• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.23 no.12
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• pp.672-679
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• 2013

$Fe_4[Fe(CN)_6]_3$ coated on a mica or $TiO_2$/mica surface as infrared reflective blue pigment was prepared by a hydrothermal method. $Fe_4[Fe(CN)_6]_3$, used as coloring agent, was uniformly coated on mica or $TiO_2$/mica under the optimized condition of a 1.2 : 1 weight ratio between iron(III) chloride hexahydrate and potassium ferrocyanidetrihydrate at the initial pH level of 4.5 at $70^{\circ}C$. The infrared (IR)-reflective pigments were characterized by SEM, Zeta-potenial, FT-IR, and UV-VIS NIR spectrophotometry. Especially the CIE color coordinate and total solar reflectance(TSR) properties of the pigments were investigated in relation to variation of the coating and coated substrate thicknesses. Isolation-heat paint was prepared with 20 wt% blue pigments fully dispersed in acryl-urethane resin and several additives to coat the film uniformly. The films were also measured with CIE color coordinate, TSR, and the surface temperature was recorded by an isolation-heat measuring system. The pigments and films of $Fe_4[Fe(CN)_6]_3$ coated on mica and $TiO_2$/mica showed high TSR values compared with the TSR value of $Fe_4[Fe(CN)_6]_3$ itself. According to the increase of TSR value, the property of isolation-heat is effective. To realize the optimal blue color, we applied the the pigment to $TiO_2$ coated mica(TM(b)) which has blueish interference color. The pigment of $Fe_4[Fe(CN)_6]_3$ coated on TM(b) shows a strong blue color compared with that of $Fe_4[Fe(CN)_6]_3$ coated on $TiO_2$/Mmca(TM(w)), which has a whitish interference color.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.319-323
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• 1998

Conversion of Gardenia jasminoides yellow pigment into blue-green pigment by 8 bacterial species was examed. Bioconversion pattern can be categorized into three types according to absorption spectra characteristics. The same pattern of the value of ${\Delta}E$ estimated by color differencemeter was also observed. Conversion rate by S. epidermidis was faster than other bacterial species. It took 16 hour for S. epidermidis to convert pigment at $37^{\circ}C$. Gardenia jasminoides yellow pigment and conversion pigment were completely separated by Amberlite XAD column chromatography with $H_2O-MeOH$ solvent system. Storage stability of the conversion pigment was better than Gardenia jasminoides yellow pigment.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.245-260
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• 2015

The effect of salt milling process on the crystal size, morphology, and color characteristics of C.I. Pigment Red 57:1 was studied. The primitive morphology and color properties of the pigment after synthesis were studied in the former series work. The size and morphology of primary particles and the second aggregation features should be considered because they are very important to determine pigment quality. We compared the primary morphology of pigment particles before drying with the secondary aggregated morphology of pigment particles after drying and salt milling process. Morphological properties were investigated by particle size analysis, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy and color measurement was carried out. Significant reduction in particle size as well as enhanced crystallite size after salt milling process was observed. This result might give a difference in color of the pigment, turning into brighter and more blue-toned red color. It was revealed that synthesis condition affect the morphology and color of the pigment even after milling. Increase in HCl concentration in the synthesis process enhanced crystal size and quality forming bluer-red pigments but an increase in $CaCl_2$ concentration resulted in more amorphous crystals forming darker-red pigments after salt milling.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.15
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• pp.66-77
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• 2014

A gujangbok is a king's silk ceremonial robe embroidered with nine symbols that represent the essential virtues that a king needs to govern his country. The National Museum of Korea currently own a gujangbok worn by King Gojong in the late Joseon Dynasty. The robe is painted with various colors, including red, yellow, blue, green, and gray. μ-XRF and analysis was conducted on the pigments, and it was found that the red color was made from cinnabar, the yellow color was gold and brass, the blue color was a blue organic pigment and white lead, the green color was a synthetic pigment composed of copper and arsenic, and the gray color pigment was silver. Also, the pigments were compared to those used to make the patterns of a queen's ceremonial robe and a front cloth panel, both made around the same time and also owned by the National Museum of Korea. The comparative analysis revealed clear differences and similarities between the various pigments. The resulting data expect to serve as a useful foundation research for future studying of the pigments used by the Joseon royal court in the late nineteenth century.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.29-36
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• 1975

This study was conducted to research the formation, color development and application for colored glazes of the spinel solid solutions of the green pigment. On specimens prepared by calcining the oxide and basic carbonate mixture at 1250℃ for 1.5 hour, the x-ray analysis, measurement of reflectance and the test of their stabiality as a glaze pigment were carried out. The results are summarized as follows 1) Each sample is composed of single spinel and not of mixture of spinel. 2) Formation of continuous soild solution, except for a few instances, pertaining to Vegard's law was confirmed by means of the x-ray analysis. 3) The more difference between absorption and reflectance lies, the lighter colors are. When the absorption occurs at the high-reflectance, the excitation purity becomes low. On the contrary when the absorption takes place at the low-reflectance, the excitation purity becomes low. On the contrary when the absorption takes place at the low-reflectance, the excitation purity is higher. 4) Colors obtained in the CdO-MgO-Cr2O3-Al2O3 system, as the amounts of Al3+ increased, change from green through brown to pink, and the absorption peak shifts towards violet region. 5) An increase in Co2+ in the CoO-MgO-Cr2O3-Al2O3 system, changes the color from blue green to dark blue. The excitation purity is higher, and the absorption peak shifts toward regions. 6) Colors are green in the NiO-MgO-Cr2O3 and CdO-MgO-Cr2O3 systems in general, but in the ZnO-MgO-Cr2O3 system brillant hue is not obtained. 70 According to the results of the colored glaze test, the spinels turn outto be stable as brilliant glaze pigment in the calcium-magnesia glaze.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.299-300
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• 2005

