• Wind and Structures
• /
• 제20권5호
• /
• pp.661-682
• /
• 2015

This study investigates the use of time-frequency coherence analysis for detecting and evaluating coherent "structures" of surface pressures and wind turbulence components, simultaneously on the time-frequency plane. The continuous wavelet transform-based coherence is employed in this time-frequency examination since it enables multi-resolution analysis of non-stationary signals. The wavelet coherence quantity is used to identify highly coherent "events" and the "coherent structure" of both wind turbulence components and surface pressures on rectangular prisms, which are measured experimentally. The study also examines, by proposing a "modified" complex Morlet wavelet function, the influence of the time-frequency resolution and wavelet parameters (i.e., central frequency and bandwidth) on the wavelet coherence of the surface pressures. It is found that the time-frequency resolution may significantly affect the accuracy of the time-frequency coherence; the selection of the central frequency in the modified complex Morlet wavelet is the key parameter for the time-frequency resolution analysis. Furthermore, the concepts of time-averaged wavelet coherence and wavelet coherence ridge are used to better investigate the time-frequency coherence, the coherently dominant events and the time-varying coherence distribution. Experimental data derived from physical measurements of turbulent flow and surface pressures on rectangular prisms with slenderness ratios B/D=1:1 and B/D=5:1, are analyzed.

• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국연소학회 1998년도 제17회 KOSCI SYMPOSIUM 논문집
• /
• pp.23-30
• /
• 1998

The stabilization characteristics of diffusion flame formed in the wake of a cylindrical flame holder were investigated. Distribution of turbulence intensity, concentration distribution of combustion gas, and ion currents were measured. The turbulence intensity in the wake of cylindrical- game holder is increased with increase of diameter or blockage ratio of grid. If the auxiliary fuel is injected into recirculation zone, the concentration of $C_3H_8$ is high, but the concentration of $CO_2$ is low at the boundary of recirculation zone. The region with highest average value of ion currents in the middle of flame is moved to the upstream side by the turbulent components of main stream. The flame mass with partially active reaction is moved fast for uniform flow and turbulence generator G3, but the flame mass with relatively slow reaction is moved slowly for turbulence generator G1.

• 대한조선학회논문집
• /
• 제28권2호
• /
• pp.118-131
• /
• 1991

자유수면 근처에서의 박리유동 현상을 수치 시뮬레이션 방법과 유선 가시화 시험 방법으로 연구하였다. 수치 시뮬레이션은 물체표면에서 유기되고 확산(diffusion) 및 대류(convection)에 의해 유동중으로 박리되어 방출되는 보오티시티(vorticity)를 다수의 보오텍스로 치환하여 유동의 변화와 유체력을 구하는 보오텍스블럽 법을 사용하여 수행하였다. 이 방법으로 대규모의 와류의 생성 및 변화를 추정할 수 있으며 또한 자유수면과 와류유동의 상호간섭현상 그리고 동 유체력 등을 추정할 수 있었다. 유선 가시화 시험은 해사기술연구소의 공동수조에서 수행하였으며, 직류 전원에 의해 얻어진 수소기포를 가시화 입자로 이용하였다. 조명장치는 할로겐 램프를 이용하였고, 연속사진을 가시화의 결과로 사용하였다. 또한 자유수면의 시간적 공간적 변화를 파고계를 이용하여 계측하고 이로부터 와류유동의 변화 주기를 추정하였다.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
• /
• 제29권4호
• /
• pp.391-398
• /
• 2005

In this investigation, turbulent premixed combustion and flame front propagation in a gas turbine combustion chamber is studied. Direct numerical simulation of turbulent reacting flows demands extremely high computational resources, especially in more complicated geometry. The alternative choice may be left for Large Eddy Simulation (LES) by which only large scales are solved directly. In combustion problems, capturing the large scales' behavior without solving the details of small scales is a difficult task. Using a transport equation for description of the flame front propagation and therefore avoiding the calculation of inner flame structure is the basic idea of this study. For this purpose. the so-called G-equation has been used by which any iso-level of the G variable provides the flame location. A comparison with the experiment indicates that the present method can predict a turbulent velocity field and also capture a instantaneous 3-dimensional flame structure.

• Wind and Structures
• /
• 제1권1호
• /
• pp.111-125
• /
• 1998

This paper deals with the development of variable-node element and its application to the adaptive h-version mesh refinement-recovery for the incompressible viscous flow analysis. The element which has variable mid-side nodes can be used in generating the transition zone between the refined and unrefined element and efficiently used for the construction of a refined mesh without generating distorted elements. A modified Guassian quadrature is needed to evaluate the element matrices due to the discontinuity of derivatives of the shape functions used for the element. The penalty function method which can reduce the number of the independent variables is adopted for the purpose of computational efficiency and the selective reduced integration is carried out for the convection and pressure terms to preserve the stability of solution. For the economical analysis of transient problems in which the locations to be refined are changed in accordance with the dynamic distribution of velocity gradient, not only the mesh refinement but also the mesh recovery is needed. The numerical examples show that the optimal mesh for the finite element analysis of a wind around the structures can be obtained automatically by the proposed scheme.

