterations of $A_{1}4 adenosine receptor molecules themselves.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
• /
• v.27 no.1
• /
• pp.25-32
• /
• 2000

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding monensin on the growth performance and ruminal fermentation characteristics of Han-Woo cattle. Seventy two uncastrated Han-Woo male cattle(BW 267 kg) were randomly allotted to 0, 22, and 33 ppm monensin treatments, three replicates per treatment and eight heads per replicate. Animals were kept in an open barn for an 140-d feeding trial, Concentrates containing different levels of monensin and rice straw cut in 15cm length were fed ad libitum separately. The results obtained from this study were summarized as follows. 1. No significant difference was found in daily gain by monensin feeding. 2. Monensin did not affect the total feed (concentrate + roughage) intake: however, as the monensin level increased, the total feed intake tended to decrease, resulting in 5 % reduction in 33 ppm monensin treatment. 3. Although no significant difference was found among three treatments, 22 and 33 ppm monensin improved the feed efficiency(total feed/gain) by 5.2 % and 5.1 %, respectively, as compared to the 0 ppm monensin treatment. 4. Monensin did not affect the concentrations of ruminal total VFA and acetic acid consistently. Although not significant, monensin feeding of 22 and 33 ppm caused marked increase in ruminal propionic acid concentration, 13.8 % and 19.3 %, respectively. Ruminal butyric acid concentration decreased as monensin level increased. Monensin feeding, regardless of level, decreased the A/P ratio by 12.5 %. In conclusiuon, monensin feeding increased the propionic acid concentration, and decreased the butyric acid concentration and A/P ratio in the rumen. Animals fed monensin consumed less feed, causing the improvement in feed efficiency. Thus, monensin appeared to be a useful feed additive, directing the rumen fermentation in a more productive way. Feed efficiency improved similarly both in 22 and 33 ppm monensin treatments, indicating that 22 ppm might be good enough rather than the 33 ppm monensin level.