• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.454-459
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• 2013

Pressure waves are generated and propagate in a tunnel when train enters tunnel high speed. A compression wave due to the entry of train head propagates along the tunnel and is reflected at tunnel exit as an expansion wave. An expansion wave due to the entry of the train tail propagates along the tunnel and is reflected at tunnel exit as a compression wave. These pressure waves are repeatedly propagated and reflected at the tunnel entrance and exit. Severe pressure changes causes ear-discomfort for passengers in the cabin and micro pressure waves around the tunnel exit. It is necessary to analyze the transient pressure phenomena in tunnels qualitatively and quantitatively, because pressure change rate is considered as one of the major design parameters for optimal tunnel cross sectional area and repeated fatigue force on car body. In this study, we developed a characteristics method based on a fixed mesh system and boundary conditions for crossing trains and analyzed this system using an X-t diagram. The results of the simulation show that offsetting of pressure waves occurs for special entry conditions of a crossing train.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.261-271
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• 2013

This study aimed to identify professional climbers'demand for movement functionality in pants worn for rock climbing and ice climbing. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with 12 professional climbers using a semi-constructed questionnaire. The respondents were instructor-level experts whose climbing ability ranged from 5.9 to 5.14 on the Yosemite Decimal System rating scale. The research findings were as follows. Experts wore different climbing pants depending on the type of climbing. For example, they mostly wore high-stretch, second layer pants for rock climbing, while layering first layer, second layer, and third layer pants for ice climbing. There were gender differences regarding the parts of the body in which climbers reported the most discomfort when wearing climbing pants; male climbers most commonly responded 'knees', 'inner thighs' and 'hips' while their female counterparts most commonly responded 'inner thighs', 'exposed back and waist' and 'hips' in that order. Differences were found between rock climbing and ice climbing in terms of wear and tear on pants, preferred fabric properties, and length of pants. Wear and tear was found mainly on the hips and knees of rock climbing pants and on the inner lower hem of ice climbing pants. Listed in the order of preference, the most preferred fabric properties were elasticity, light weight, and durability for rock climbing pants and elasticity, insulation, and protection against water and wind for ice climbing pants. Regarding the length of rock climbing pants, respondents preferred ankle-length pants and cropped pants that did not cover the feet. For ice climbing pants, respondents favored heel-length pants that prevented pieces of ice from entering the clothing. Men showed a high level of preference for ergonomically cut climbing pants. Respondents said the waistband on climbing pants should be simplified so as not to adversely affect climbing maneuvers.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.57-68
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• 2006

Purpose: To identify perimenstrual discomforts, coping and relief of symptoms in female workers. Methods: A convenience sample of 203 women who had worked were obtained from two hospitals in Busan. Data were collected through questionnaires from November 8 to 16, 2004. Three instruments were used in this study: the Perimenstrual Discomfort Questionnaire by Park(1988) and the Menstrual Coping Questionnaire and the Relief of Symptoms by Billings & Moos(1981) modified for this study. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, and ANOVA with SPSS 10.0 program. Results: The prevalence rate of dysmenorrhea was 81.3%. The total mean score for perimenstrual discomforts was 2.83 out of a possible total of 5 and the mean score for each category was, 3.08 for water retention, 2.95 for pain, 2.88 for negative affect, 2.83 for behavioral change, 2.73 for autonomic reactions, and 2.51 for concentration. According to these study results, statistical differences were found for age(F=2.76, p=0.04), feeling to menstruation(F=3.94, p=0.00), dysmenorrhea(t=4.26, p=0.00), and taking medication(t=2.09, p=0.00). The coping modes with the highest scores were 'take a hot bath'(99.0%)', 'rest and go to bed'(83.7%), 'regard menstruation as a physiological and temporary phenomenon'(76.8%), 'take a warm shower'(65.0%). The most frequently used methods to relieve symptoms were 'rest and go to bed'(70.0%), 'take a warm shower'(57.6%), 'take pain killers'(49.8%), 'apply hot water bag on painful parts of the body'(46.8%). Conclusion: Further research is needed to understand perimenstrual discomforts and the variables associated with them. Nursing intervention has to be considered in any program aiming to reduce perimenstrual discomforts.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.933-942
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• 2010