• Wind and Structures
• /
• 제17권4호
• /
• pp.361-377
• /
• 2013

Wall functions have been widely used in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations and can save significant computational costs compared to other near-wall flow treatment strategies. However, most of the existing wall functions were based on the asymptotic characteristics of near-wall flow quantities, which are inapplicable in complex and non-equilibrium flows. A modified wall function is thus derived in this study based on flow over a plate at zero-pressure gradient, instead of on the basis of asymptotic formulations. Turbulent kinetic energy generation ($G_P$), dissipation rate (${\varepsilon}$) and shear stress (${\tau}_{\omega}$) are composed together as the near-wall expressions. Performances of the modified wall function combined with the nonlinear realizable k-${\varepsilon}$ turbulence model are investigated in homogeneous equilibrium atmosphere boundary layer (ABL) and flow around a 6 m cube. The computational results and associated comparisons to available full-scale measurements show a clear improvement over the standard wall function, especially in reproducing the boundary layer flow. It is demonstrated through the two case studies that the modified wall function is indeed adaptive and can yield accurate prediction results, in spite of its simplicity.

• Wind and Structures
• /
• 제39권1호
• /
• pp.31-45
• /
• 2024

This paper examines the flow characteristics around an inclined prism with a U-shaped cross-section ("U-profile") and investigates the connection between the flow and flow-induced vibrations. The study employs a combined approach that involves wind tunnel experiments and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) using an unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) turbulence model. Distinct vortex formation patterns are observed in the flow field surrounding the stationary inclined profile. When the cavity of the profile faces away from the incoming flow, large vortices develop behind the profile. Conversely, when the cavity is oriented towards the oncoming flow, these vortices form within the cavity. Notably, due to the slow movement of these large vortices through the cavity, the frequency at which vortices are shed in the negative inclination case is lower compared to the positive inclination, where they form in the wake. Wind tunnel experiments reveal an intermittent transition between the two vortex formation patterns at zero inclination. Large vortices sporadically emerge both in the cavity and behind the profile. The simulation results demonstrate that when these large vortices occur at a frequency close to the structure's natural frequency, they induce prominent pitch vibrations. This phenomenon is also sought after and presented in coupled vibration experiments. Additionally, the simulations indicate that when the natural frequency of the structure is considerably lower than the vortex shedding frequency, this type of vibration can be observed.

• Wind and Structures
• /
• 제39권3호
• /
• pp.175-190
• /
• 2024

Aerodynamic shape optimization is very useful for enhancing the performance of wind-sensitive structures. However, shape parameterization, as the first step in the pipeline of aerodynamic shape optimization, still heavily depends on empirical judgment. If not done properly, the resulting small design space may fail to cover many promising shapes, and hence hinder realizing the full potential of aerodynamic shape optimization. To this end, developing a novel shape parameterization scheme that can reflect real-world complexities while being simple enough for the subsequent optimization process is important. This study proposes a machine learning-based scheme that can automatically learn a low-dimensional latent representation of complex aerodynamic shapes for bluff-body wind-sensitive structures. The resulting latent representation (as design variables for aerodynamic shape optimization) is composed of both discrete and continuous variables, which are embedded in a hierarchy structure. In addition to being intuitive and interpretable, the mixed discrete and continuous variables with the hierarchy structure allow stakeholders to narrow the search space selectively based on their interests. As a proof-of-concept study, shape parameterization examples of tall building cross sections are used to demonstrate the promising features of the proposed scheme and guide future investigations on data-driven parameterization for aerodynamic shape optimization of wind-sensitive structures.

• 한국전산구조공학회논문집
• /
• 제20권5호
• /
• pp.671-680
• /
• 2007

본 연구의 최종 목적은 유체가 빠른 속도로 가해지는 물체의 경계면에서 흡입(suction) 혹은 방출(injection)을 통해 유체를 제어함으로 드래그(drag)를 감소하고자 하는 것이다. 그러나 유체는 대용량, 비선형성을 가지고 있어서 직접적인 해석은 물론, 최적화를 적용한다는 것은 매우 어려운 일이다. 이를 위해 우리는 새로운 알고리즘과 기법들을 개발하였다. 본 연구에서는 이 기법들에 대한 검증을 하고, 나아가 최적화 기법을 사용하여 드래그를 감소하기 위해 흡입량과 방출량을 구하였다. 그리고 이 흡입과 방출을 가할 수 있는 구멍의 수와 위치에 따른 변화를 알아보았다. 본 연구에서 개발된 알고리즘과 기법들을 사용하였을 경우, 기존에는 해결 할 수도 없었던 문제를 가능하게 만들었으며, 기존에 저자가 1차로 개발한 바 있는 방법에 비해서도 더욱 효과적이라는 것을 입증하였다. 그리고 드래그 감소라는 차원에서 본다면 흡입과 방출을 가할 수 있는 구멍의 숫자가 많을수록 효과가 높으나 그다지 많은 수를 필요로 하지 않는다는 것을 알게 되었으며, 구멍의 위치는 유체의 경계층이 분리되는 약간 아래가 가장 최적의 위치라는 것을 알게 되었다.

• Wind and Structures
• /
• 제26권5호
• /
• pp.279-292
• /
• 2018

Inspired by the energy harvesting eel, a flexible flag behind a D-shape cylinder in a uniform viscous flow was simulated by using the immersed boundary method (IBM) along with low-speed wind tunnel experimentation. The flag in the wake of the cylinder was strongly influenced by the vortices shed from the upstream cylinder under the vortex-vortex and vortex-body interactions. Geometric and flow parameters were optimized for the flexible flag subjected to passive flapping. The influence of length and bending coefficient of the flexible flag, the diameters (D) of the cylinder and the streamwise spacing between the cylinder and the flag, on the energy generation was examined. Constructive and destructive vortex interaction modes, unidirectional and bidirectional bending and the different flapping frequency were found which explained the variations in the energy of the downstream flag. Voltage output and flapping behavior of the flag were also observed experimentally to find a more direct relationship between the bending of the flag and its power generation.