• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.46-57
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• 2015

우리나라 성인에서 아침결식이 증가하고 있으며, 아침결식은 대사적 위험을 증가시킨다고 한다. 본 연구는 한국성인을 위한 대사적 위험성이 낮은 아침식사 에너지 수준을 제시하고자 제4기 (2007~2009) 국민건강영양조사 자료를 이용하여 19~64세 성인 12,238명을 대상으로 1일 에너지섭취량이 500~5,000 kcal에 속하며, 임신 또는 수유중인 자, 대사 이상 질환이나 암으로 치료받는 자를 제외한 7,769명 (남자 38.4%, 여자 61.6%)의 자료를 분석하였다. 아침식사 에너지비율은 개인별 아침식사의 에너지섭취량이 에너지 필요추정량의 10% 미만 (극저에너지군), 10~20% 미만 (저에너지군), 20~30% 미만 (중간에너지군), 30% 이상 (충분에너지군)인 네 군으로 분류하여 대사질환의 위험요인별 교차비와 영양상태를 비교하였다. 모든 자료는 해당 년도의 가중치를 적용한 후 일반선형모델을 사용하여 성, 연령, 거주지역, 소득수준, 교육수준, 직업 유무 또는 에너지 섭취량을 추가 보정하여 분석하였다. 유의성은 ${\alpha}=0.05$ 수준에서 검토하였다. 1) 전체 대상자 중 아침식사 에너지가 1일 에너지필요추정량의 30% 이상에 속하는 대상자는 16.9%, 20~30% 미만군에 39.2%, 10~20% 미만군에 37.6%, 10% 미만군에 6.3% 순으로 나타났다. 극저에너지군과 저에너지군에는 여자보다 남자, 19~39세의 젊은 성인, 도시 거주자가 많았고 소득수준은 중상이상, 교육수준은 고졸이상이 많았고 직업을 가진 사람, 가족과 아침식사를 하지 않는 사람이 많았으나 중간에너지군과 충분에너지군에는 그와 대조적으로 여자, 40세 이상 성인, 읍면거주자, 소득과 교육수준이 낮고, 무직, 가족과 식사하는 사람이 많았다. 2) 충분에너지군에서 곡류 (주식류, 스낵류), 당류와 함께 감자류, 두류, 육류 및 난류, 어패류, 채소류, 과일류, 유지류, 조미료류의 섭취량이 네 군보다 높았다. 극저에너지군은 채소류의 섭취량이 네 군 중 가장 낮았고, 스낵류, 당류와 함께 육류 및 난류, 유지류, 조미료류의 섭취량이 저에너지 군과 중간에너지군보다 높았다. 3) 아침식사 에너지가 낮은 군일수록 지방에너지비와 단백질에너지비는 높고 탄수화물에너지비는 낮았으며, 에너지와 모든 영양소 섭취량 및 영양소적정섭취비 (NAR, MAR)가 낮아 영양소별 평균필요량 (EAR)에 미달되게 섭취한 대상자의 비율이 높았다. 충분에너지군은 에너지와 모든 영양소의 섭취실태가 가장 양호하였다. 4) 체중, 신장, 체질량지수와 허리둘레가 극저에너지군에서는 높은 반면, 충분에너지군에서는 낮아서 복부 비만위험은 충분에너지군을 기준으로 아침에너지섭취가 낮을수록 증가하여 극저에너지군에서 1.9배로, 저에너지군 1.44배, 중간에너지군 1.32배에 비해 높았으며, 체질량지수에 의한 비만 위험도 유사한 결과를 보였다. 또한 충분에너지군에서 혈청총콜레스테롤이 가장 낮아서 이상지질혈증 발생 위험은 충분에너지군에 비해 극저에너지군에서 1.84배 높았고 공복혈당에 의한 당뇨 발생 위험도 극저에너지군에서 1.57배 높았다. 이상의 연구결과에서 19~64세 성인에서 아침식사 에너지가 개인별 에너지 필요추정량의 10% 미만인 군은 비만, 이상지질혈증, 당뇨의 위험과 동시에 영양부족의 우려가 있는 반면에, 에너지 필요추정량의 30% 이상군은 대사위험성이 가장 낮고 영양상태가 가장 양호하였기 때문에 우리나라 19~65세 미만 성인을 위한 아침식사의 에너지 가이드라인으로 에너지 필요추정량의 30% 이상을 제시할 수 있을 것으로 보인다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.661-668
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• 2002

본 연구는 발효홍차가 당뇨 암쥐의 성장률, 혈청 및 간의 지질 농도, 단백질 농도 및 효소활성에 미치는 영향을 조사하고자, 평균체중 155.5$\pm$9.3 g 전후되는 Sprague- Dawley계 암쥐에 음료수를 급여한 정상군, 당뇨대조군 및 당뇨발효홍차군은 음료수에 발효흥차를 20%와 40%씩 혼합한 군 등 4군으로 나누어 각 실험음료로 2주간 사육한 다음, streptozotocin으로 당뇨를 유발시키고 계속 5주간 각 실험음료로 사육하였다. 체중의 변화는 당뇨유발 전 2주간 체중 증가는 대조군과 각 농도별 발효홍차 급여군이 비슷하여 발효홍차가 성장률에는 영향을 주지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 당뇨유발후 5주간의 체중변화는 정상군 48.3 g증가에 비하여 당뇨대조군과 각 농도별 당뇨발효홍차군은 당뇨로 인한 대사장애로 6.8~7.1 g으로 증가율이 낮았다. 공복시 혈당량은 당뇨대조군과 당뇨발효홍차군이 비슷한 경향으로 혈당량을 낮추지는 못하였다. 간, 신장 및 췌장의 무게는 당뇨대조군과 각 수준의 당뇨발효홍차군들이 비슷하였다. 그러나 간과 신장의 무게는 정상군 보다 당뇨 실험군들이 유의하게 증가되었으며, 췌장의 무게는 정상군보다 당뇨실헌군들이 유의하게 감소하였다. 혈청의 중성지질 농도는 40% 당뇨발효홍차군에서, LDL-콜레스테롤 농도는 20% 당뇨발효홍차군이 당뇨대조군 보다 유의하게 감소되었다. 혈청의 총 콜레스테롤, HDL-콜레스테롤 및 인지질 농도, HDL-콜레스테롤/총 콜레스테롤 비율 및 동맥경화지수는 당뇨대조군과 각 당뇨발효홍차군들이 비슷하였다. 간의 콜레스테롤 농도는 당뇨대조군과 각 당뇨발효홍차군들이 비슷하였으나, 중성지질 농도는 당뇨대조군에 비하여 당뇨발효홍차군들이 유의하게 감소되었고, 인지질 농도는 40% 당뇨발효홍차군에서 유의하게 증가되었다. 혈청의 총 단백질과 알부민 및 간의 단백질 농도, 혈청의 alkaline phosphatase, GOT 및 GPT 활성은 당뇨대조군과 각 당뇨발효홍차군들이 비슷하였다.

• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.213-225
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• 2005

도시 농촌지역 주민의 건강형태를 알아보기 위하여 전주 및 고창, 순창, 임실, 부안, 무주, 장수, 진안 지역에서 살고 있는 만 20세 이상의 2,086명을 대상으로 2001년 7월 1일부터 9월 30일까지 3개월 동안 설문조사를 실시한 결과 다음과 같았다. 1. 조사대상자의 일반적 특성은 성별, 연령, 결혼상태에서 도시와 농촌이 비슷한 분포였다. 교육수준은 도시에서 전문대졸 이상이 42.0%, 농촌에서는 중졸이하가 37.2%로 가장 높게 나타나, 농촌과 도시에서의 교육수준이 현저한 차이를 보였다(p<0.01). 직업은 도시에서 가정주부(26.1%), 일반사무직(18.9%)로 나타난 반면, 농촌에서는 일반사무직(20.6%), 농 어 축산업(21.3%), 가정주부(19.5%)순으로 나타났다(p<0.01). 2. 도시, 농촌에 따른 주관적 건강상태에 대한 생각은 도시와 농촌이 비슷한 분포였다. 복용한 건강식품은 도시에서 영양제와 보약이 22.1%와 24.1%로 농촌의 18.8%와 20.8%보다 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 또한 만성질환의 유병률은 22.2%였으며, 도시와 농촌에 차이는 없었다. 3. BMI 25이상인 경우가 조사대상자 중 17.4%였으며, 도시와 농촌이 비슷한 수준이었다. 음주와 흡연, 충분한 수면여부 또한 도시와 농촌이 비슷한 분포를 보였고, 운동에서만이 주 1회 이상 하는 경우가 도시에서 44.8%, 농촌에서 37.1%로 농촌보다 도시가 높게 나타났다(p<0.01). 4. 식생활습관에서 커피음용과 육류섭취는 도시와 농촌에서 비슷한 분포를 보였고, 과식은 도시에서 73.5%, 농촌에서는 66.9%로 농촌보다 도시에서 현저하게 높게 나타났다(p<0.01). 규칙적인 식사와 음식을 짜게 먹는 경우, 채소의 섭취가 도시보다 농촌에서 많이 하는 것으로 나타났다(p<0.01). 5. 종합검진은 도시와 농촌이 비슷하였고, 적어도 3-4년에 한번 받는 경우는 58.7%였다. B형간염예방접종은 대상자이나 실시하지 않은 경우가 도시에서 17.5%, 농촌에서 11.5%로서 농촌보다 오히려 도시에서 예방접종을 실시하지 않은 경우가 많았으며, 암검사는 받은적이 있다고 응답한 경우가 도시에서 33.1%, 농촌에서 27.8%로 농촌보다 도시에서 더 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 6. 자각적 건강상태를 종속변수로설정하고, 나머지 일반적 특성 및 건강형태, 건강검진을 독립변수로하여 다변량분석 한 결과, 성별, 연령, 직업, 교육수준, 운동여부가 자각적 건강상태에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다(p<0.05). 또한 만성질환과 관련이 있을 것으로 예상되는 변수를 다변령분석 한 결과 연령, 교육수준, BMI, 육류섭취정도, 암검사여부의 변수들이었다(p<0.05). 이상의 결과로 전북지역에 거주하는 도시와 농촌지역주민들의 건강형태는 운동 및 식생활 습관, 건강검진에서 차이를 보였으며, 자각적 건강상태와 만성질환에 영향을 미칠것으로 생각되는 변수로는 연령과 교육수준, 운동 및 BMI 등이 나타나 앞으로 연구 뿐 아니라 보건사업 계획에도 이러한 사항을 고려하여야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.79-90
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• 2006

본 연구는 대학생의 비만도에 따른 식습관을 포함한 생활 습관과 식품 및 영양소 섭취 상태를 분석하여 그 문제점을 제시하고 식생활을 비롯한 올바른 식습관 개선을 위한 기초자료 제공에 도움이 되고자 실시하였다. 조사대상자는 총 349명으로 남자 107명(30.48%), 여자 242명(69.52%)이며, 신장에 맞는 표준체중을 구하고 실제 체중과 비교하여 비만도를 산정하여 비만도가 90미만은 저체중군, 90이하 110미만은 정상 체중군, 110이상은 과체중군으로 분류하여 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 조사 대상자의 분포는 저체중군이 118명(33.8%), 정상 체중군이 213명(61.0%), 과체중군이 18명(5.2%)으로 과체중율에 비해 저체중의 비율이 높았으며 특히, 여학생의 경우 전체 여학생의 41.74%가 저체중으로 남학생(15.89%)보다 저체중의 비율이 높았다. 2. 조사 대상자의 60.46%는 규칙적인 식사를 하고 있지 않았고 유의적이지는 않으나 과체중군이 가장 불규칙적인 식사를 하였다. 하루 한 끼 이상을 거르는 대상자가 평균 52.44%였다. 하루 한끼 이상을 거르는 대상자는 과체중군에서 그 비율이 높았으나(72.22%) 유의한 차이는 없었다. 아침식사를 거르는 대상자(72.73%)가 많았고 식사량에 대한 조사에서 조사 대상자의 72.49%가 적당히 섭취하였다. 과체중군은 정상 체중군이나 저체중군에 비해 유의성은 없으나 과식하는 경향이 높았다. 3. 편식을 하지 않는 비율은 전체 조사 대상자의 55.01%였으며 비만도에 따라 편식을 하지 않는 비율을 살펴보면 정상 체중군(62.44%), 과체중군(55.56%), 저체중군(41.53%) 순으로 나타나(p<0.0019) 정상체중군이 가장 편식을 하지 않고 골고루 식품을 섭취하는 것으로 나타났고, 저체중군이 편식을 하는 비율(58.47%)이 가장 높아 편식은 과체중군보다는 저체중군에서 더 문제가 되는 것으로 사료된다. 4. 대부분의 조사 대상자(96.27%)가 간식을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 비만도에 따라 유의한 차이는 보이지 않았으나(p<0.0671) 저체중군에서 간식하는 비율이 높았다. 5. 조사 대상자의 음주율은 86.74%였고 흡연율은 19.54%였다. 흡연율은 비만도가 높을수록 흡연율이 높았다(p<0.0009). 6. 조사 대상자의 50% 이상이 매일 생선 콩 및 콩제품과 채소류를 먹고 있었고, 인스턴트나 패스트푸드는 정상 체중군이 저체중군이나 과체중보다 매일 섭취하는 빈도가 낮았다(p<0.0177). 7. 가장 낮은 영양 섭취 상태를 보여준 영양소(% RDA< 75%)는 철분과 칼슘으로 조사 대상자의 3/4에 해당하는 조사 대상자가 영양 부족 상태였다. 칼슘 섭취의 경우 정상 체중군이 과체중군과 저체중군보다 섭취율이 낮았으나(p<0.0257) 철분은 군간 유의차는 없었다. 8. 칼슘의 경우 과체중군이 저체중군이나 정상 체중군에 비해 영양소 적정비율(NAR) 값이 높았으며(p<0.0257) 철분, 단백질, 비타민 $B_1$과 $B_2$, 나이아신의 경우도 통계적으로 유의하지는 않으나 과체중군이 저체중군 또는 정상 체중군의 NAR 값이 높은 경향을 보여주었다. 9가지 영양소의 NAR을 평균한 MAR 값은 군간 유의적이지는 않으나 과체중군(0.76)이 정상체중(0.73) 또는 저체중군(0.73)에 비해 높은 값은 보여주었다. 9. 철분은 과체중군(1.67)이 저체중(0.80) 또는 정상 체중군(0.82)에 비해 영양 질적 지수(INQ)가 높았으며(p<0.0335), 비타민 $B_1$은 정상 체중군이 유의적으로 가장 높은 영양 질적 지수를 보여주었다(p<0.0452). 이상의 결과로 볼 때 대학생들은 과체중보다는 저체중의 비율이 높았으므로 적정 체중 유지와 더불어 잘못된 식습관과 식이 섭취를 하고 있었다. 이에 대한 인식과 이를 교정할 수 있는 영양 교육이나 이를 토대로 한 세대를 짊어질 대학생들의 영양 및 건강 증진을 위한 적절한 영양 교육이나 프로그램이 개발되고 실시되어야 한다고 사료된다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.627-635
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• 2003

식습관과 주관적인 건강상태, 학업성취도(수학능력평가성적), 체격과의 관계를 알아보기 위해서 대학교 1년생을 대상으로 인터넷을 통하여 조사하였으며 조사 대상자수는 남자 1,030명, 여자 2,582명으로 전체 3,612명이었다. 1. 조사대상자의 가구 연평균 소득은 2000만원 미만 39.2%, 2000~3000만원 36.5%, 3000~4000만원 15.9%, 4000만원 이상 8.4%이었다. 평균신장은 남학생 173.3 cm,여학생 161.6 cm이었고 평균체중은 남학생과 여학생이 각각 65.6 kg, 53.9 kg이었다. 2. 아침을 매일 먹었다고 응답한 사람이 33.2%이었으며 반면 1주일에 한두 번 이하로 먹었다고 응답한 사람은 37.9%이었다. 건강에 가장 중요하다고 생각하는 식사는 전체응답자의 80.6%가 아침식사라고 응답하였다. 반면 가장 맛있게 한 식사는 52.7%가 저녁이라고 응답하였다. 아침은 누구와 먹었나에 대한 질문에서 ‘혼자서 먹었다’가 전체 57.5%로 가장 높았다. 3. 아침을 먹은 장소는 87.5%가 ‘집에서’라고 응답하였으며 고등학교 아침급식의 필요성에 대하여 전체 60.8%가 필요하다고 응답하였다. 아침식사를 하지 못한 이유는 ‘시간이 없어서’가 전체 조사자의 62.8%로 가장 높은 비율을 차지하였다. 아침식사 형태에 있어서는 한식으로 매일 한 경우가 38.4%로 가장 높은 비율을 나타내었다. 4. 아침식사를 규칙적으로 하는 사람은 그렇지 않은 사람에 비하여 훨씬 건강한 것으로 인식하고 있었다. 5. 아침식사를 매일 먹은 사람이 수학능력 평가점수가 가장 높았던 반면 아침을 주 2일 이하로 거의 아침을 먹지 않았다고 응답한 사람이 수학능력 평가점수가 가장 좋지 않았다. 한편 아침식사는 비만정도(BMI)에 영향을 주지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 6. 균형 잡힌 식사를 규칙적으로 하고 채소류와 과일, 콩류와 유제품 등을 매일 먹는 소위 식습관이 좋은 사람이 수학능력평가점수가 좋은 것으로 나타났다. 위의 결과로 볼 때 건강에 가장 중요한 식사라고 인식하고 있으나 결식률이 높은 아침 식사를 청소년들이 맛있게 할 수 있는 방안을 마련해야 할 것이다. 그리고 아침식사의 결식이 학생의 학업성취도와 무관하지 않음이 밝혀졌으므로 청소년의 아침결식에 대한 세부적인 연구조사와 이를 개선할 수 있는 학교 아침급식 프로그램 도입 등이 필요하다고 사료된다. 또한 결식은 건강에 대한 자신감에 큰 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났으므로 규칙적인 식사와 1일 3식에 대한 중요성을 인식시킬 수 있는 영양교육을 실시하여야 할 것이다. 균형 잡힌 식사를 규칙적으로 하고 채소류와 과일, 콩류와 유제품 등을 매일 먹는 소위 식습관이 좋은 사람이 수학능력평가점수가 좋은 것으로 나타난 반면 비만정도(BMI)에는 영향을 주지 않는 것으로 나타났으므로 청소년 각자의 식습관 및 식품 섭취에 대한 관심을 고취시킬 필요가 있다고 생각된다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.208-214
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• 2000

이 연구는 노인 인구에서의 혈압과 인지기능과의 관련성을 조사하기 위하여 대구광역시 달성군에 거주하고 있는 만60-64세의 노인을 대상으로 1996년 4월 부터 9월까지 면담조사를 실시하였다. 최종분석에 이용된 대상자는 원래 목표 한 1,329명에서 932명으로 70.1%이었다. 인지기능의 측정은 한국판 간이정신상태검사법(MMSEK)을 사용하였으며, 인지기능장애는 점수가 23점 이하인 자로 정의 하였다. 혈압은 누운 상태에서 측 상완부를 휴대용 자동혈압계로 1회 측정하였다. 남자에서 인지기능에 대한 단일변수 지수회귀분석의 결과에서 수축기 혈압은 통계적으로 유의한 비차비를 보이는 혈압 범주는 없었다. 확장기 혈압은 80-89 mmHg를 기준으로 79 mmHg 이하, 90-94, 95 mmHg이상 모두 1보다 큰 비차비를 나타내었으며 특히 79mmHg 이하는 1.68(95% 신뢰구간 1.02-2.75)로 통계적인 유의성을 나타내었다. 여자에서 수축기 및 확장기 혈압 모두 통계적인 유의성을 나타낸 비차비는 없었다. 연령, 교육 수준, 흡연, 음주, 비교체중, 죽상경화증을 시사하는 질환, 고혈압 약 투약력 등의 공변수를 통제한 다변수 지수회귀분석에서 남자의 수축기 혈압은 단일변수 분석과 비교하여 비차비의 변화가 거의 없었으며 통계적인 유의성도 없었다. 확장기 혈압에서 기준 혈압 범주에 비교해서 79mmHg 이하는 비차비가 2.01(95% 신뢰구간 1.15-3.52)로 증가하였다. 여자에서 수축기 혈압은 단일변수 분석과 비교하여 거의 차이가 없었으며 통계적인 유의성도 없었으나, 반면에 확장기 혈압에서 기준 혈압 범주에 비교하여 79 mmHg 이하는 비차비가 0.72에서 0.57 (95%신뢰 구간 0.37-0.89)로 유의하게 증가하였다. 이들 결과는 혈압과 인지기능 장애와의 관계는 수축기 혈압보다는 확장기 혈압이 연관성을 나타내며 확장기 혈압과 인지기능 장애간의 관련성의 방향이 성별간에 차이를 나타내어 혈압과 인지기능사이에 좀더 복합적인 관계가 있음을 시사해 준다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.199-213
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• 1967

Circulatory and respiratory activities were observed in men exposed to the environment of engine room of a cruising Republic of Korea Navy ship and compared to the control values obtained in an ordinary laboratory room on land. The environment of an engine room of cruising navy ship was presumed to be a multiple stress acting on men. The environment of the engine room included high temperature $(35-42^{\circ}C)$, low relative humidity (20-38% saturation), vibration (about 7 cycles per second), rolling and pitching of ship and noises. Sixteen men were divided into two groups consisted of each 8 subjects. Subjects of sea duty group had experience of continuous on board duty averaging 3.5 years. Men of land duty group had no experience of on board activity. On land observations were made on one day prior to the boarding and leaving the port and four days after landing. In between observations in the engine room were made on the first, 5 th, 9 th, 12 th, and 14 th day of on board activity. The whole experimental period lasted for 20 days. Measurements on circulatory and respiratory parameters were at standing resting state (after 30 minutes standing in the case of on land study and 15 minutes in engine room study) and within one minute after cessation of on the spot running of which rhythm was 30/min. and lasted for 5 minutes. Oxygen consumption and pulmonary function test were done in the period of two minutes from the 3rd to 5th minutes of running. The following results were obtained. 