본 연구에서는 $SiO_2$ 판상체 위에 저굴절 및 고굴절 금속 산화물을 다층 교차 증착하여 Pearl Pigment를 sputtering 공법을 이용하여 증착하였다. Pearl Pigment는 Essential Macleod program 을 이용한 색상과 증착된 pigment의 색상이 파장에 따라 blue, violet, pink, red, orange, yellow, green 등(Wave length : 450$\sim$730 nm)으로 동일하게 나타났고, 기존의 제품에 비해 색상효과가 뛰어나고, 표면 morphology가 우수하였다. 주사전자현미경(SEM)으로 막 두께, 표면 조직 및 입자 크기를 측정하였고, 스펙트로미터를 사용하여 각각의 파장을 분석하였으며 EDS, XRD를 이용하여 정성 및 정량 분석을 하였다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2005.07a
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• pp.491-492
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• 2005

본 연구에서는 $Al_2O_3$, $SiO_2$ 판상체 위에 저굴절 및 고굴절 금속 산화물을 다층 교차 증착하여 Pearl Pigment를 sputtering 공법을 이용하여 증착하였다. Pearl Pigment는 Essential Macleod program 을 이용한 색상과 증착된 pigment의 색상이 파장에 따라 blue, violet, pink, red, orange, yellow, green 등(Wave length 450~623 nm)으로 동일하게 나타났고, 기존의 제품에 비해 색상효과기 뛰어나고, 표면 morphology가 우수하였다. 광학 현미경 및 주사전자현미경(SEM)으로 막 두께, 표면 조직 및 입자 크기를 측정하였고, EDS, XRD를 이용하여 정성 및 정량 분석을 하였다.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.97-102
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• 1971

60 cases of swine and bovine ovaries were investigated for detecting the homosiderin pigment by means of Perl's prussian blue reaction. The results abtained were as follows; 1. Among the 30 cases of normal adult swine ovaries, 20 cases (66.6%) were presented as positive. 2. The hemosiderin pigment was detected in corpus albicans, connective tissue of corpus luteum, theca externa of follicles and interstitial tissue of ovary in swine. 3. The morphological characteristics of the hemosiderin pigment of swine ovaries were fine and coarse granules or amorphous and homogenous pigment. 4. In 30 cases of bovine ovaries, the hemosiderin pigment was not detected.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.223-229
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• 2011

Buddha painting cultural properties couldn't avoid the change of colors and the exfoliation phenomenon by the characteristic of material and environmental factors. Especially, because in the beginning of the fine crack and the decoloration phenomenon on the surface of pigment would be significantly decrease stability of the whole object, it is necessary to take particular measure. Therefore, this is a study on conservation of Avalokitesvara in Potalaka in Hyeondeungsa in Gapyeong. It treated damaged parts of the object, carried out backing papers and matching colors. And then, it examined scientific analysis of pigments. Also, it performed nondestructive testing like XRF, FT-IR, and image microscope to investigate the quality of the material of hanji using the object and the component and characteristic of pigments. As a result, FT-IR spectrum matching Korean traditional paper(hanji) was detected in hanji of Avalokitesvara in Potalaka in Hyeondeungsa. The black pigment making a thin layer over the white pigment would estimate carbon compounds of unconfirmed ink stick or soot as XRF and FT-IR. Also, the white pigment was lead white($PbCO_3{\cdot}Pb(OH)_2$) involving Pb(Lead) and a carbonate. It was observed that the crystal of blue pigment had the different sizes of the particles from the microscope. In the case of this blue pigment, it showed cobalt blue and lead white was mixed when it used because both Cu and Pb were highly detected in XRF data.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.230-234
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• 2006

In this study, we describe a one-step chemoenzymatic reaction for the production of natural blue pigments, in which the geniposide from Gardenia extracts is transformed by glycosidases to genipin. Genipin is then allowed to react with amino acids, thereby generating a natural blue pigment. The ${\beta}-glycosidases$, most notably Isolase (a variant of ${\beta}-glucanase$), recombinant ${\beta}-glycosidases$, Cellulase T, and amylases, were shown to hydrolyze geniposide to produce the desired pigments, whereas the ${\alpha}-glycosidases$ did not. Among the 20 tested amino acids, glycine and tyrosine were associated with the highest dye production yields. The optimal molar ratio of geniposide to glycine, two reactants relevant to pigment production, was unity The natural blue pigments produced in this study were used to dye cotton, silk, and wool. The color yields of the pigments were determined to be significantly higher than those of other natural dyes. Furthermore, the color fastness properties of these dyes were fairly good, even in the absence of mordant.