• Toxicological Research
• /
• 제21권2호
• /
• pp.167-173
• /
• 2005

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a monomer used in the manufacture of a multitude of chemical products, including epoxy resins and polycarbonate. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of BPA administration on reproductive characteristics and blood hematological and chemical values in offspring of pregnant dams treated with BPA. BPA was administrated to pregnant mice by intraperitoneally injection with 0, 0.05, 0.5 and 5.0 mg/kg B.W. for 5 times at 3 days interval on gestation days 1-16. There were no treatment-related effects of BPA on reproductive organ weight in male offsprings at 45 days-of-age, but body weight was the lowest in 5.0mg BPA group when compared to other groups (P<0.05). No differences in semen characteristics (sperm concentration, viability, motility and abnormality) were observed between the control and BPA treatment groups. The WBC, HB, HT, MCV, MCH, MCHC, albumin, BUN and total protein of blood hematological and chemical values in male offsprings were not difference for any treatment groups, but RBC value in BPA groups was significantly increased comparing to the control group (P<0.05). The PLT value was slightly higher in 5.0mg BPA groups than in any other group, but not significantly difference among the experimental groups. In female offsprings, the effects of BPA didn't affect to the body and ovary weight, but the uterus weight in 5.0mg BPA group was slightly heavier than that of control group (P>0.05). No statically significant difference in blood hematological values in female offsprings were observed between the control group and BPA groups, but the concentration of albumin and BUN were significantly higher in 0.5mg BPA group when compared to control and other BPA treatment groups (P<0.05). The histological evaluation of testis and ovary in growing offspring at 45 days-of-age was not difference between the control group and BPA groups, but endometriosis of the uterus in female offspring was dramatically increased in 0.5 and 5.0mg BPA groups. These founding suggest that low concentration of BPA might not have a important role on reproductive ability or blood metabolite in offspring of pregnant dams treated with BPA.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제40권6호
• /
• pp.824-831
• /
• 2011

본 연구에서는 방사선을 조사한 홍삼 메탄올 추출물의 안전성을 검토하고자 식품의약안전청의 의약품 등의 독성시험기준에 따라 ICR계열의 암수 마우스에 시험물질을 0, 125, 250 및 500 mg/kg/day의 용량으로 90일간 반복경구 투여한 후, 사망률, 일반증상, 체중변화, 혈액 및 혈액생화학적 변화, 부검소견, 조직학적인 변화를 관찰하였다. 시험기간 중 암수 모든 군에서 시험물질 투여에 기인한 일반적인 증상변화는 관찰되지 않았고, 시험물질의 반복 투여로 인한 사망례 역시 관찰되지 않았다. 시험물질의 투여에 기인한 유의적인 체중 감소 또한 나타나지 않았으며, 상기 이외의 육안적인 부검소견에서도 시험물질 투여에 기인한 어떠한 이상소견도 발견되지 않았다. 혈액학적 분석 결과 일부 시험물질 투여군에서 총 백혈구 수 등의 수치가 유의적인 변화를 보였으나, 정상범위 내에서의 변화로 방사선조사에 의해 야기된 독성은 아니었다. 간장과 신장의 조직학적인 관찰에서 시험물질 투여에 의한 변화는 관찰되지 않았다. 따라서 방사선 구조변환 홍삼 추출물을 3개월간 ICR 마우스에 섭취시킨 경우, 시험한 최고 농도인 500 mg/kg/day에서는 독성이 없는 것으로 판명되었다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
• /
• 제16권4호
• /
• pp.630-636
• /
• 2002

After The Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine, The text researches of pathologic change to the liver disease concluded the next, 1, The category of liver-disease(肝病) include the Symptoms of abnormality due to vital energy and blood motion, emotion and intention, muscular and reproductive function, and legions around descending liver channel. 2. In the theory that Liver-Yang energy(肝陽氣) is always overproducing, Liver-Yin blood(肝陰血) is always lacking, pathologic characteristics for liver disease is functional change of malfunction of the use of body(體用失調), So nourishing the liver and kidney is used for the principal aspects of a disease. regulating and calm the liver is used for the secondary aspects of a disease as the treatment plan, 3. If malfunctioning of the functions of dispersion and discharge(疏泄), Iiver-energy(肝氣) is becoming degected, So overproduct and overflow of ascent and exhalation of liver-yang(肝陽) is becoming blood are ascending following energy. complete usage of Yin-blood(陰血) is responsible for some kinds of mass formed by blood stasis in the early stage of pathogenesis of liver disease syndrome of the energy system as the progession of disease extravasated blood is forming. the pathologic characteristics is appeared loss of control of the vital energy and blood(體用失調) at the liver disease. 4. Sthenia-syndrome of liver(肝實證) and liver-heat syndrome(肝熱證) is appered that overproducing and overflow of dispersion(疏泄太過) and discharge is responsible for overfunctioning of liver disease or some kinds of heat syndrome such as liver fire(肝火), Sthenia of liver-yang(肝陽上亢), the syndromes of sthenic liver heat(肝實熱) are appered. deficiency of the liver(肝虛證) and cold syndrome of liver(肝寒證) is classified pathologic characteristics of cold and heat, deficiency and excess that regression of sensory, motor, mental due to lack of dispersion and discharge(疏泄不及), or intruding of the cold miasma, are degected. 5. The liver is close relation of physiologic function and internal organ such as spleen, stomach, lung, heart, kidney, gall bladder by the meridian channels, because of property of wind Zang, rapid progession is classified by phthologic charateristics.