1. Body temperature showed no change regardless of group difference or on land or on board measurements. 2. Pulse rate increased markedly after boarding the ship id both groups. Pulse rate increased from the first day on board at rest and after exercise as compared to the on land control value. This increase in pulse rate was more marked after exercise. Sea duty group showed less increase in pulse rate at rest than the land duty group. Standing and resting pulse rate of sea duty group on lam was 81 and increased to 87 at the 5th day on board and remained smaller than the land duty group throughout the period on board. Control standing and resting pulse rate of land duty group on land was 76 and reached 89 at the 9th day on board and thereafter decreased a little. Pulse rate of land duty group at rest on board remained greater than that of sea duty group throughout the period on board. 3. Systolic blood pressure of sea duty group increased after boarding the ship and remained higher than the control value on land. In the land duty group, however, systolic blood pressure decreased during the period on board the ship. Diastolic blood pressure decreased in both groups. 4. Resting breathing rate of land duty group increased and remained higher than the control value on land. In sea duty group, however, resting breathing rate showed a transient increase on the 1st day on board and decreased thereafter to the control value on land and kept the same level throughout the period of cruise. Absolute value of breathing rate in the sea duty group was greater than the land duty group both at rest and after exercise. 5. There was a lowering of breathing efficiency in both groups. Thus, increases in tidal volume and minute ventilation volume and decreases in maximum breathing capacity, vital capacity, capacity ratio and air velocity Index were observed after boarding the ship. An increase in ventilation equivalent was also observed in both groups. The lowering of breathing efficiency was more marked in the land duty group than the sea duty group. 6. Energy expediture increased in both groups during their stay on the ship and was more marked in the sea duty group. 7, Lactate concentration in venous blood at rest and after exercise increased after boarding the ship and no group difference was observed.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.1-8
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• 1985

The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70$\pm$1.32mmHg/min)compared to CF dialyzers(4.32$\pm$0.55mmHg/min)(p<0.05). However, there was no observable difference in the UFR between the two dialyzers. Neither APD nor UFR showed any significant increase with an increasing number of reuses for up to more than 20reuses. A substantial number of failures observed in APD(larger than 20mmHe/min)on the reused dialyzers(2 out of 40 CP and S out 26 C-DAK) were attributed to the Possible damage on the fibers. The CF 15-11 HFDs which failed APD test did not show changes in the UFR compared to normal dialyzers indicating that APD is a more sensitive test than UFR test to evaluate the integrity of the fibers. 30527 T00401030527 ^x For quantitative measurement of reflected light from a clinical diagnostic strip, a prototype old reflectance photometer was designed. The strip loader and cassette were made to obtain more accurate reflectance parameters. The strip was illuminated at 45˚c through optical fiber and the intensity of reflected light was determined at rectanguLat angle using a photodiode. The kubelka-munk coefficient and reflection optical density were determined ar four different wavelengths(500, 550, 570 and 610nm) for blood glucose strip. For higher concentration than 300mg/41 about glucose, a saturation state of abforbance was observed at 500, 550 and 570nm. The correlation between glucose concentration and parameters was the best at 610nm. 30535 T00401030535 ^x Radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumors were grown on the flanks of C3H mice. The mice were divided into two groups. One group was injected with Photofrin II, intravenously (2.5mg/kg body weight). The other group received no Photofrin II. Mice from both groups were irradialed for approximately 15 minutes at 100, 300, or 500 mW/cm2 with the argon (488nm/514.5 nm), dye(628nm) and gold vapor (pulsed 628 nm) laser light. A photosensitizer behaved as an added absorber. Under our experimental conditions, the presence of Photolfrin II increased surface temperature by at least 40% and the temperature rise due to 300 mW/cm2 irradiation exceeded values for hyperthermia. Light and temperature distributions with depth were estimated by a computer model. The model demonstrated the influence of wavelength on the thermal process and proved to be a valuable tool to investigate internal temperature rise. 30536 T00401030536 ^x We investigated the structural geometry of thirty-eight Korean femurs. The purpose of this study is to identify major geometrical differences between Korean femurs 3nd others that we believe belong to Caucasians so that we would be able to get insights into the femoral component design that fits Asians including Koreans. We utilized computerized tomography (CT) images of femurs extracted from cadavers. The CT images were transformed into bitmap data by using a film scanner, and then analyzed by using a commercially available software called Image v.1.0 and a Macintosh IIci computer.The resulting data were compared with already published data. The major results show that the geometry of the Korean femurs is significantly different from that of Caucasians: (1) the anteversion angle and the canal flare index are greater by the amount of approximately 8˚ and 0.5, respectively, (2) the shape of the isthmus cross section is more round, and (3) the distance between the teaser trochanter and the proximal border of the isthmus is shelter by about 15 mm. The results suggested that the femoral component suitable for Asians should be different from the currently-used components designed and manufactured mostly by European or American companies. 30537 T00401030537 ^x It is well known that nonlinear propagation characteristics of the wave in the tissue may give very useful information for the medical diagnoisis. In this paper, a new method to detect nonlinear propagation characteristics of the internal vibration in the tissue for the low frequency mechanical vibration by using bispectral analysis is proposed. In the method, low frequency vibration of f0( = 100Hz) is applied on the surface of the object, and the waveform of the internal vibration x (t) is measured from Doppler frequency modulation of silmultaneously transmitted probing ultrasonic waves. Then, the bispectra of the signal x (t) at the frequencies (f0, f0) and (f0, 2f0) are calculated to estimate the nonlinear propagation characteristics as their magnitude ratio, w here since bispectrum is free from the gaussian additive noise we can get the value with high S/N. Basic experimental system is constructed by using 3.0 MHz probing ultrasonic waves and the several experiments are carried out for some phantoms. Results show the superiority of the proposed method to the conventional method using power spectrum and also its usefulness for the tissue characterization. 30541 T00401030541 ^x This paper describes the implementation of a computerized radial pulse diagnosis by aids of a clinical expert. On this base, we composed of the radial pulse diagnosis system in korean traditional medicine. The system composed of a radial pulse wave detection system and a radial pulse diagnosis system. With a detection system, we detected Inyoung and Cheongu radial pulse wave and processed it. Then, we have got the characteristic parameters of radial pulse wave and also quantified that according to the method of Inyoung-Cheongu Comparison Radial Pulse Diagnosis. We defined the jugement standard of radial pulse diagnosis system and then we confirmed the possibility for realization of automatic radial pulse diagnosis in korean traditional medicine. 