Objective: To develop an ergonomic evaluation tool which can be apply to assess the lower-limb postures associated with farming tasks. Background: In general, most of existing ergonomic assessment tools was developed to investigate the work-related musculoskeletal disorders of the upper-limb postures in manufacturing industry. Methods: As the first step of development of the evaluation tool, 13 lower-limb postures that were commonly observed in farming task were investigated by the subjective discomfort ratings, heart rates, and muscle activities. And then, an ergonomic evaluation tool for the lower-limb postures was developed based on results of the first experiment. Lastly, the ergonomic checklist which was developed in the current study was compared with other existing ergonomic assessment tools. Results: Based on the results of comparisons between a newly developed assessment tool and other existing assessment tools, it was found that a newly developed tool can perceive more sensitively for the various lower-limb postures than other assessment tools. Conclusions: Lower-limb posture assessment tool which can evaluate and assess risks of lower-limb WMSDs which were prevalent in farming tasks more easily and accurately was developed in this study. The lower-limb assessment tool can also be utilized to prevent WMSDs related with lower-limbs as well as improve working environments.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.32-38
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• 2001

This study focused on the understanding the life of the elderly in the institution by phenomenological method. The participants were seven. who were 4 men and 3 women living in the elderly institution in Taegu. The data were collected through the indepth interviews and participant observation from June 20. 1999 to January 10. 2000 and analyzed by phenomenological analytic method by Giorgi. The structure of the meaning were as follows: Unhappy life: irresponsibility. self-centered thought. hardness. Irresistible life: misfortune. unhealthiness. Reading their son's intention. Bitter life: unfair treatment from their sons and daughters, betrayed feeling for their being thrown away. Outside oriented life: a fear of others' attention, wrong information about institutionalized life, maladjustment. Self-consolation life: comfortableness, convenience, economic merit of low cost. Dissatisfied life: discomfort from communal living. unkindness of the institution staffs, depreciated tendency to the elder people, irrational social security system. economic distress, physical pain, restrained feeling. Tenacity to their sons and daughters longingness for their sons and daughters, regretableness, waiting, Regretable life: remorse for their past life. agony, guilty, loneliness, grief, self-abandonment, self-depreciation, other residents' death in common. Inharmonious life with other residents complaint, conflict, ignorance, selfishness. Yearning life for opposite sex: sexual interest. Preparing for their life: control over their body and mind, consideration for others. A life with hope: blessing death, forever healthfulness, affiliation to their family. From the results of this study an education and consultation should be done as soon as possible to remove the negative recognition of the institutional life to the facility residents. the family and the future consumers of elderly institution. To minimize the maladjustment to facility life of residents, a new program and interventions for the new comer's are needed. The thesis with above results will widen the understandings of institutional residents and an important guidance for a better nursing care in elderly institutions of korea.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.101-108
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• 2012

The purpose of this survey is to investigate the nutritional status and dietary intake of gastrectomized cancer patients in Asan Medical Center. The subjects were 98 patients, who underwent a gastrectomy due to gastric cancer and were admitted to the General Surgery Department during March 2007 to December 2007. We examined general characteristics (sex, age, clinicopathological stage, type of operation), anthropometric data (height, weight change), biochemical data (red blood cell RBC, hemoglobin HGB, hematocrit HCT, mean corpuscular volume MCV, total lymphocyte count TLC, albumin, total cholesterol), dietary intake and dietary intake related symptoms. Weight loss of gastrectomized patients was $9.0{\pm}4.3$% from preillness weight to visiting out-patient department (OPD) weight. Biochemical data (RBC, HGB, HCT, MCV, TLC, albumin, total cholesterol) significantly deteriorated after gastrectomy. However, outpatient visits were all restored to the normal range. Postoperative energy intake was $785.0{\pm}164.2$ kcal, which corresponds to $41.6{\pm}9.6$% of daily energy requirement. The cause of poor oral intake is mostly fear, abdominal pain and abdominal discomfort. Therefore, to control pre-or post-operative weight change in the future requires, focusing on the body weight to maintain a normal or usual nutrition by interventions and increased caloric intake during hospitalization for the development of nutrient-dense meals. In addition, as the main reason of the lack of intake of meals after the gastrectomy was fear, the patients should be actively encouraged to consider the importance of eating proper meals.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.607-612
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• 2005