• 한국환경보건학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국환경보건학회 2003년도 Challenges and Achievements in Environmental Health
• /
• pp.157-157
• /
• 2003

To evaluate an effect of pathological liver damage on the cyclohexane metabolism, rats were pretreated with 50% $CCl_4$ dissolved in olive oil (0.1$\mell$/100g body weight) 10 or 17 times intraperitoneally at intervals of every other day. On the basis of liver function and histological findings, the animals pretreated with $CCl_4$ 10 times were identified as acutely liver damaged ones and the animals pretreated with $CCl_4$ 17 times were identified as severly liver damaged ones, with fibrosis, biliary abnormality and mild injury both in the kidneys and the lungs. To these liver damaged animals, cyclohexane (a single dose of 1.56g/kg body weight, i.p.) was administrated at 48 hours after the last injection of $CCl_4$. The rats were sacrificed at 4 or 8 hours after injection of cyclohexane. The cyclohexane metabolites; cyclohexanol (CH-ol), cyclohexane-1, 2-diol (CH-1, 2-diol), cyclohexane-l, 4-diol (CH-1, 4-diol), and their glucuronyl conjugates and cyclohexanone (CH-one) were detected in the urine of cyclohexane treated rats. After cyclohexane treatment, the serum levels of CH-ol and CH-one were remarkably increased at 4 hours and then decreased at 8 hours in normal group. Whereas in liver damaged rats, these cyclohexane metabolites were higher at 8 hours than at 4 hours. The excretion rate of cyclohexane metabolites from serum into urine was more decreased in liver damaged animals than normal group, with the levels of excretion rate being lower in $CCl_4$ 17 times injected animals than 10 times injected ones. However, it was interesting that the urinary concentration of cyclohexane metabolites was generally more increased in liver damaged animals than normal ones, and the increasing rate was higher in $CCl_4$ 17 times injected rats than 10 times injected ones. And liver damaged rats, especially $CCl_4$ 17 times treated ones, had an enhanced ability of glucuronyl conjugation to cyclohexanol analogues compared with normal group. Futhermore, CH-1, 2 and 1, 4-diol were all conjugated with glucuronic acid in $CCl_4$ 17 times injected animals. In conclusion, the metabolic rate of cyclohexane was unexpectably accelerated and it may be caused by physiological adaptation of adjacent intact hepatocyte in damaged liver.

• Toxicological Research
• /
• 제23권4호
• /
• pp.405-413
• /
• 2007

This study was to investigate single and repeated-dose toxicities of Tensolin-$F^{(R)}$, an anti-wrinkle agent, in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats or ICR mice. In single-dose oral toxicity study, the test materials were administered once by gavage to male and female SD rats at dose levels of 0 and 2,000 mg/kg. No dead animals and abnormal necropsy findings were found in control and Tensolin-$F^{(R)}$ treated group. Therefore, the approximate lethal dose of Tensolin-$F^{(R)}$ was considered to be higher than 2,000 mg/kg in rats. In the 4-week repeated oral toxicity study, the test material was administered once daily by gavage to male and female ICR mice at dose levels of 0, 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg/day for 4-weeks. In the results, no abnormality was observed in mortality, clinical findings, body weight changes, food and water consumptions, opthalmoscopic findings, necropsy findings, histopathological findings. In hematological analysis, there was a trend of increase in reticulocyte at male 25 mg/kg, although such changes were in normal ranges. On the other hand, there was a trend of decrease in hemoglobin at female 50, 100 mg/kg, such changes were in normal ranges. In addition, serum biochemical parameters including sodium, BUN and chloride increased at 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg. Relative organ weights of right testis, brain, lung and left epididymis were increased in 100 mg/kg groups of male rats in contrast to not change in female groups. However, these changes of relative organ weights, hematological and serum biochemical parameters were not accompanied with related signs such as histopathological changes or clinical findings. In conclusion, 4-week repeated oral dose of Tensolin-$F^{(R)}$ to ICR mice did not cause apparent toxicological change at the dose of 25, 50, 100 mg/kg body weight. Consequently the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for Tensolin-$F^{(R)}$ in ICR mice following gavage for at least 4-week is higher than 100 mg/kg/day.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
• /
• 제16권5호
• /
• pp.3230-3242
• /
• 2015