30545 T00401030545 ^x Microspheres are expected to be applied to biomedical areas such as solid-phase immunoassays, drug delivery systems, immunomagnetic cell separation. To synthesize microspheres for biomedical application, "two stage shot growth method" was developed. The uniformity ratio of synthesized microspheres was always smaller than 1.05. And the surface charge density (or the number of ionizable functional groups) of the microspheres synthesized by "two stage shot growth method" was 6~13 times higher than that of the microspheres synthesized by conventional seeded batch copolymerization. As a previous step for biomedical application, adsorption experiments of bovine albumin on microspheres were carried out under various conditions. The maximum adsorbed amount was obtained in the neighborhood of pH 4.5. Isoelectric point of bovine albumin is pH 5.0, so experimental result shows that it shifted to acid area. The adsorption isotherm was obtained, the plateau region was always reached at 2.Og/L (bulk concentration of bovine albumin).The effect of the kind and the amount of surface functional group was also examined. 30575 T00401030575 ^x A medical image workstation was developed using multimedia technique. The system based on PC-486DX was designed to acquire medical images produced by medical imaging instruments and related audio information, that is, doctors' reporting results. Input information was processed and analyzed, then the results were presented in the form of graph and animation. All the informations of the system were hierarchically related with the image as the apex. Processing and analysis algorithms were implemented so that the diagnostic accuracy could be improved. The diagnosed information can be transferred for patient diagnosis through LAN(local area network). 30592 T00401030592 ^x In the conventional infrared imaging system, complex infrared lens systems are usually used for directing collimated narrow infrared beams into the high speed 2-dimensional optic scanner. In this paper, a simple reflective infrared optic system with a 2-dimensional optic scanner is proposed for the realization of medical infrared thermography system. It has been experimentally proven that the intfrared thermography system composed of the proposed optic system has the temperature resolution of 0.1˚c under the spatial resolution of lmrad, the image matrix size of 256 X 240, and tile imaging time of 4 seconds. 30593 T00401030593 ^x In this paper, MIIS (Medical Image Information System) has been designed and implemented using INGRES RDBMS, which is based on a client/server architecture. The implemented system allows users to register and retrieve patient information, medical images and diagnostic reports. It also provides the function to display these information on workstation windows simultaneously by using the designed menu-driven graphic user interface. The medical image compression/decompression techniques are implemented and integrated into the medical image database system for the efficient data storage and the fast access through the network. 30594 T00401030594 ^x In this paper, computerized BEAM was implemented for the space domain analysis of EEG. Trans-formation from temporal summation to two-dimensional mappings is formed by 4 nearest point inter-polaton method. Methods of representation of BEAM are two. One is dot density method which classify brain electrical potential 9 levels by dot density of gray levels and the other is colour method which classify brain electrical 12 levels by red-green colours. In this BEAM, instantaneous change and average energy distribution over any arbitrary time interval of brain electrical activity could be observed and analyzed easily. In the frequency domain, the distribution of energy spectrum of a special band can easily be distinguished normality and abnormality. 30608 T00401030608 ^x Laboratory information system (LIS) is a key tool to manage laboratory data in clinical pathology. Our department has developed an information system for routine hematology using down-sized computer system. We have used an IBM 486 compatible PC with 16MB main memory, 210 MB hard disk drive, 9 RS-232C port and 24 pin dot printer. The operating system and database management system were SCO UNIX and SCO foxbase, respectively. For program development, we used Xbase language provided by SCO foxbase. The C language was used for interface purpose. To make the system use friendly, pull-down menu was used. The system connected to our hospital information system via application program interface (API), so the information related to patient and request details is automatically transmitted to our computer. Our system interfaced with fwd complete blood count analyzers(Sysmex NE-8000 and Coulter STKS) for unidirectional data tansmission from analyzer to computer. The authors suggests that this system based on down-sized computer could provide a progressive approach to total LIS based on local area network, and the implemented system could serve as a model for other hospital's LIS for routine hematology. 30609 T00401030609 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. To use as the structural matrix of the composite, collagen was purified from human umbilical cord. The obtained collagen was treated by pepsin to remove telopeptides, and finally, the immune-free atelocollagen was produced: The cross linked atelocollagen was highly resistant to the collagenase induced collagenolysis. The cross linked collagen demonstrated an improved tensile strength. 30618 T00401030618 ^x This paper is a study on the design of adptive filter for QRS complex detection. We propose a simple adaptive algorithm to increase capability of noise cancelation in QRS complex detection with two stage adaptive filter. At the first stage, background noise is removed and at the next stage, only spectrum of QRS complex components is passed. Two adaptive filters can afford to keep track of the changes of both noise and QRS complex. Each adaptive filter consists of prediction error filter and FIR filter The impulse response of FIR filter uses coefficients of prediction error filter. The detection rates for 105 and 108 of MIT/BIH data base were 99.3% and 97.4% respectively. 30619 T00401030619 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed and produced a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. Human umbilical cord origin pepsin treated type I atelocollagen was used as the structural matrix, by which sintered or non-sintered carbonate apatite was encapsulated to form an inorganic-organic composite. With cross linking atelocollagen by UV ray irradiation, the resistance to both compressive and tensile strength was increased. Collagen degradation by the collagenase induced collagenolysis was also decreased. 30620 T00401030620 ^x We have developed a monoleaflet polymer valve as an inexpensive and viable alternative, especially for short-term use in the ventricular assist device or total artificial heart. The frame and leaflet of the polymer valve were made from polyurethane, To evaluate the hemodynamic performance of the polymer valve a comparative study of flow dynamics past a polymer valve and a St. Jude Medical prosthetic valve under physiological pulsatile flow conditions in vitro was made. Comparisons between the valves were made on the transvalvular pressure drop, regurgitation volume and maximum valve opening area. The polymer valve showed smaller regurgitation volume and transvalvular pressure drop compared to the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. The results showed that the functional characteristics of the polymer valve compared favorably with those of the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. 