A traditional tie-over dressing may be applied to support the take of a skin graft. Although there are many advantage of this method, it has significant disadvantages, including time-consuming application. Furthermore, when the dressing is changed, the gauze becomes hard and can be stuck to the graft, causing damage and pain upon removal. The purpose of our study is to evaluate the effect of semi-occlusive dressing using polyurethane foam and film dressing($Allevyn^{(R)}$, $Opsite^{(R)}$) after full thickness skin graft. The authors treated 45 cases including burn scar contracture(n=38), syndactyly (n=1), absence of nipple-areolar complex(n=4), traumatic skin defect(n=1) and contact burn(n=1) with authors' method and 39 patients including burn scar contracture (n=39) with the tie-over dressing between 2000 and 2004. The patients in polyurethane foam and film dressing group ranged from 1 to 62 years of age (mean age, 15.1 years) and the patients in tie-over dressing group ranged from 2 to 60 years of age(mean age, 21.3 years). The postoperative results were analyzed according to the following measures: (1) the duration of graft-taking, (2) the admission period, (3) complications. Compared with the traditional tie-over dressing, polyurethane foam and film dressing was shown to be more successful in a reduced duration of graft-taking, in which was similar to the former in the rate of graft-taking, a reduced admission period and patient's discomfort. We concluded that semi-occlusive dressing using $Allevyn^{(R)}$ and $Opsite^{(R)}$ was an effective method after full thickness skin graft, which was easy to shape to difficult body locations, such as web spaces, fingers and maintains a moist environment for wound healing and does not stick to the wound.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.184-192
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• 2015

Korea has already entered into an aging society. In recent decades, the health problems for seniors has received considerable interest. We often see the elderly who have been struggled from discomfort or illness of the foot. Those foot related problems mainly cause from the use of improper shoes. Recently, shoe makers sell the shoes for seniors, so called comfort shoes, but the shoes are too expensive for seniors to buy easily. In this paper, we develop cheap insoles for seniors as an alternative of the comfort shoes and suggest the systematic process for the insoles development. This systematic process is as follows: 1) Survey the literature about the market of insole, 2) Investigate the standard size of body and foot for the seniors in Korea, 3) Analyze the customer needs by survey, 4) Study the walking pattern by experiments, and 5) Develop the novel insole for the seniors to relieve the inconveniences related with foot. From the newly developed insoles, the company B gains the sales increasing effect approximately 30% over through the increase in consumer satisfaction and company reputation and secures for intellectual property rights. Using the database from Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, the reliability of developing technology of the functional insole has been obtained. The seniors are also enable to choose an alternative of comfort shoes for foot health. In the future, the insoles developed from this study have wide applications in the medical, cosmetic fields, and leisure sports fields. Accordingly, it seems to require more systematic studies utilizing Walk Analyzer and Foot Pressure Meter.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.61-66
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• 2018

Objective: Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is a condition that is characterized by patellar discomfort or pain that is aggravated during certain activities such as ascending/descending stairs. The Patellofemoral Disability Index (PDI) was developed to assess the effect of pain on functional activities in individuals with PFPS. The objectives of the current study were to determine the internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and validity of this index. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Forty-one subjects who had PFPS with a mean age of $28.8{\pm}5.0years$ and a mean body mass index of $25.6{\pm}4.7kg/m^2$ participated in the study. All subjects were concurrently enrolled in a clinical trial for which they were instructed to complete hamstring-resistance exercises for 4 weeks. Over the course of the intervention, they completed both the PDI and the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) at baseline after two weeks, and after four weeks. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to assess the criterion validity. Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ was used to examine the internal consistency. Intraclass correlation coefficients with 95% confidence interval were computed to examine test-retest reliability. Results: Subjects' responses within both the PDI and the ODI yielded Pearson correlation coefficient values that were positive and highly significant (range, 0.73-0.97; p<0.001). There was a high level of internal consistency (Cronbach's ${\alpha}{\geq}0.8$), with the exception of stair climbing (Cronbach's ${\alpha}=0.65$). Intraclass correlation ranged from 0.87 to 0.92, indicating high levels of test-retest reliability. Conclusions: The PDI is a valid, reliable, and feasible method of assessing pain and functional ability in patients with PFPS.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.655-666
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• 2021

This study aims to classify wearable devices for infants and children according to their function, and to analyze the types and attachment methods of the devices by function, operating system, characteristics of materials, and types of batteries, and to identify the points for improvement. Forty-eight types of devices investigated through previous studies and keyword research online were analyzed. Wearable devices for infants and children were classified according to their functions into wearable monitors, wearable thermometers, GPS trackers, and smart watches. Devices had different shapes and attachment methods according to their functions, and were mainly clothes or accessory types. The accessory type devices were attached to the body using velcro, clips, bands, or adhesives. Wearable monitors and thermometers mainly used Bluetooth to transmit data wirelessly, and location trackers used various combinations of 4G(LTE), 5G networks, GPS, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth. Smartwatches had different functions depending on whether smart phones were linked to them or not. Wearable monitors and thermometers mainly used by infants provided material information, but other devices did not. These devices used rechargeable, replaceable, non-rechargeable or non-replaceable batteries. Wearable devices need to be improved to reduce the discomfort experienced by infants and children due to the attachment position, malfunction, skin trouble caused by materials, short time of use of batteries, version conflict and complexity with the device when linking with a smart phone, and non-operation when using Bluetooth.