본 연구는 건강검진 남성 수검자들의 AUDIT 수준과 비만지표(BMI, 허리둘레, 체지방률), 간 기능 검사치(AST, ALT, GGT, 총빌리루빈) 및 혈청 지질치(TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C)와의 관련성을 규명하고자 2012년 1월 1일부터 12월 31일까지의 기간에 C대학교병원 건강증진센터에서 종합건강검진을 받았던 30~79세의 남성 수검자 558명을 대상으로 문진표와 건강검진결과자료를 분석하였다. 연구결과, 조사대상자의 AUDIT 수준은 Zone I 58.2%, Zone II 25.3%, Zone III 7.0%, Zone IV 9.5%로 나타났다. 또한 AUDIT 수준은 연령, 흡연, 체지방률, GGT 및 TG와 유의한 관련성이 있었으며, 특히 허리둘레, GGT 및 TG는 AUDIT 등급이 낮은 군(Zone I)보다 높은 군(Zone II~Zone IV)에서 비정상으로 나타날 위험비가 유의하게 상승하는 것으로 나타나고 있어 AUDIT 수준이 높아지는 문제음주는 비만지표, 간 기능 검사치 및 혈청 지질치의 비정상치의 증가와 유의한 관련성이 있음을 시사하고 있다.

• 운동영양학회지
• /
• 제16권2호
• /
• pp.65-71
• /
• 2012

Oxygen is the final acceptor of electron transport from fat and carbohydrate oxidation, which is the rate-limiting factor for cellular ATP production. Under altitude hypoxia condition, energy reliance on anaerobic glycolysis increases to compensate for the shortfall caused by reduced fatty acid oxidation [1]. Therefore, training at altitude is expected to strongly influence the human metabolic system, and has the potential to be designed as a non-pharmacological or recreational intervention regimen for correcting diabetes or related metabolic problems. However, most people cannot accommodate high altitude exposure above 4500 M due to acute mountain sickness (AMS) and insulin resistance corresponding to a increased levels of the stress hormones cortisol and catecholamine [2]. Thus, less stringent conditions were evaluated to determine whether glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity could be improved by moderate altitude exposure (below 4000 M). In 2003, we and another group in Austria reported that short-term moderate altitude exposure plus endurance-related physical activity significantly improves glucose tolerance (not fasting glucose) in humans [3,4], which is associated with the improvement in the whole-body insulin sensitivity [5]. With daily hiking at an altitude of approximately 4000 M, glucose tolerance can still be improved but fasting glucose was slightly elevated. Individuals vary widely in their response to altitude challenge. In particular, the improvement in glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity by prolonged altitude hiking activity is not apparent in those individuals with low baseline DHEA-S concentration [6]. In addition, hematopoietic adaptation against altitude hypoxia can also be impaired in individuals with low DHEA-S. In short-lived mammals like rodents, the DHEA-S level is barely detectable since their adrenal cortex does not appear to produce this steroid [7]. In this model, exercise training recovery under prolonged hypoxia exposure (14-15% oxygen, 8 h per day for 6 weeks) can still improve insulin sensitivity, secondary to an effective suppression of adiposity [8]. Genetically obese rats exhibit hyperinsulinemia (sign of insulin resistance) with up-regulated baseline levels of AMP-activated protein kinase and AS160 phosphorylation in skeletal muscle compared to lean rats. After prolonged hypoxia training, this abnormality can be reversed concomitant with an approximately 50% increase in GLUT4 protein expression. Additionally, prolonged moderate hypoxia training results in decreased diffusion distance of muscle fiber (reduced cross-sectional area) without affecting muscle weight. In humans, moderate hypoxia increases postprandial blood distribution towards skeletal muscle during a training recovery. This physiological response plays a role in the redistribution of fuel storage among important energy storage sites and may explain its potent effect on changing body composition. Conclusion: Prolonged moderate altitude hypoxia (rangingfrom 1700 to 2400 M), but not acute high attitude hypoxia (above 4000 M), can effectively improve insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance for humans and antagonizes the obese phenotype in animals with a genetic defect. In humans, the magnitude of the improvementvaries widely and correlates with baseline plasma DHEA-S levels. Compared to training at sea-level, training at altitude effectively decreases fat mass in parallel with increased muscle mass. This change may be associated with increased perfusion of insulin and fuel towards skeletal muscle that favors muscle competing postprandial fuel in circulation against adipose tissues.