30621 T00401030621 ^x Explosive evaporative removal process of biological tissue by absorption of a CW laser has been simulated by using gelatin and a multimode Nd:YAG laser. Because the point of maximun temperature of laser-irradiated gelatin exists below the surface due to surface cooling, evaporation at the boiling temperature is made explosively from below the surface. The important parameters of this process are the conduction loss to laser power absorption (defined as the conduction-to-laser power parameter, Nk), the convection heat transfer at the surface to conduction loss (defined as Bi), dimensionless extinction coefficient (defined as Br.), and dimensionless irradiation time (defined as Fo). Dependence of Fo on Nk and Bi has been observed by experiment, and the results have been compared with the numerical results obtained by solving a 2-dimensional conduction equation. Fo and explosion depth (from the surface to the point of maximun temperature) are increased when Nk and Bi are increased.To find out the minimum laser power for explosive evaporative removal process, steady state analysis has been also made. The limit of Nk to induce evaporative removal, which is proportional to the inverse of the laser power, has been obtained. 30622 T00401030622 ^x N1 and N2 gross neural action potentials were measured from the round window of the guinea pig cochlea at the onset of the acoustic stimuli. N1-N2 audiograms were made by means of regulating stimulant intensities in order to produce constant N1-N2 potentials as criteria for different input tone pip frequencies. The lowest threshold was measured with an input tone pip I5 dB SPL in intensity and 12 KHz in frequency when the animal was in normal physiological condition. The procedure of experimental measurements is explained in detail. This experimental approach is very useful for the investigation of the Cochlear function. Both noN1inear and active functions of the Cochlea can be monitored by N1-N2 audiograms. 30623 T00401030623 ^x In electrical impedance tomography(EIT), we use boundary current and voltage measurements toprovide the information about the cross-sectional distribution of electrical impedance or resistivity. One of the major problems in EIT has been the inaccessibility of internal voltage or current data in finding the internal impedance values. We propose a new image reconstruction method using internal current density data measured by NMR. We obtained a two-dimensional current density distribution within a phantom by processing the real and imaginary MR images from a 4.77 NMR machine. We implemented a resistivity mage reconstruction algorithm using the finite element method and sensitivity matrix. We presented computer simulation results of the mage reconstruction algorithm and furture direction of the research. 30624 T00401030624 ^x A new method of digital image analysis technique for discrimination of cancer cell was presented in this paper. The object image was the Thyroid eland cells image that was diagnosed as normal and abnormal (two types of abnormal: follicular neoplastic cell, and papillary neoplastic cell), respectively. By using the proposed region segmentation algorithm, the cells were segmented into nucleus. The 16 feature parameters were used to calculate the features of each nucleus. A9 a consequence of using dominant feature parameters method proposed in this paper, discrimination rate of 91.11% was obtained for Thyroid Gland cells. 30625 T00401030625 ^x An electrical stimulator was designed to induce locomotion for paraplegic patients caused by central nervous system injury. Optimal stimulus parameters, which can minimize muscle fatigue and can achieve effective muscle contraction were determined in slow and fast muscles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Stimulus patterns of our stimulator were designed to simulate electromyographic activity monitored during locomotion of normal subjects. Muscle types of the lower extremity were classified according to their mechanical property of contraction, which are slow muscle (msoleus m.) and fast muscle (medial gastrocneminus m., rectus femoris m., vastus lateralis m.). Optimal parameters of electrical stimulation for slow muscles were 20 Hz, 0.2 ms square pulse. For fast muscle, 40 Hz, 0.3 ms square pulse was optimal to produce repeated contraction. Higher stimulus intensity was required when synergistic muscles were stimulated simultaneously than when they were stimulated individually. Electrical stimulation for each muscle was designed to generate bipedal locomotion, so that individual muscles alternate contraction and relaxation to simulate stance and swing phases. Portable electrical stimulator with 16 channels built in microprocessor was constructed and applied to paraplegic patients due to lumbar cord injury. The electrical stimulator restored partially gait function in paraplegic patients. 30626 T00401030626 ^x Two-Dimensional modelling of the Cochlear biomechanics is presented in this paper. The Laplace partial differential equation which represents the fluid mechanics of the Cochlea has been transformed into two-dimensional electrical transmission line. The procedure of this transformation is explained in detail. The comparison between one and two dimensional models is also presented. This electrical modelling of the basilar membrane (BM) is clearly useful for the next approach to the further. Development of active elements which are essential in the producing of the sharp tuning of the BM. This paper shows that two-dimension model is qualitatively better than one-dimensional model both in amplitude and phase responses of the BM displacement. The present model is only for frequency response. However because the model is electrical, the two-dimensional transmission line model can be extended to time response without any difficult. 30627 T00401030627 ^x A method has been proposed for the fully automatic detection of left ventricular endocardial boundary in 2D short axis echocardiogram using geometric model. The procedure has the following three distinct stages. First, the initial center is estimated by the initial center estimation algorithm which is applied to decimated image. Second, the center estimation algorithm is applied to original image and then best-fit elliptic model estimation is processed. Third, best-fit boundary is detected by the cost function which is based on the best-fit elliptic model. The proposed method shows effective result without manual intervention by a human operator. 30628 T00401030628 ^x The intelligent trajectory control method that controls moving direction and average velocity for a prosthetic arm is proposed by pattern recognition and force estimations using EMG signals. Also, we propose the real time trajectory planning method which generates continuous accelleration paths using 3 stage linear filters to minimize the impact to human body induced by arm motions and to reduce the muscle fatigue. We use combination of MLP and fuzzy filter for pattern recognition to estimate the direction of a muscle and Hogan's method for the force estimation. EMG signals are acquired by using a amputation simulator and 2 dimensional joystick motion. The simulation results of proposed prosthetic arm control system using the EMf signals show that the arm is effectively followed the desired trajectory depended on estimated force and direction of muscle movements. 30638 T00401030638 ^x A new neural network architecture for the recognition of patterns from images is proposed, which is partially based on the results of physiological studies. The proposed network is composed of multi-layers and the nerve cells in each layer are connected by spatial filters which approximate receptive fields in optic nerve fields. In the proposed method, patterns recognition for complicated images is carried out using global features as well as local features such as lines and end-points. A new generating method of matched filers representing global features is proposed in this network. 