• 대한치과교정학회지
• /
• 제27권6호
• /
• pp.963-978
• /
• 1997

교정 환자들은 성장과 발육을 하는 개체이므로 교정치료의 시기 선택은 가장 어렵고 중요한 요소이며, 측모두부방사선 사진의 개발에 따라 안면 성장의 양상과 연령 증가에 따른 성장 변화량은 성장 예측 등의 교정적 분야에 유용하게 이용되어왔다. 이에 3세에서 12세까지의 한국인 남여 아동 각 연령군에서의 두개 안면부의 경조직 계측치 평균과 신장, 체중과의 연관성을 파악하고자 하였다. 교정치료를 받은적이 없고, 성장과 발육에 장애가 없는 3세에서 12세까지의 소년 147명과 소녀 106명을 연구대상으로 만 2년간 두부방사선 사진을 채득하여 경조직 분석을 Burstone의 COGS논문에 기초하여 두개저, 상악골과 하악골, 수직 계측, 수평 계측, 상하악 기저골 관계 및 치성 계측의 6개 부분으로 나누어 성장과의 관계 및 키와 몸무게와의 관계를 연구한 바 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 두개저 계측에서 N-Ar(FH), N-Ba(FH)의 최대 성장 증가량은 남녀 모두 체중과 신장의 최대 증가량을 나타내는 연령과 일치한다. 그 외의 항목은 일정 증가 양상을 보이고 있으나 큰 증가를 보이지 않고 있어 두개저의 성장은 초기에 거의 완성됨을 알 수 있었다. 2. Genial angle은 남녀 모두에서 성장과 함께 점차 감소하였다. 3. ANS-Me(L)보다 N-ANS(L)가 더 많은 성장량을 보여 안면 형태에 많은 영향을 줌을 알 수 있었다. 4. $N-A-Pog^{\circ}$ 은 연령증가와 더불어 감소하며 이는 하악골의 성장이 상악골의 성장량보다 빠르고 많았다. 5. 상하악 기저골 관계에서 Y-axis의 길이는 증가하지만 각도는 일정하게 유지되어 하악골은 두개저에 대해 일정방향으로 성장하였다. 6. 영구치 맹출과 더불어 Interincisal angle은 감소하였다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• 제30권1호
• /
• pp.103-128
• /
• 1997

The object of this study is to evaluate the possibility of chemical-induced liver disorder among workers exposed to various chemicals and to classify the the liver function abnormalities by causes and to analyse the risk factors for each liver disorders. A cross-sectional study including questionnaire survey, physical examination, laboratory tests and ultrasonography of liver was conducted on 1,126 workers, 459 workers in a coal chemical plant(company A) and 667 workers in an insulation material manufacturing factory(company B). An industrial hygienist reviewed the chemicals used in both companies and evaluated the work environments to classify the workers by chemical exposure semiquantitatively. The results are as follows: 1. Of 459 workers in company A, 83 workers(18.1%) are classified as nonexposed, group 163(35,5%) as short-term exposure group, 155(33.8%) as intermediately exposed group and 58(12.6%) as long-term exposed group bared on the mean daily exposure to hepatotoxic chemicals evaluated by an industrial hygienist. Of 667 workers in company B, 484(72.6%) workers were classified as nonexposed and 183(35.5%) as exposed group. 2. Workers with SGOT level higher than 40 IU/l were (10.0%) in company A and 77(11.5%) in company 3, and those with SGPT level higher than 35 IU/l were 118(25.7%) in company A and 198(29.7%) in company B. The differences were not significant between companies and between exposure groups(p>0.05). Workers with $\gamma-GT$ level higher than 62 IU/l were 29(6.3%) in company A and 77(11.5%) in company B (p<0.01). The difference between exposure groups was not significant(p>0.05) within companies. Workers with liver function abnormalities(defined as SGOT higher than 40 IU/l or SGPT higher than 35 IU/l) were 338(30.0%) among 1,126 workers. Of 338 workers with live. function abnormalities 139(12.3%) had fatty liver by ultrasonography, 79(7.0%) had alcoholic liver(defined as workers with liver function abnormalities with weekly alcohol consumption greater than 280 g for more than 5 years), 54(4.8%) had hepatitis B, 12(1.1%) had hepatitis C and the other 114(33.7%) was not otherwise classified. Prevalences of alcoholic liver and fatty liver were significantly lower in company A(prevalence ratio 0.24 for alcoholic liver, p<0.001, prevalence ratio 0.76 for fatty liver, p<0.05) but prevalences of liver disorders between exposure groups within companies were not significant(p>0.05). 3. Summary prevalence ratios(SPR) of live. function abnormalities, fatty live. and other liver disorders, adjusted by age and company were not significantly higher in exposed group in any chemicals(p>0.05) but in some chemicals, SPRs were significantly lower. 4. On simple analysis of risk factors for liver function abnormalities, prevalence odds ratio(POR) of those with age between 30 and 39 was 1.54(p<0.01) and those with age ever 40 was 1.51(p<0.01). POR of those with histories of liver disorders and general anesthesia was 1.77(p<0.001) and 4.02 for those with overweight and 6.23 for those with obesity, defined by body mass index(p<0.001). 5. On logistic regression analysis, risk factors of liver function abnormality were fatty liver(POR 2.92 for grade 1, 12.15 for grade 2), presence of hepatitis B surface antigen(POR 3.62) and obesity(POR 5.38 for overweight and 16.52 for obesity). Presence of hepatitis B surface antigen(POR 0.18) was the only preventive facto. of fatty live. Company(POR 0.30) and obesity(POR 2.49 for overweight, 4.52 for obesity) were related to the alcoholic live. Obesity(POR 2.94 for overweight) was the only significant risk factor of hepatitis B and there was no significant risk factor for liver function abnormality not otherwise classified. It is concluded that the evidence of liver disorder related with chemical exposure is not evident in these factories. It is also postulated that fatty liver and alcoholic liver is most common causes of liver function abnormalities among workers and effort for weight control and improvement of life style should be done.

• 대한핵의학회지
• /
• 제30권1호
• /
• pp.65-76
• /
• 1996

1993년 2월부터 1994년 8월까지 경북대학교병원 핵의학과에서 진료한 갑상선질환 중 그레이브스병 402예와 하시모토갑상선염 230예를 대상으로 혈청 thyrotropin-binding inhibiting immunoglobulin (TBII)치를 방사면역측정법으로 측정하여 갑상선 기능상태와 그 치료경과에 있어서의 동태를 관찰하고 아울러 혈청 갑상선글로블린치, antithyroglobulin anti-body(ATAb) 및 antimicrosomal antibody(AMAb)의 동태를 동시에 검토하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 혈청 TBII치는 갑상선기능항진성 그레이브스병에서 평균 $40.82{\pm}21.651%$, 하시모토갑상선염에서 평균 $8.89{\pm}14.522%$로서 정상 대조군의 평균 $3.21{\pm}2.571%$에 비하여 유의한 상승치를 보였다. 그레이브스병 중에서도 갑상선기능항진증이 있는 387예에서는 TBII치가 비정상적으로 증가한 예가 92.2%(357예)였으며, 갑상선기능이 정상으로 회복된 그레이브스병 15예에서는 TBII치가 비정상적으로 증가된 예는 46.7%(7예)에 불과하였다. 하시모토갑상선염 230예에서는 TBII치가 비정상적으로 상승한 예는 23.9%(55예)였다. 그레이브스병에서 TBII치들은 RAIU 6시간치 및 24시간치, T3, T4, FT4들과 유의한 양의 상관성을 나타내었으며, 혈청 갑상선글로블린 및 AMAb와도 양의 상관성을 나타내었다(p<0.001). 그러나 혈청 TBII치와 TSH와는 음의 상관성을 나타내었고(p<0.001), ATAb와는 상관성이 없었다. 하시모토갑상선염에서는 TBII치는 RAIU 6시간치 및 24시간치, T3, TSH, AMAb와는 유의한 양의 상관성이 있었고(p<0.05), 혈청 T4, FT4, 갑상선글로불린 및 ATAb치와는 상관성이 없었다. 결론적으로, 그레이브스병에서는 혈청 TBII치가 갑상선기능항진증의 정도를 반영하는 소견이 되며 회복기의 TBII치는 예후를 반영하는 자료가 될 수 있다. 그리고 하시모토갑상선염에서는 비록 TBII치가 상승된 예는 많지 알지만 갑상선기능이 항진되거나 저하되는 소견의 정도와 관련이 있고 병변의 중증도를 반영한다고 볼 수가 있다.