30659 T00401030659 ^x An implementation scheme of the magnetic nerve stimulator using a switching mode power supply is proposed. By using a switching mode power supply rather than a conventional linear power supply for charging high voltage capacitors, the weight and size of the magnetic nerve stimulator can be considerably reduced. Maximum output voltage of the developed magnetic nerve stimulator using the switching mode power supply is 3, 000 volts and switching time is about 100 msec. Experimental results or human nerve stimulations using the developed stimulator are presented. 30768 T00401030768 ^x In this paper, we describe the design methodology and specifications of the developed module-based bedside monitors for patient monitoring. The bedside monitor consists of a main unit and module cases with various parameter modules. The main unit includes a 12.1" TFT color LCD, a main CPU board, and peripherals such as a module controller, Ethernet LAN card, video card, rotate/push button controller, etc. The main unit can connect at maximum three module cases each of which can accommodate up to 7 parameter modules. They include the modules for electrocardiograph, respiration, invasive blood pressure, noninvasive blood pressure, temperature, and SpO2 with Plethysmograph.SpO2 with Plethysmograph.

• 한국우주과학회:학술대회논문집(한국우주과학회보)
• /
• 한국우주과학회 1993년도 한국우주과학회보 제2권2호
• /
• pp.17-17
• /
• 1993

The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70${\pm}$1.32mmHg/min)compared to CF dialyzers(4.32${\pm}$0.55mmHg/min)(p<0.05). However, there was no observable difference in the UFR between the two dialyzers. Neither APD nor UFR showed any significant increase with an increasing number of reuses for up to more than 20reuses. A substantial number of failures observed in APD(larger than 20mmHe/min)on the reused dialyzers(2 out of 40 CP and S out 26 C-DAK) were attributed to the Possible damage on the fibers. The CF 15-11 HFDs which failed APD test did not show changes in the UFR compared to normal dialyzers indicating that APD is a more sensitive test than UFR test to evaluate the integrity of the fibers. 30527 T00401030527 ^x For quantitative measurement of reflected light from a clinical diagnostic strip, a prototype old reflectance photometer was designed. The strip loader and cassette were made to obtain more accurate reflectance parameters. The strip was illuminated at 45˚c through optical fiber and the intensity of reflected light was determined at rectanguLat angle using a photodiode. The kubelka-munk coefficient and reflection optical density were determined ar four different wavelengths(500,550,570 and 610nm) for blood glucose strip. For higher concentration than 300mg/41 about glucose, a saturation state of abforbance was observed at 500,550 and 570nm. The correlation between glucose concentration and parameters was the best at 610nm. 30535 T00401030535 ^x Radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumors were grown on the flanks of C3H mice. The mice were divided into two groups. One group was injected with Photofrin II, intravenously (2.5mg/kg body weight). The other group received no Photofrin II. Mice from both groups were irradialed for approximately 15 minutes at 100,300, or 500 mW/cm2 with the argon (488nm/514.5 nm), dye(628nm) and gold vapor (pulsed 628 nm) laser light. A photosensitizer behaved as an added absorber. Under our experimental conditions, the presence of Photolfrin II increased surface temperature by at least 40% and the temperature rise due to 300 mW/cm2 irradiation exceeded values for hyperthermia. Light and temperature distributions with depth were estimated by a computer model. The model demonstrated the influence of wavelength on the thermal process and proved to be a valuable tool to investigate internal temperature rise. 30536 T00401030536 ^x We investigated the structural geometry of thirty-eight Korean femurs. The purpose of this study is to identify major geometrical differences between Korean femurs 3nd others that we believe belong to Caucasians so that we would be able to get insights into the femoral component design that fits Asians including Koreans. We utilized computerized tomography (CT) images of femurs extracted from cadavers. The CT images were transformed into bitmap data by using a film scanner, and then analyzed by using a commercially available software called Image v.1.0 and a Macintosh IIci computer.The resulting data were compared with already published data. The major results show that the geometry of the Korean femurs is significantly different from that of Caucasians: (1) the anteversion angle and the canal flare index are greater by the amount of approximately 8˚ and 0.5, respectively, (2) the shape of the isthmus cross section is more round, and (3) the distance between the teaser trochanter and the proximal border of the isthmus is shelter by about 15 mm. The results suggested that the femoral component suitable for Asians should be different from the currently-used components designed and manufactured mostly by European or American companies. 30537 T00401030537 ^x It is well known that nonlinear propagation characteristics of the wave in the tissue may give very useful information for the medical diagnoisis. In this paper, a new method to detect nonlinear propagation characteristics of the internal vibration in the tissue for the low frequency mechanical vibration by using bispectral analysis is proposed. In the method, low frequency vibration of f0( = 100Hz) is applied on the surface of the object, and the waveform of the internal vibration x (t) is measured from Doppler frequency modulation of silmultaneously transmitted probing ultrasonic waves. Then, the bispectra of the signal x (t) at the frequencies (f0, f0) and (f0, 2f0) are calculated to estimate the nonlinear propagation characteristics as their magnitude ratio, w here since bispectrum is free from the gaussian additive noise we can get the value with high S/N. Basic experimental system is constructed by using 3.0 MHz probing ultrasonic waves and the several experiments are carried out for some phantoms. Results show the superiority of the proposed method to the conventional method using power spectrum and also its usefulness for the tissue characterization. 30541 T00401030541 ^x This paper describes the implementation of a computerized radial pulse diagnosis by aids of a clinical expert. On this base, we composed of the radial pulse diagnosis system in korean traditional medicine. The system composed of a radial pulse wave detection system and a radial pulse diagnosis system. With a detection system, we detected Inyoung and Cheongu radial pulse wave and processed it. Then, we have got the characteristic parameters of radial pulse wave and also quantified that according to the method of Inyoung-Cheongu Comparison Radial Pulse Diagnosis. We defined the jugement standard of radial pulse diagnosis system and then we confirmed the possibility for realization of automatic radial pulse diagnosis in korean traditional medicine. 30545 T00401030545 ^x Microspheres are expected to be applied to biomedical areas such as solid-phase immunoassays, drug delivery systems, immunomagnetic cell separation. To synthesize microspheres for biomedical application, "two stage shot growth method" was developed. The uniformity ratio of synthesized microspheres was always smaller than 1.05. And the surface charge density (or the number of ionizable functional groups) of the microspheres synthesized by "two stage shot growth method" was 6~13 times higher than that of the microspheres synthesized by conventional seeded batch copolymerization. As a previous step for biomedical application, adsorption experiments of bovine albumin on microspheres were carried out under various conditions. The maximum adsorbed amount was obtained in the neighborhood of pH 4.5. Isoelectric point of bovine albumin is pH 5.0, so experimental result shows that it shifted to acid area. The adsorption isotherm was obtained, the plateau region was always reached at 2.Og/L (bulk concentration of bovine albumin).The effect of the kind and the amount of surface functional group was also examined. 30575 T00401030575 ^x A medical image workstation was developed using multimedia technique. The system based on PC-486DX was designed to acquire medical images produced by medical imaging instruments and related audio information, that is, doctors' reporting results. Input information was processed and analyzed, then the results were presented in the form of graph and animation. All the informations of the system were hierarchically related with the image as the apex. Processing and analysis algorithms were implemented so that the diagnostic accuracy could be improved. The diagnosed information can be transferred for patient diagnosis through LAN(local area network). 30592 T00401030592 ^x In the conventional infrared imaging system, complex infrared lens systems are usually used for directing collimated narrow infrared beams into the high speed 2-dimensional optic scanner. In this paper, a simple reflective infrared optic system with a 2-dimensional optic scanner is proposed for the realization of medical infrared thermography system. It has been experimentally proven that the intfrared thermography system composed of the proposed optic system has the temperature resolution of 0.1˚c under the spatial resolution of lmrad, the image matrix size of 256 X 240, and tile imaging time of 4 seconds. 30593 T00401030593 ^x In this paper, MIIS (Medical Image Information System) has been designed and implemented using INGRES RDBMS, which is based on a client/server architecture. The implemented system allows users to register and retrieve patient information, medical images and diagnostic reports. It also provides the function to display these information on workstation windows simultaneously by using the designed menu-driven graphic user interface. The medical image compression/decompression techniques are implemented and integrated into the medical image database system for the efficient data storage and the fast access through the network. 30594 T00401030594 ^x In this paper, computerized BEAM was implemented for the space domain analysis of EEG. Trans-formation from temporal summation to two-dimensional mappings is formed by 4 nearest point inter-polaton method. Methods of representation of BEAM are two. One is dot density method which classify brain electrical potential 9 levels by dot density of gray levels and the other is colour method which classify brain electrical 12 levels by red-green colours. In this BEAM, instantaneous change and average energy distribution over any arbitrary time interval of brain electrical activity could be observed and analyzed easily. In the frequency domain, the distribution of energy spectrum of a special band can easily be distinguished normality and abnormality. 30608 T00401030608 ^x Laboratory information system (LIS) is a key tool to manage laboratory data in clinical pathology. Our department has developed an information system for routine hematology using down-sized computer system. We have used an IBM 486 compatible PC with 16MB main memory, 210 MB hard disk drive, 9 RS-232C port and 24 pin dot printer. The operating system and database management system were SCO UNIX and SCO foxbase, respectively. For program development, we used Xbase language provided by SCO foxbase. The C language was used for interface purpose. To make the system use friendly, pull-down menu was used. The system connected to our hospital information system via application program interface (API), so the information related to patient and request details is automatically transmitted to our computer. Our system interfaced with fwd complete blood count analyzers(Sysmex NE-8000 and Coulter STKS) for unidirectional data tansmission from analyzer to computer. The authors suggests that this system based on down-sized computer could provide a progressive approach to total LIS based on local area network, and the implemented system could serve as a model for other hospital's LIS for routine hematology. 30609 T00401030609 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. To use as the structural matrix of the composite, collagen was purified from human umbilical cord. The obtained collagen was treated by pepsin to remove telopeptides, and finally, the immune-free atelocollagen was produced: The cross linked atelocollagen was highly resistant to the collagenase induced collagenolysis. The cross linked collagen demonstrated an improved tensile strength. 30618 T00401030618 ^x This paper is a study on the design of adptive filter for QRS complex detection. We propose a simple adaptive algorithm to increase capability of noise cancelation in QRS complex detection with two stage adaptive filter. At the first stage, background noise is removed and at the next stage, only spectrum of QRS complex components is passed. Two adaptive filters can afford to keep track of the changes of both noise and QRS complex. Each adaptive filter consists of prediction error filter and FIR filter The impulse response of FIR filter uses coefficients of prediction error filter. The detection rates for 105 and 108 of MIT/BIH data base were 99.3% and 97.4% respectively. 30619 T00401030619 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed and produced a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. Human umbilical cord origin pepsin treated type I atelocollagen was used as the structural matrix, by which sintered or non-sintered carbonate apatite was encapsulated to form an inorganic-organic composite. With cross linking atelocollagen by UV ray irradiation, the resistance to both compressive and tensile strength was increased. Collagen degradation by the collagenase induced collagenolysis was also decreased. 30620 T00401030620 ^x We have developed a monoleaflet polymer valve as an inexpensive and viable alternative, especially for short-term use in the ventricular assist device or total artificial heart. The frame and leaflet of the polymer valve were made from polyurethane, To evaluate the hemodynamic performance of the polymer valve a comparative study of flow dynamics past a polymer valve and a St. Jude Medical prosthetic valve under physiological pulsatile flow conditions in vitro was made. Comparisons between the valves were made on the transvalvular pressure drop, regurgitation volume and maximum valve opening area. The polymer valve showed smaller regurgitation volume and transvalvular pressure drop compared to the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. The results showed that the functional characteristics of the polymer valve compared favorably with those of the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. 30621 T00401030621 ^x Explosive evaporative removal process of biological tissue by absorption of a CW laser has been simulated by using gelatin and a multimode Nd:YAG laser. Because the point of maximun temperature of laser-irradiated gelatin exists below the surface due to surface cooling, evaporation at the boiling temperature is made explosively from below the surface. The important parameters of this process are the conduction loss to laser power absorption (defined as the conduction-to-laser power parameter, Nk), the convection heat transfer at the surface to conduction loss (defined as Bi), dimensionless extinction coefficient (defined as Br.), and dimensionless irradiation time (defined as Fo). Dependence of Fo on Nk and Bi has been observed by experiment, and the results have been compared with the numerical results obtained by solving a 2-dimensional conduction equation. Fo and explosion depth (from the surface to the point of maximun temperature) are increased when Nk and Bi are increased.To find out the minimum laser power for explosive evaporative removal process, steady state analysis has been also made. The limit of Nk to induce evaporative removal, which is proportional to the inverse of the laser power, has been obtained. 30622 T00401030622 ^x N1 and N2 gross neural action potentials were measured from the round window of the guinea pig cochlea at the onset of the acoustic stimuli. N1-N2 audiograms were made by means of regulating stimulant intensities in order to produce constant N1-N2 potentials as criteria for different input tone pip frequencies. The lowest threshold was measured with an input tone pip I5 dB SPL in intensity and 12 KHz in frequency when the animal was in normal physiological condition. The procedure of experimental measurements is explained in detail. This experimental approach is very useful for the investigation of the Cochlear function. Both noN1inear and active functions of the Cochlea can be monitored by N1-N2 audiograms. 30623 T00401030623 ^x In electrical impedance tomography(EIT), we use boundary current and voltage measurements toprovide the information about the cross-sectional distribution of electrical impedance or resistivity. One of the major problems in EIT has been the inaccessibility of internal voltage or current data in finding the internal impedance values. We propose a new image reconstruction method using internal current density data measured by NMR. We obtained a two-dimensional current density distribution within a phantom by processing the real and imaginary MR images from a 4.77 NMR machine. We implemented a resistivity mage reconstruction algorithm using the finite element method and sensitivity matrix. We presented computer simulation results of the mage reconstruction algorithm and furture direction of the research. 30624 T00401030624 ^x A new method of digital image analysis technique for discrimination of cancer cell was presented in this paper. The object image was the Thyroid eland cells image that was diagnosed as normal and abnormal (two types of abnormal: follicular neoplastic cell, and papillary neoplastic cell), respectively. By using the proposed region segmentation algorithm, the cells were segmented into nucleus. The 16 feature parameters were used to calculate the features of each nucleus. A9 a consequence of using dominant feature parameters method proposed in this paper, discrimination rate of 91.11% was obtained for Thyroid Gland cells. 30625 T00401030625 ^x An electrical stimulator was designed to induce locomotion for paraplegic patients caused by central nervous system injury. Optimal stimulus parameters, which can minimize muscle fatigue and can achieve effective muscle contraction were determined in slow and fast muscles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Stimulus patterns of our stimulator were designed to simulate electromyographic activity monitored during locomotion of normal subjects. Muscle types of the lower extremity were classified according to their mechanical property of contraction, which are slow muscle (msoleus m.) and fast muscle (medial gastrocneminus m., rectus femoris m., vastus lateralis m.). Optimal parameters of electrical stimulation for slow muscles were 20 Hz, 0.2 ms square pulse. For fast muscle, 40 Hz, 0.3 ms square pulse was optimal to produce repeated contraction. Higher stimulus intensity was required when synergistic muscles were stimulated simultaneously than when they were stimulated individually. Electrical stimulation for each muscle was designed to generate bipedal locomotion, so that individual muscles alternate contraction and relaxation to simulate stance and swing phases. Portable electrical stimulator with 16 channels built in microprocessor was constructed and applied to paraplegic patients due to lumbar cord injury. The electrical stimulator restored partially gait function in paraplegic patients. 30626 T00401030626 ^x Two-Dimensional modelling of the Cochlear biomechanics is presented in this paper. The Laplace partial differential equation which represents the fluid mechanics of the Cochlea has been transformed into two-dimensional electrical transmission line. The procedure of this transformation is explained in detail. The comparison between one and two dimensional models is also presented. This electrical modelling of the basilar membrane (BM) is clearly useful for the next approach to the further. Development of active elements which are essential in the producing of the sharp tuning of the BM. This paper shows that two-dimension model is qualitatively better than one-dimensional model both in amplitude and phase responses of the BM displacement. The present model is only for frequency response. However because the model is electrical, the two-dimensional transmission line model can be extended to time response without any difficult. 30627 T00401030627 ^x A method has been proposed for the fully automatic detection of left ventricular endocardial boundary in 2D short axis echocardiogram using geometric model. The procedure has the following three distinct stages. First, the initial center is estimated by the initial center estimation algorithm which is applied to decimated image. Second, the center estimation algorithm is applied to original image and then best-fit elliptic model estimation is processed. Third, best-fit boundary is detected by the cost function which is based on the best-fit elliptic model. The proposed method shows effective result without manual intervention by a human operator. 30628 T00401030628 ^x The intelligent trajectory control method that controls moving direction and average velocity for a prosthetic arm is proposed by pattern recognition and force estimations using EMG signals. Also, we propose the real time trajectory planning method which generates continuous accelleration paths using 3 stage linear filters to minimize the impact to human body induced by arm motions and to reduce the muscle fatigue. We use combination of MLP and fuzzy filter for pattern recognition to estimate the direction of a muscle and Hogan's method for the force estimation. EMG signals are acquired by using a amputation simulator and 2 dimensional joystick motion. The simulation results of proposed prosthetic arm control system using the EMf signals show that the arm is effectively followed the desired trajectory depended on estimated force and direction of muscle movements. 30638 T00401030638 ^x A new neural network architecture for the recognition of patterns from images is proposed, which is partially based on the results of physiological studies. The proposed network is composed of multi-layers and the nerve cells in each layer are connected by spatial filters which approximate receptive fields in optic nerve fields. In the proposed method, patterns recognition for complicated images is carried out using global features as well as local features such as lines and end-points. A new generating method of matched filers representing global features is proposed in this network. 30659 T00401030659 ^x An implementation scheme of the magnetic nerve stimulator using a switching mode power supply is proposed. By using a switching mode power supply rather than a conventional linear power supply for charging high voltage capacitors, the weight and size of the magnetic nerve stimulator can be considerably reduced. Maximum output voltage of the developed magnetic nerve stimulator using the switching mode power supply is 3,000 volts and switching time is about 100 msec. Experimental results or human nerve stimulations using the developed stimulator are presented. 30768 T00401030768 ^x In this paper, we describe the design methodology and specifications of the developed module-based bedside monitors for patient monitoring. The bedside monitor consists of a main unit and module cases with various parameter modules. The main unit includes a 12.1" TFT color LCD, a main CPU board, and peripherals such as a module controller, Ethernet LAN card, video card, rotate/push button controller, etc. The main unit can connect at maximum three module cases each of which can accommodate up to 7 parameter modules. They include the modules for electrocardiograph, respiration, invasive blood pressure, noninvasive blood pressure, temperature, and SpO2 with Plethysmograph.